Hypertonic environment
How do salts and sugars preserve food?Salts and sugars work to preserve foods by creating a hypertonic environment. Salt and sugar will remove the water from the bacteria or fungi and they will not be able to proliferate. Loss of water results in plasmolysis, or cytoplasmic shrinkage.
What is hypertonic solution and plasmolysis?Compared to another solution, a hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration.
Plant cells subjected to hyperosmotic stress frequently exhibit plasmolysis as a reaction. The live protoplast violently separates from the cell wall as a result of the loss of turgor. The vacuole is primarily responsible for the plasmolytic process.
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Explain/describe how a presynaptic neuron causes an electrical signal on a postsynaptic neuron, when they do not actually touch.
The action potential causes information to be transmitted from the axon of the first neuron (presynaptic neuron) to the dendrites or cell body of the second neuron (postsynaptic neuron) by secretion of chemicals called neurotransmitters.
How do synaptic transmissions occur?Synapse is the junction between neurons where information gets exchanged.The axon of the presynaptic neuron does not actually touch the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron and is separated from them by a space called the synaptic cleft. Stimulation of the presynaptic neuron to produce an action potential causes the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.Neurotransmitters are stored in small vesicles located in knoblike structures on the axon tips.Most of the released neurotransmitters bind with molecules at the receptors on the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron.The combination of the neurotransmitter molecules to receptor cell molecules in the postsynaptic cell membrane produces a change of potential in the postsynaptic cell membrane called the postsynaptic potential (PSP).Thus a signal is caused on a postsynaptic neuron.Learn more about neuron here:
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When the sarcomere contracts and shortens, __________. When the sarcomere contracts and shortens, __________. the I-band becomes larger the zones of overlap become smaller the Z-disks move further apart the A band stays the same
When the sarcomere contracts and shortens,D) the A band stays the same.
When a sarcomere contracts, the Z strains flow nearer together and the I band receives smaller. The A band remains equal width and, at full contraction, the skinny filaments overlap. Whilst a sarcomere shortens, some areas shorten while others live the equal length.
At some stage in muscular contraction, the myosin heads pull the actin filaments closer to one another ensuing in a shortened sarcomere. while the I band and H sector will disappear or shorten, the A band length will continue to be unchanged.
A sarcomere is described as a distance between the Z-strains. The Z-strains are pulled closer together for the duration of contraction and move in addition apart in the course of relaxation. The Z-traces are closer for the duration of contraction because actin and myosin interplay generates pass-bridges, which slide the myofilaments over every other.
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Explain how these tail lengths were inherited by describing the mode of inheritance, indicating how many gene pairs were at work, and designating the genotypes of Harvey, Irma, and their 18- cm -tail offspring. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.
Here we can see that 7 phenotypes appeared in F2 generation, so the number of genes involved is 3 and alleles is 6. Contribution per allele = 4 cm Base contribution = 6 cm
Genotype of Harvey = aa bb cc Genotype of Erma = AA BB CC
Number of dominant alleles if length is
18 cm = 18-6 / 4 = 12 / 4 = 3.
F1 generation genotype = Aa Bb Cc This clarifies why the length is 18 cm, as there are three dominant alleles.
seven 1. It is likely that there are gene pairs in this cross. There are
categories of phenotypes. The genotypes of the parents would be combinations of alleles that would produce a 6 cm ( aabbcc ) tail and a 30 cm) tail, whereas the 18 cm offspring would have a genotype of AaBbcc.
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Suppose that a plant disease kills all the fruit. The change could become a on the birds?
2
Drag each label to the correct location. Not all labels will be used.
Identify the boundary type that is being described.
oceanic-oceanic convergent
boundary
oceanic-oceanic divergent
boundary
transform boundary
At this boundary, crust is neither
created nor destroyed.
Movement along this boundary leads
to crumpling, lifting, and folding of
Earth's crust in the area where the
plates are in contact.
An arc of volcanic islands is often
formed in the subduction zone at
this boundary.
continental-continental convergent
boundary
Boundary Type
The type of boundary described as follows 1. Transform boundaries. 2. continental Convergent boundary. 3. oceanic convergent boundary.
What are the 3 types of plate boundaries ?Divergent boundaries -- where new crust is generated as the plates pull away from each other.
