The apoptotic pathway in human immune cells is signed:
the binding of many Fas molecules to receptors causes receptor clustering. → the intracellular regions of the receptors, when together, bind proteins called adaptor proteins → a death signal is received when a molecule called Fas binds its cell-surface receptor → these in turn bind to inactive molecules of caspase-8, which become activated and then activate caspase-3. → once activated, caspase-3 initiates apoptosis.How does the apoptotic pathway work?There are two main pathways to apoptosis which are extrinsic and intrinsic. It is mediated by proteolytic enzymes known as capsules that trigger the death of cells by splitting proteins specific to the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
The Fas binds to Fas receptors located in cell surfaces and recruits an adaptor protein, FADD that contains a death domain. The death effector from the domain recruits inactive caspase 8 that splits to generate an active caspase 8 that triggers inactive caspase 3 and activates it to split substrates within the cell and initiate apoptosis.
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Question 4 of 29
You burn a log on a fire. You use the fire to warm yourself and to light up the
room to read a book. Which energy transformation is taking place?
A. Chemical energy is transformed to light energy and thermal
energy.
B. Thermal energy is transformed to light energy and chemical
energy.
C. Nuclear energy is transformed to potential energy and thermal
energy.
O D. Chemical energy is transformed to nuclear energy and thermal
energy.
Answer:thermal heat
Explanation:
the fire is heating up the room
Why are conceptual and
mathematical models especially powerful
Conceptual or mathematical models play a crucial role in understanding and predicting the behaviour of known physical events.
Concept models bridge the gap between specifications and planning, as well as between expressing the issue and finding a solution. It creates a comprehensive, integrated understanding of the project's purpose, goals, and target audience. It is also a fantastic approach to illustrate visually how user goals and corporate goals coincide.
Mathematical modelling is useful in a variety of applications because it allows for systematic knowledge of the system being represented as well as provides precision and a plan for solving problems. Additionally, it enables improved system control, design, and the effective application of current computer powers.
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4. What stage of cell division is shown?
a) anaphase of mitosis (2N=2)
b) anaphase I (2N=2)
c) anaphase II (2N=2)
d) anaphase I (2N=4)
e) anaphase II (2N=4)
5. What stage of cell division is shown?
a) metaphase of mitosis (2N=3)
b) metaphase 1 (2N=3)
c) metaphase II (2N=3)
d) metaphase | (2N=6)
e) metaphase II (2N=6) (right)
Answer:
Does a picture go with the questions?
Define an unsaturated fatty acid. Provide one example of an unsaturated fatty acid.
Fatty acids that have one or more double bonds and can take in extra hydrogen atoms are known as unsaturated fatty acids.
They can be mono- or polyunsaturated fatty acids depending on the number of double bonds. The presence of water, oxygen, metallic atoms, or microorganisms can cause an unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) to go rancid. Antioxidants can stop the rancidity or lipid peroxidation of a UFA, which depends on how unsaturated it is.
UFA continues to be in a liquid condition at room temperature. UFA can be found in many organic foods, including beef, almonds, avocado, canola, and olives.
Oleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid.
Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid.
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biology sem 1 which situation would most likely lead to improving or changing scientific theory?
The movement that could maximum in all likelihood lead scientists to alternate or enhance current scientific theory is the emergence of recent empirical proof that can be used to make exceptional predictions than the ones primarily based totally at the authentic principle.
A scientific theory can be described as a frame of information this is properly sustained via way of means of empirical (experimental) proof and consequently it may be used to make predictions approximately questions withinside the actual world.
A medical principle might also additionally alternate withinside the mild of recent empirical proof that results in the era of recent hypotheses and make new predictions.
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What is the process in which an mrna molecule is used to synthesize a specific polypeptide on a ribosome?.
Answer:
translation
Explanation:
During translation, ribosomal subunits assemble together like a sandwich on the strand of mRNA, where they proceed to attract tRNA molecules tethered to amino acids (circles). A long chain of amino acids emerges as the ribosome decodes the mRNA sequence into a polypeptide, or a new protein.
two genes, a and b, are linked. an individual of genotype a b / a b is crossed to one that is a b / a b. the f1 is selfed and an f2 is obtained. which of the following ratios most likely represents the phenotypic ratio observed in this f2? a. 1:1:1:1 b. 1:4:4:1 c. 9:3:3:1 d. 51:24:24:1 e. 66:9:9:16
The phenotype of the cross is:
Aa:Ab:Ba:ab:Bb
1 : 4 : 4 : 4 : 1
Genotype is the genetic makeup or constitution of an organism
Phenotype is the physical representation of the genetic makeup of an organism genotype.
