12 electrons are transferred in this oxidation–reduction reaction.
What is oxidation-reduction reaction?
Reduction-oxidation is referred to as redox, and a redox reaction is one in which both a reduction reaction and an oxidation reaction occur at the same time. Additionally, it is an acronym for an oxidation-reduction reaction. Let's first talk about each of these two elements independently before returning to how they interact to form a complete redox reaction.
The balanced reaction is
4 Fe (s) + 3 O2 —> 2 Fe2O3 (s)
Oxidation state of Fe changes from 0 to +3 and there are 4 such Fe.
So, it loses 4*3 = 12 electrons
Oxidation state of Oxygen changes from 0 to -2 and there are 6 such Oxygen.
So, it gains 6*2 = 12 electrons
Hence, we can say that 12 electrons are transferred.
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Complete question:
Rust (Fe2O3) forms on abandoned cars such as the one in this photo through a series of reactions between iron in the car and oxygen in the atmosphere.
The unbalanced chemical equation for this reaction is
Fe(s) + O2(g) –> Fe2O3(s)
How many electrons are transferred in this oxidation–reduction reaction?________ electrons
a cereal company claims that the mean weight of the cereal in its packets is 14 oz. identify the type i error for the test.
b. Reject the claim that the mean weight is 14 oz when it is actually 14 oz is the type i error for the test. a cereal company claims that the mean weight of the cereal in its packets is 14 oz.
Cereal, which is officially known as breakfast cereal, is a common morning meal produced from refined cereal grains. It is typically consumed as part of breakfast. As opposed to other morning cereals, shredded whole wheat cereal with low-fat milk is the greatest option because it has a high fibre content and doesn't have any added sugar or salt. But include a protein-rich cereal in your daily diet will benefit your muscles, skin, cartilage, bones, and blood in addition to other body tissues. The likelihood that you will have cravings for sweet or fatty foods later in the day decreases if you consume cereal in the morning.
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The standard emf for the cell using the overall cell reaction below is =2.20 V:
2Al(s) + 3I2(s) ? 2Al3+ (aq) + 6I- (aq)
The emf (voltage) generated by the cell when [Al3+] = 4.0 x 10-3 M and [I-] = 0.015 M
is_______ V
emf generated by the cell is 0.40 V.
Oxidation: [tex]2Al + 6e^{-}[/tex]→[tex]2Al^{3+}[/tex]
Reduction: [tex]3I_{2} + 6e^{-}[/tex]→[tex]6I^{-}[/tex]
Overall: [tex]2Al + 3I_{2}[/tex]→[tex]2Al^{3+} + 6I^{-}[/tex]
Nernst equation for this cell reaction at 25-degree celsius:
[tex]E_{cell} = E^{0}_{cell} - \frac{0.059}{n} log[Al^{3+}]^{2} [I^{-}]^{6}[/tex]
where n is the number of electrons exchanged during cell reaction, [tex]E^{0}_{cell}[/tex] is standard cell emf, [tex]E_{cell}[/tex] is cell emf, [tex][Al^{3+}][/tex] is the concentration of [tex]Al^{3+}[/tex] , and [tex][I^{-}][/tex] is the concentration of [tex]I^{-}[/tex].
Plug in all the given values in the above equation -
[tex]E_{cell} = 2.20 - \frac{0.059}{6} [(4.0 * 10^{-3})^{2}*(0.15)^{6}][/tex]
=0.40 V
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5. The volcanic eruption of Mt. St. Helens in the state of Washington in 1980
produced a considerable quantity of a radioactive element in a gaseous
state. Atoms in the radioactive substance had 86 protons. Which was it?
Rubidium
Bromine
Polonium
Radon
Answer:Polonium
Explanation:
Which statement best explains an atomic emission spectrum?
4
As electrons transition between different energy levels within a wavelength, they make their own
unique spectrum of visible light.
As electrons transition between different energy levels within an atom, they release or absorb energy.
The released energy forms a spectrum of electromagnetic energy specific to each element.
As wavelengths transition between different transmittance levels within an atom, the visible colors
show on a scale.
As electrons transition between different energy levels within a frequency, they make their own unique
spectrum of visible color.
An atomic emission spectrum is best described as an electronic transition between different energy levels within an atom, thereby releasing or absorbing energy.
What is an emission spectrum?Emission spectrum is defined as a spectrum of a chemical compound or substance composed of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Radiations which are emitted while electron make transition from higher to lower energy level.
Energy of photon is equal to the difference between the two energy states . There are many possible electronic transitions in an atom and every transition has a specific wavelength.
Collection of different transitions with respect to different wavelengths makes up an emission spectrum.Emission spectrum of each element is unique and therefore spectroscopy is used to identify elements which are present in different substances.
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1) Write the balanced equation and draw the particulate representation of the following chemical reaction: Sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas to produce sodium chloride 2) Draw the complete decomposition of 4 molecules of hydrogen peroxide (H20.) into water and oxygen gas.
The balanced chemical equations for the given chemical reactions are given serially i) 2 Na+Cl₂ 2 NaCl ii) 4 H₂O₂ 4 H₂O + 2 O₂ iii)CH₄ +2 O₂CO₂ +2 H₂O
Chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction which is written in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactants are present on the left hand side while the products are present on the right hand side.