Hence, The type of boundary described in the given question are as follows 1. Transform boundaries. 2. continental Convergent boundary. 3. oceanic convergent boundary.
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Nerve impulses for the sense of hearing are initiated in the spiral organ (organ of Corti) and then travel through the _____ to the cochlear nuclei in the _____.
Answer:
cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII; medulla oblongata
Explanation:
An example of mitosis at work is a plant root
Answer:
elongating
Explanation:
^
The table below shows the radioactive decay of' a 10 kg sample of carbon-14. Create a graph using the data
below. Label the x-axis "Number of half-lives." Label the y-axis "Amount of isotope (g)." Plot the decay of
carbon-14 in terms of half-lives. Each half-life for carbon-14 is about 5,700 years.
Years passed
0
5,700
11,400
17,100
22,800
Carbon-14 (g)
10,000
5,000
2,500
1,250
625
Years passed
28,500
34,200
39,900
45,600
$1,300
Carbon-14 (g)
312
156
78
39
20
C-14 half-life is the time it takes for half of the isotope mass to decay into its daughter form. Line graphs are the best way to represent data about half-lives and the amount of isotope (gr).
What is Carbon 14?Carbon 14, also known as radiocarbon, is a radioactive carbon isotope.
Isotopes are the atoms of the same element -carbon- that vary in neutrons and, hence, in their massic number. They are alternative forms of the same element.
The radioactive C14 nucleus contains 6 protons and 8 neutrons and has a half-life of 5730 years.
The term half-life is a reference. It means that an organism that has been dead for 5730 years has half the C14 amount or concentration than the same organism had when it was alive.
In other words, the half-life is the time it takes for half the mass of this isotope to become its daughter form.
Knowing the half-life of an element is useful to determine the age of the dead matter.
C14 is used in radiocarbon dating techniques or methods to estimate the age of fossils. This is a reliable technique used for dating organic samples that are less than 50,000 years old.
An easy way of representing the change in mass of the isotope through the years is to make a line graph, which is easy to interpret and compare the information.
In this example, our line graph must represent the number of half-lives related to the amount of parent isotope in grams.
The table details the years and the amount of isotope. So, by kowing the half-life of C-14, we can get how many half-lives there are.
5,700 years ---------- 1 half-life
11,400 years--------- X = 2 half-lives ⇒ (5700 x 2) or (11,400/5,700)
17,100 years -------- X = 3 half-lives ⇒ (5700 x 3) or (17,100/5,700)
22,800 years ------ X = 4 half-lives ⇒ (5700 x 4) or (22.800/5,700)
28,500 years ------ X = 5 half-lives ⇒ (5700 x 5) or (28,500/5,700)
34,200 years ------ X = 6 half-lives ⇒ (5700 x 6) or (32,200/5,700)
39,900 years ------ X = 7 half-lives ⇒ (5700 x 7) or (39,900/5,700)
45,600 years ------ X = 8 half-lives ⇒ (5700 x 8) or (45,600/5,700)
51,300 years ------- X = 9 half-lives ⇒ (5700 x 9) or (51,300/5,700)
Now, we can make a new table,
Number of half-lives Carbon-14 (g)
0 ..............................10,000
1 ...............................5,000
2................................2,500
3 ................................1,250
4 ................................ 625
5 ................................ 312
6 ................................ 156
7 ................................. 78
8 ................................. 39
9 ................................. 20
Finally, we can make the line graph using the data of this new table. You will find it in the attached files.
In conclusion, the best graph you can make is a line graph, and if they ask you to graph the number of half-lives and give you the number of years, you can just make the conversion using the half-life of the isotope.
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Biomes include both biotic and abiotic elements. which set includes both biotic and abiotic elements of an estuary?
Cordgrass, water salinity and great blue herons set includes both biotic and abiotic elements of an estuary.
What is biotic and abiotic element?The pH of the soil in an ecosystem can be altered by an increase in acid rain.Aquatic food systems may experience bioaccumulation of heavy metals. Carbon that hasn't been burned could contaminate streams and feed wildlife. The climate, amount of precipitation, and soil type are abiotic factors—the nonliving elements—that define a biome. The plant and animal kingdoms are examples of biotic factors, which are the living elements.For plants to grow, they need carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. Through a process known as photosynthesis, plants employ water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide to produce their own food as part of a biotic interaction. Abiotic interactions, on a broader level, refer to climatic and seasonal cycles.Learn more about biotic and abiotic here:
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The class of macromolecules in microorganisms that contributes most to biomass is.