Individual has Genotype: A b/A b
The plant is then crossed with one that is also a B/a B to obtain f1
A b
a Aa ab
B Ba Bb
The f1 generation that is obtained by performing the dihybrid cross as stated above is:
Aa:ab:Ba:Bb
Selfing the f1 generation to obtain f2
Aa ab Ba Bb
Aa AaAa Aaab AaBa AaBb
ab aAba aabb aBba aBbb
Ba BAaa Baab BBaa BBab
Bb BAba Babb BBba BBbb
The capital letters are used to depict the dominant gene while the smaller letters represent the recessive gene.
The phenotype consists of the representation of the dominant gene over the recressive gene.
Thus phenotype of the above cross is:
Aa:Ab:Ba:ab:Bb
1 : 4 : 4 : 4 : 1
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If a cell is no longer able to differentiate into any type of tissue, it has become ________.
If a cell is no longer able to differentiate into any type of tissue, it has become a differentiated cell.
Cellular differentiation can cause a stem cell to change into a new kind. The cell will typically change into a new type that is more specialized. A multicellular organism undergoes several differentiation cycles as it transforms from a basic zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. When adult stem cells divide to become fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and regular cell turnover, they continue to develop. Differentiation is the result of immune responses to an antigen. During differentiation, a cell's dimensions, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and signal receptivity all change significantly.
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Which is an example of nucleotides?
The four nucleotides that makeup DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) (C).
What are nucleotides?A chemical molecule known as a nucleotide serves as the foundation for DNA and RNA. They also play roles in metabolic processes, enzyme reactions, and cell signaling. A phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base make up a nucleotide. Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA. Instead of thymine, uracil is found in RNA. All known living things have genetic material made up of a chain of nucleotides. They perform numerous other tasks, such as acting as molecules that move energy and as messengers, in addition to storing genetic information.
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After leaving Bowman's space, the filtrate, which contains electrolytes and wastes such as urea, enters:
(a) the endothelial cells.
(b) Bowman's capsule.
(c) the glomerulus.
(d) the proximal convoluted tubule.
After leaving Bowman's space, the filtrate, which contains electrolytes and wastes such as urea, enters the endothelial cells.
Bowman's space is the space between Bowman's capsule's visceral and parietal epithelium. Bowman's capsule is found in the renal cortex, which is a part of your kidney. The glomerular ultrafiltrate is the filtered fluid that enters Bowman's space. Bowman's capsule is located in the cortex, the outer part of the kidney. The capsule is essentially a sealed, expanded sac at the end of the tubule, with the remainder elongating into a twisted and looped tubule in which urine is formed. Bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerular capillary loops and aids in blood filtration from the capillaries. Bowman's capsule also serves a structural purpose by forming a urinary space through which filtrate can enter the nephron and travel to the proximal convoluted tubule.
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What is the advantage of the branching design of the bronchioles on our lungs into 700 million alveoli?
Answer:
More surface area for oxygen to be absorbed into the blood
Explanation:
In 3–5 sentences, compare and contrast the flow of matter and energy for land-based ecosystems and marine ecosystems. How and why are they similar, and how and why are they different?.
Similarity includes Both the Marine and Land based ecosystems depends on one another energy .
Differences are in land ecosystem the animals are divided into primary producers , primary consumers , secondary consumers and tertiary consumers in marine these are not divided into categories.
Marine ecosystems are found in water whereas terrestrial ecosystems are ecosystems that are found only on landforms. The marine ecosystems are biologically more diverse than the terrestrial ecosystems. In Terrestrial and marine ecosystem, the energy flows from sun to primary producers in the lowest trophic levels then moves to higher trophic levels.
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Which of the following is used to make complementary DNA (CDNA) from RNA? a. Restriction enzymes b. Gene cloning c. DNA ligase d. Gel electrophoresis e. Reverse transcriptase
Reverse transcriptase is used to make complementary DNA from RNA.
Which of the following is required to make complementary DNA?
Four basic reagents are needed to produce cDNA: mRNA as a template, dNTPs, reverse transcriptase, and primers.
What enzyme is used for cDNA?
In molecular biology, complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized from an RNA template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase (RTase).
What is the function of reverse transcriptase?
It uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to change a specific piece of RNA into a matching piece of DNA.
Thus, reverse transcriptase is used to make cDNA from RNA.
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Which details from "the oasis: africa" best support the central idea that nature can be severe and unkind?.
"Sand in the scanty food, sand in the brackish water—water that was lukewarm from a clammy, loathsome water skin" portrays the details from "the oasis: Africa" best support the central idea that nature can be severe as well as unkind.