Answer:
Carbohydrates
Explanation:
Which type of mutation is seen in a sperm cell but not in a skin cell?
Answer:
An alteration in DNA that occurs after conception. Somatic mutations can occur in any of the cells of the body except the germ cells (sperm and egg) and therefore are not passed on to children. These alterations can (but do not always) cause cancer or other diseases.
Explanation:
when a skin stem cell harbors a cancer-driving mutation, it becomes more likely to generate two specialized skin cells when it divides. Over time, the mutated skin stem cell fails to renew itself and turns into cells that eventually slough off, allowing the skin to expel mutated cells as needed.
Errors in DNA copying during cell division and development can cause new mutations — called de novo mutations — at any time from the moment of conception. Mutations that occur in the germ line — the cells that develop into sperm or eggs — can be passed on to the next generation and, perhaps, cause disease in children.
The major action of angiotensin II is: Group of answer choices Increased parathormone secretion by the parathyroid Decreased adrenal secretion of aldosterone Increased vasoconstriction Increased pituitary secretion of vasopressin
The major action of angiotensin II is C) increased vasoconstriction.
Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor and stimulates the adrenal cortex to supply aldosterone. Vasopressin is launched whilst osmoreceptors inside the hypothalamus are stimulated by means of hyperosmolarity.
The Parathyroid's fundamental function is to adjust calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium tiers via multi-organ impact
Even as angiotensin II is a part of the renin-angiotensin system, aldosterone manufacturing, and secretion by using the adrenal gland is simply stimulated by using angiotensin II so tiers boom and purpose renal reabsorption of sodium and multiplied blood volume.
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Which two statements best describe the role of lymph in the human body?
The clear fluid found in whole blood in which the cells are suspended is called ______; however, when the clotting factors are removed, it is now called ______.
The clear fluid found in whole blood in which the cells are suspended is called plasma however, when the clotting factors are removed, it is now called serum.
Plasma is the frequently forgotten part of blood. White blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets are essential to body characteristics. However, plasma also plays a key function. This fluid consists of the blood components during the frame.
The serum consists of all proteins not utilized in blood clotting; all electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, hormones; and any exogenous substances (e.g., capsules or microorganisms).
Serum does now not incorporate white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), platelets, or clotting elements.
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Which color of light does chlorophyll b absorb more of than any other color?
Answer:
Chlorophyll b is a green colored, accessory photosynthetic pigment that helps in the process of photosynthesis by collecting enegry. It traps solar energy and transfers it to the chlorophyll a.
Chlorophyll b absorbs red and blue light of electromagnetic spectrum, which ranges from 650-680 and 450-480 nano meter. The light primarily absorbed by the chlorophyll b is blue light.
Thus, the correct answer is 'blue light.'
When population growth slows as a population reaches the habitat's carrying capacity, the population has grown ________. This type of growth is typically seen in ________.
Answer:
logistically; animals
Explanation:
why you think the opposable thumb is important to the evolutionary adaptation of humans.
The opposable thumb in humans helped them in their survival and evolutionary adaptation as it allows them to grasp objects and tools.
What is evolutionary adaptation?Evolutionary adaptation is the adjustment of the species to their new traits and environment to increase their chance of survival through natural selection.
The opposable or the grasping thumb/hand of the primates (humans) is an evolutionary adaptation. It allowed them to grasp the objects and led to the disappearance of the claws resulting in the formation of the fingertip, fingernails, etc.
Therefore, the opposable thumb is important for evolutionary adaptation as it allows the survival of the primates.
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Which was a result of the human genome project
Answer:
Anatomy
What did the Human Genome Project accomplish?
In essence, it served as a standard for how a human genome appears. One of the first stages in determining if a mutation causes an illness is realizing that there IS a mutation. In order to compare it to "regular" human DNA sequences, we completed the human genome project. Similar to this, a human genome sequence is required in order to compare a human genome or gene to that of a dog or a fruit fly. It essentially changed us from doing genes one at a time to performing them in bulk. You can quickly trace a novel mutation or gene back to the reference genome to determine its location, typical sequence, etc.
Neanderthal genome sequencing is a nice illustration of this. In the absence of a reference genome to match it to, it was just a collection of random sequences. They were able to align and compare the reference human genome to determine precisely how humans vary from Neanderthals. That's a fascinating and significant piece of study that would not have been possible without the creation of a high-quality human reference genome.
You are a research scientist studying bioluminescent bacteria (bacteria that can glow). You grow several plates of bacteria and give them a special chemical that you hypothesize will increase their luminescence, or brightness. You turn off the lights and use a device called a photometer to measure the light levels (in lumens) coming from each plate. You collect the following data:
Plate 1: 7 lumens, 6 lumens, 13 lumens
Plate 2: 4 lumens, 5 lumens, 7 lumens
Plate 3: 3 lumens, 6 lumens, 7 lumens
Plate 4: 5 lumens, 5 lumens, 8 lumens
Which of the following pieces of data is likely an outlier?
From the data, the plate that is probably an outlier is that of plate 1, where a value much above the average of the other plates occurred.
Plate 1: 7 lumens, 6 lumens, 13 lumensHow does the phenomenon of bioluminescent animals happen?Bioluminescence is the emission of cold, visible light by living organisms. It occurs in various organisms
bacteriafungialgae coelenterates molluscsarthropods fish, mainly in the marine environment. In the terrestrial environment it occurs in fungi, annelids, molluscs and mainly in insects.
With this information, we can conclude that from the data, the plate that is probably an outlier is that of plate 1, where a value much above the average of the other plates occurred.
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Mutations within an organism can occur in body cells or reproductive cells. Which type of mutation is seen in a spen
cell but not in a skin cell?
somatic mutation
• missense mutation
• nonsense mutation
• germline mutation
Answer:
answer is Germline mutation
an __ involves an inherited dispition to activate specvific behavior patterns that enable an organism to reach specific goals
An instinct involves an inherited disposition to activate specific behavior patterns that enable an organism to reach specific goals.
Goals: This can be defined as an ambition that an individual sets in one’s lifetime in response to his desire for anything. But everyone needs a driving force to constantly work on his dreams and desires in order to achieve it. Thus, a lot of motivation with a handful of instincts is a perfect mixture to go ahead.
Instinct can be described as a pattern of complex behavior that develops because of inborn or in-life learned things in response to different things that happens in an individual life.
This inner feeling or instincts towards any particular, place, person, moment, or incident are a kind of driving force that allows an individual to achieve his goals and dreams
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The equation shows cellular respiration. During cellular respiration, glucose combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
C₆H₁₂0₆+6O₂. --> 6CO₂+6H₂O+ATP
What happens to the energy in the bonds in glucose?
1. The energy is transferred to oxygen
2. The energy is transferred to carbon dioxide.
3. The energy is transferred to water
4. The energy is transferred to ATP
Insulin is a protein hormone that is produced and processed through the endomembrane system of pancreatic beta cells. What method of membrane transport is most likely used to export insulin from the beta cells
exocytosis is the method.
Exocytosis is the process by which cells move substances from the intracellular to the extracellular fluid. Exocytosis occurs when vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and allow their contents to be released extracellularly.
Examples of exocytosis include the Transport of glucagon from the pancreas to the liver. It is processed there to facilitate absorption into the bloodstream. Transport of protein-filled vesicles from T cells to virus-infected cells
Exocytosis excretes secretory vesicles containing nanoparticles (or other chemicals) from the cell membrane to extracellular locations. It is an energy consumption process. Generally, these membrane-bound vesicles contain soluble proteins, membrane proteins, and lipids that are secreted into the extracellular environment.
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Think about your hand and thumb for a minute. Think about all the things you can do with your thumb and hand, all the things you can grab and pick up. Do you have an evolutionary advantage because you have an opposable thumb? Explain your answer.
The opposable thumb and movable hands in humans are an evolutionary advantage as they allow them to grasp the resources and objects in nature and help in survival.
What is an opposable thumb?An opposable thumb is the evolutionary adaptation of the primates (humans) that allows the thumb to be placed opposite the fingers in the hand to grasp, handle and lift objects.
It is an evolutionary advantage as it allowed the humans to grasp the objects and resources present in the environment and allowed them to eat and write, unlike the other animals of the primate group.