Because sand is contaminating food and water, this proves that nature is harsh and unforgiving. Additionally, brackish water has been mentioned. Saltwater can occasionally be found in brackish water, which is not pleasant to drink. We had wasted the entire day sweating in the heat and were terrified of being buried alive in the moving sand.
Also demonstrated in this text is how harsh and merciless nature can be. They run the risk of being taken up by the sands or the natural world because the heat is so unbearable, it says. There are errors in the other passages. When the Arab Sheikh pushed them through the first section, it was regarded as being against nature. In contrast to harsh and cruel, the third choice characterizes nature as delightful and lovely.
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cranial nerve are desensitized when a dentist gives a shot of novocain which prevents pain impulse transmission from the teeth and gums
Trigeminal cranial nerves are desensitized when a dentist gives a shot of Novocain which prevents pain impulse transmission from the teeth and gums.
Trigeminal nerves are the one responsible for the transmission of pain, touch and temperature related impulses form the face to the brain. One trigeminal nerve runs to the right side of the head, while another nerve runs to the left.
Novocain is the local anesthesia that causes the loss of feeling from the skin and mucous membrane. Currently the anesthetic has been discontinued from usage because cases were obtained where the patients suffered from allergic reactions due to it.
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starting from a single individual, which estimate best predicts the size of a population of bacteria at the end of a 2-hour time period if they reproduce by binary fission every 20 minutes? (assume unlimited resources and no mortality.)
The estimate that best predicts the size of the population of bacteria will be equal to 64 that is option A is correct.
Binary Fission may be defined as the method of producing new individuals in which the parent cells divide into two daughter cells of same kinds. The daughter cells have the characteristics of the parent cell as even the chromosomes are divided due to fission. It is given that the total time is 2 hours that is 120 minutes. Now, they reproduce every 20 minutes. So,
No. of individuals after 20 minutes = 2
No. of individuals after 40 minutes = 4
No. of individuals after 60 minutes = 8
No. of individuals after 80 minutes = 16
No. of individuals after 100 minutes = 32
No. of individuals after 120 minutes = 64
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Complete Question:
starting from a single individual, which estimate best predicts the size of a population of bacteria at the end of a 2-hour time period if they reproduce by binary fission every 20 minutes? (assume unlimited resources and no mortality.)
A) 64
B) 18
C) 128
D) 512
E) 1,024
a child is noted to have recurrent respiratory infections that necessitate hospitalization. his laboratory tests demonstrate a decrease in t cells, b cells, and nk cells. he has decreased levels of circulating antibodies and is diagnosed with severe combined immunodeficiency. the enzyme that is defective in this disorder is important in which one of the following processes?
In severe combined immunodeficiency, the deficient enzyme is essential for a process that mediates: (C) the breakdown of adenosine.
Immunodeficiency refers to a condition where components of the immune system are missing from the body. These example of components are lymphocytes, macrophages, antibodies, phagocytes, etc. Severe combined immunodeficiency is a very rare genetic disease in which the genes of the immune cells are mutated
Adenosine is a purine nucleoside. It is most often present in the body in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It is the main ingredient of energy. It is one of the most important building blocks of RNA.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
The child has been diagnosed with recurrent respiratory infections that require hospitalization. his lab tests show decreased t, b, and nk cells. has decreased levels of circulating antibodies and has been diagnosed with severe combined immunodeficiency. In which of the following processes is the defective enzyme important in this disease?
(A) The conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides
(B) The de novo synthesis of AMP
(C) The degradation of adenosine
(D) The de novo synthesis of UMP
(E) The conversion of dUMP to dTMP
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catalyzes the production of , which then opens an ion channel that releases into the cell's cytoplasm.
Phospholipase catalyzes the production of IP3 which then opens an ion channel that releases Ca2+ into the cell's cytoplasm .
Phospholipase catalyzes the formation of diacylglycerol and IP3 also known as inositol triphosphate. IP3 promotes the influx of calcium ions into the cytoplasm while DAG activates protein kinase C.
When IP3 binds to IP3R primes to bind Ca2+, That allows the channel to open , for Ca2+ to flow out of the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Here acts a dual regulation of IP3Rs by IP3 and Ca2+ allows them to intervene regenerative signals propagated by Ca2+ . As a result Ca2+ is released to Plasma membrane for its cellular functions.
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Apirin ha been ued to treat pain and inflammation ince 400 BC explain why it i till a popular painkiller
Aspirin works by blocking the production of prostaglandins, the on-off switch in cells that regulate pain and inflammation, among other things
Each family of cells produces prostaglandins exclusively. Some versions are beneficial, some versions cause pain, and some versions tighten blood vessels and aid in the clotting of platelets.
The only prostaglandin that is useful to aspirin is a dead prostaglandin, though.
Therefore, it inhibits prostaglandins that protect the stomach lining as well as those that cause pain, clotting, narrowing of the blood vessels, and inflammation.
When you take aspirin or medications from the aspirin family, gastrointestinal bleeding results from it. They are referred to as NSAIDs or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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which of these options correctly characterizes life history traits of an organism with high fecundity and low survivorship? (no partial credit.) select all that apply: which of these options correctly characterizes life history traits of an organism with high fecundity and low survivorship? (no partial credit.) numerous offspring relatively few offspring small offspring large offspring offspring with late maturity offspring with early maturity offspring with low disease resistance offspring with high disease resistance
Numerous, small offspring with early maturity characterizes life history traits of an organism with high fecundity and low survivorship.
What do you mean by offspring?A trait is a quality that a child inherits from both of their parents, such as a particular color or size. One gene from each parent makes up the pair of genes that regulate a trait. These gene pairings are represented by two letters put together.
For instance, we would write the offspring's eye color trait as Cc if one parent contributes a gene for blue eyes (c) while the other parent contributes a gene for brown eyes (C). A genotype is a combination of the two genes responsible for a trait.
One type of the trait is represented by each letter in a pair of genes. The variations are known as alleles. The alleles in this instance are for brown eyes and blue eyes.
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which choice is not a mechanism of gene regulation that can take place after transcription is completed in eukaryotes?
A Pre-mRNA isn't always a mechanism of gene regulation that may take place after transcription is finished in eukaryotes.
Gene expression in eukaryotic cells is regulated via repressors as well as by transcriptional activators. Like their prokaryotic opposite numbers, eukaryotic repressors bind to unique DNA sequences and inhibit transcription.
In particular, gene expression is managed in two ranges. First, transcription is controlled by proscribing the amount of mRNA that is comprised of a selected gene.
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Which organ provides support to the body and is where blood cells are produced?
Answer:
bones / bone marrow
Explanation:
Answer:
Skeletal system, bone marrow
Explanation:
The body has eleven organ systems. One is the skeletal system, consisting of a skeleton protecting your organs and providing support to your muscles and body. In adults, all of the blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, including red blood cells. Under some abnormal conditions, blood cells may be produced in other organs such as the liver, spleen or lymph nodes.
which laboratory test identifies the bacteria obtained from a body specimen and determines effective antibiotics for treatment?
Bacterial culture tests identify bacteria from a body sample to determine which antibiotics are effective in treatment
A bacterial culture is a test to determine if you have a bacterial infection. It can be done on samples of blood, stool, urine, skin, mucus, or cerebrospinal fluid. This type of test allows health care providers to identify the cause of the infection and determine the most effective treatment. AST and AFST are types of laboratory tests that use bacterial and fungal cultures (growth) to determine how susceptible bacteria are to various antibiotics and antifungal agents. The test results will help us choose the best antibiotic to treat the infection
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A tudent wanted to ee if the color of water impacted the increae in temperature, in degree Celiu (°C), after 30 minute in the un. Three beaker we're filled with 50milliliter (mL) of water. Five drop of food coloring were added to each beaker. The beaker were then placed on window ledge in direct unlight. Temperature reading were recorded every 10 minute for 30 minute
The test (independent) variable in this experiment is the color of the water. An independent variable is a variable that can be manipulated or vary in an experimental study to explore its effects. The independent variable is the cause.
Independent variables are the variable which the experimenter changes to test their dependent variable. A switch in the independent variable directly causes a change in the dependent variable. The result on the dependent variable is studied and noted.
There are two main types of independent variables; Experimental independent variables and Subject variables.
The independent variable is the component that can be changed in an experiment.
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in which scenario does sunblock serve as a conditioned stimulus? responses ernesto received a free lifetime supply of sunblock when he won a trivia contest. ernesto received a free lifetime supply of sunblock when he won a trivia contest. sophia broke out in a painful rash when she spread sunscreen on her skin because she is allergic to an ingredient in it. sophia broke out in a painful rash when she spread sunscreen on her skin because she is allergic to an ingredient in it. helen pictures sunblock on her mantle to help her remember to buy some at the store. helen pictures sunblock on her mantle to help her remember to buy some at the store. lowell feels relaxed when he smells sunblock because it reminds him of his vacations at the beach. lowell feels relaxed when he smells sunblock because it reminds him of his vacations at the beach. sarah avoids sunblock because people compliment her on her tan when she goes without it.