Therefore, an opposable thumb is an evolutionary advantage.
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which hip bone forms the superioir part of the pelvic girlde that extends upward from the acetabulum
The ischium bone forms the superior part of the pelvic girdle.
What is the structure of the pelvic girdle?
In the bottom region of the trunk, there is a bony structure known as the pelvic girdle that resembles a ring. It joins the lower limbs to the axial skeleton. There are two types of pelvises: the bigger pelvic and the lesser pelvis.
The pelvis is made up of two paired hipbones that are joined at the pubic symphysis in front and by the sacrum in back. Each hipbone is composed of three bones: the blade-shaped ilium above and to either side, which determines the hips' width; the ischium below, on which the weight is placed when sitting; and the pubis in front. Early in maturity, all three come together at a triangle suture in the acetabulum, the cup-shaped socket that connects to the head of the femur to create the hip joint.
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Describe the chemistry of two types of enzymes and explain how the apoenzyme forms.
The two types of enzymes are apoenzymes and holoenzymes on the basis of their activity state.
Enzymes are the proteinaceous molecules that speed up the biochemical reaction taking place inside living systems.
Apoenzymes are the catalytically inactive form of the enzyme that is present in the cells when the enzyme is not required. It activates upon the binding of a cofactor. Apoenzymes are not capable of catalyzing a reaction. It is considered an incomplete enzyme.
Holoenzymes are the active form of enzymes. When the enzyme binds to the cofactor, it is the catalytically active form known as the holoenzyme. It is considered the complete enzyme.
Apoenzymes form when the cofactor or coenzyme is removed from the active site of the enzyme and only the protein component is left alone, it is catalytically inactive.
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Continental drift states that continents moved ____ to their current location
Wegener proposed the hypothesis of continental drift, which suggested that continents are in constant motion on the surface of Earth. Over time Pangaea began breaking apart, and the continents slowly moved to their present positions.
What is Continental Drift ?The theory of continental drift is most associated with the scientist Alfred Wegener.
Wegener's continental drift theory introduced the idea of moving continents to geoscience. He proposed that Earth (opens in new tab) must have once been a single supercontinent before breaking up to form several different continents.The four pieces of evidence for the continental drift include continents fitting together like a puzzle, scattering ancient fossils, rocks, mountain ranges, and the old climatic zones' locations.Learn more about Continental Drift here:
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examine the entire genome of a bacteria and notice that nearly 70% of all DNA base pairs have three hydrogen bonds. This is a clear example of ____________________.
Examine the entire genome of a bacteria and notice that nearly 70% of all DNA base pairs have three hydrogen bonds. This is a clear example of GC content bias.
What is GC Content Bias?In Illumina sequencing data, the relationship between fragment count (read coverage) and GC content is known as "GC content bias." For techniques that concentrate on determining the number of fragments within a genome, like copy number estimation, this bias may predominate the signal of interest (DNA-sequence). The bias varies between samples, and there is no agreement on the most effective ways to eliminate it in a particular sample.High-throughput Illumina Genome Analyzer sequencing has gained popularity as a method for assessing the relative amount of DNA in an assay. The DNA of interest is broken up using this technique, and either the ends of the fragments are sequenced. These read pairs, which are short sequences, are mapped to a reference genome.
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Planet A
Atmosphere is mostly
carbon dioxide.
Surface is red.
It has a few clouds.
Intro
Planet B
Atmosphere is
rich in oxygen.
Surface has
liquid water.
It has many
clouds.
What is the identity of planet A?
What is the identity of Planet B?
Answer:
A is Mars
B is Earth
Explanation:
Mars is red
Chromatin can be altered in a number of ways, such as histone modification and DNA methylation. When are such alterations considered to be epigenetic
Epigenetic changes are those which do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence. These are caused due to interaction of the genome with the environment.
When are alterations epigenetic?Epigenetic modifications or tags include DNA methylation and histone modification.These changes alter DNA accessibility and chromatin structure thus regulating gene expression.These are the reversible, heritable changes which do not change your DNA sequence, but they can change how your body reads a DNA sequence.These are necessary for the normal development of organisms.Stable, long-term epigenetic modifications involve DNA methylation.Flexible, short-term changes involve histone modifications, such as methylation and acetylation.Learn more about epigenetic changes here:
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