When Lowell smells sunscreen, he feels calm because it brings back memories of his beach vacations. Because she gets compliments on her tan when she doesn't wear sunscreen, Sarah avoids using it.
What is meant by sunblock nerve?A substance that is applied to the skin to prevent sunburn (e.g., by physically obstructing UV light); additionally, it contains an active component, such as titanium dioxide; see sunscreen.
lessen your chance of developing skin cancer and skin precancers.
Regular daily usage of SPF 15 sunscreen can cut your risk of melanoma by 50% and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) by roughly 40%, respectively. Aid in preventing wrinkles, sagging, and other signs of premature ageing of the skin brought on by the sun.
UV rays are blocked and absorbed by sunscreen using a combination of chemical and physical particles. UV light from the skin is reflected using physical particles like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide.
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43. An increase in the blood's level of a thyroid
gland hormone decreases the release of thyroid-
stimulating hormone. This mechanism illustrates
(1) negative feedback
(2) enzyme action
(3) immune response
(4) positive feedback
The mechanism illustrates negative feedback.
What is hormone regulation?
Hormones are crucial for maintaining homeostasis because they regulate numerous cellular processes. What, however, regulates the hormones themselves?The majority of hormones are controlled by feedback systems. A loop in which a product feeds back to regulate its own production is referred to as a feedback mechanism. Negative feedback loops are a common component of hormone feedback mechanisms. A hormone's concentration is maintained within a specific range by negative feedback.What is negative feedback?
When a product feeds back to reduce its own output, this is known as negative feedback. When things start to go too severe, this kind of feedback helps bring them back to normal. A notable example of this kind of regulation is the thyroid gland. A negative feedback loop controls the thyroid gland. In addition to the thyroid, the hypothalamus and pituitary are also part of the loopTRH, or thyrotropin-releasing hormone, is secreted by the hypothalamus. Thyroid-stimulating hormone, or TSH, is produced by the pituitary gland in response to TRH. The thyroid gland is then stimulated by TSH to release its hormones. When thyroid hormone levels are high enough, the pituitary and hypothalamus are prevented from secreting TSH and TRH, respectively. Without the stimulation of TSH, the thyroid gland stops secreting its hormones. Soon, the level of thyroid hormone starts to fall too low.Thus, thyroid hormone works in a negative feedback mechanism.
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Which coronary arterial branch is found in close association with the inferior border of the heart?.
Blood is delivered to the inferior part of the heart by the posterior descending artery branch. The left side of the heart receives blood from the LMCA.
What coronary artery is the weaker one?The right coronary artery supplies the inferior myocardium in the majority of patients. Due to left dominance, the left circumflex will supply the posterior descending coronary artery in roughly 6–10% of the population.
Which coronary artery lines the space between the right ventricle and right atrium?coronary artery to the right (RCA). The right coronary artery nourishes the SA (sinoatrial) and AV (atrioventricular) nodes, which control the heart's rhythm, as well as the right ventricle and right atrium.
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At what age can an infant start to eat rice cereal mixed with breast milk or formula?.
Answer:
6 months
Explanation:
6 months is a good age to start to introduce solid foods, which can include infant cereals. Breast milk or formula will continue to provide most of your baby's nutrition for the first 12 months.
What is the name given to the process by which a parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells?.
Mitosis is the process by which a parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells.
Mitosis is the process by which cell replication or regeneration occurs.
Two genetically identical daughter cells emerge from one parent cell. Mitosis is the proliferation and partitioning of chromosomes that carry genetic information.
It is a key process in unicellular eukaryotes because it is the mode of asexual reproduction. The main function of mitosis is to generate more cells.
Life begins in a single cell in a multicellular organism formed from two gametes. This single-celled multicellular organism carries only genetic information in the form of DNA, but does not have enough cells, so mitosis occurs and the cell divides into two cells. These two cells further divide in mitosis into 4 cells, then 8, 16, and 32.
It is vital to life because it creates new cells for growth and replaces dead cells. It depends on time, temperature and chemicals.
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Why is taq dna polymerase used in pcr reactions rather than a normal dna polymerase?.
Explanation:
'Taq polymerase ' is thermostable DNA polymerase, a great resistant enzyme isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquatics.
A major limitations of early PCR method was that fresh DNA polymerase has to be added during every cycle and this repetitive step was not just tested but also greatly increased the likelihood of error.
Thermus aquatics is a thermophilic bacterium that can survive temperature up to 95°C so by using Taq polymerase in PCR technique eliminated the need to add fresh polymerase during every cycle.