A plus sign is present between reactants and products if they are more than one in any case and an arrow is present pointing towards the product side which indicates the direction of the reaction .There are coefficients present next to the chemical symbols and formulas .
The first chemical equation was put forth by Jean Beguine in 1615.By making use of chemical equations the direction of reaction ,state of reactants and products can be stated. In the chemical equations even the temperature to be maintained and catalyst can be mentioned.
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which one of the following molecules would have the largest bond dissociation energy if all bonds in the molecule are broken?
N2 has a largest bond dissociation energy. because as nitrogen has triple bond.
The bond energy can be visualized as the average amount of energy required or produced when a bond in a chemical compound is broken or formed.
when the bond in a chemical compound is broken, then there is a need for energy hence the bond energy will have a positive value. and when the bond in a chemical compound is formed, then the energy will be released hence the bond energy will have a negative value. bond energy gives an idea of strength of a chemical bond and therefore the stability of the compound. hence the more stable the compound, the more energy will be needed to break the bond.
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e sure to answer all parts. classify the solid state of the following substances as ionic crystals, covalent crystals, molecular crystals, or metallic crystals. ionic: covalent: molecular: metallic: co2 i2 s8 kbr mg sio2 licl cr co2 i2 s8 kbr mg sio2 licl cr co2 i2 s8 kbr mg sio2 licl cr co2 i2 s8 kbr mg sio2 licl cr
In the solid state, there are four types of crystals that can exist: 1. Ionic crystals - In this type of crystal, an ionic crystals is used to bond two atoms, which connects two oppositely charged atoms, i.e., cation and anion. KBr (d) and LiCl (g). 2. ionic crystals.
Weak intermolecular forces, similar to dispersion forces, hold atoms together, resulting in a molecular crystal. 4th. Ionic crystal, the metal cation with delocalized electrons is the type of bond that makes up a metallic crystal. Crystalline solids have long-range order and a definite geometric shape. These solids are isotropic and lack a distinct heat of fusion. Quartz and sodium chloride are examples of crystalline solids. True solids are another name for crystalline solids.
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Which statements best describe the first stage of cellular respiration? Select three options.
The statement which best describes the first stage of cellular respiration is the break down of glucose. That is the glycolysis thus, d is correct.
What is cellular respiration?Individual cells use cellular respiration to break down food molecules like glucose and release energy. The process is similar to burning, but it does not produce as much light or heat as a campfire.
This is due to the fact that cellular respiration slowly releases the energy in glucose in many small steps. It converts the released energy into molecules of ATP, the energy-carrying molecules that cells use to power biochemical processes.
The first stage in cellular respiration is the break down of glucose called glycolysis. Hence, option d is correct.
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Your complete question is as follows:
Which statements best describe the first stage of cellular respiration? Select three options.
the stage happens in cytoplasm [ ]
The stage happens in mitochondria
Oxygen combines with small molecules[ ]
Glucose is broken down
Energy is released
4. The pressure of a gas in a rigid container is halved when the Kelvin temperature changed.
Which of the following temperature change could be responsible for this?
A. 400 K to 800 K
B. 200 K to 300 K
C. 600 K to 300 K
D. 800 K to 200 K
Answer: D: 800 K to 200 K.
Explanation:
The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature on the Kelvin scale. This means that if the temperature of a gas increases, the pressure of the gas will also increase, and if the temperature decreases, the pressure will also decrease.
If the pressure of a gas in a rigid container is halved when the temperature changes, this means that the temperature must have decreased by a factor of 2.
Looking at the options provided, the only temperature change that could be responsible for halving the pressure is:
D. 800 K to 200 K
The temperature decreased by a factor of 4 (800 K / 200 K = 4), which is more than the factor of 2 needed to halve the pressure.
module 16 exam 4 fos3042 carbonated beverages are infused with nitrogen gas carbon dioxide gas oxygen gas carbon monoxide gas
What is water gas?
Water gas may be a quite fuel gas, a mix of monoxide and hydrogen. it's created by "alternately hot processing a fuel layer [coke] with air and gasifying it with steam". The caloric yield of this can be concerning 10% of a contemporary syngas plant.
Water gas is a synthesis gas, containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen. it's a helpful product however needs careful handling thanks to its flammability and therefore the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning.
Producer gas: a gas composed of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen, obtained by passing air and steam through incandescent coke.
Syngas/synthesis gas, is a fuel gas mixture consisting primarily of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and extremely usually some carbon dioxide.
Hence final answer is Marsh gas paraffin CH4
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14.37 identify the characteristic signals that you would expect in the diagnostic region of an ir spectrum of each of the following compounds: (a) o (b) o (c) o (d) oh (e) oh o (f ) oh
The distinctive signals that you would anticipate for each of the following substances in the diagnostic region of an ir spectrum are (b) O and (d) oh.
what is spectrum disorder?Developmental impairment known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is brought on by variations in the brain. It can be challenging for someone with ASD to engage in repetitive or constrained hobbies or interests, in addition to social interaction and communication. ASD sufferers may also move, pay attention, and learn in unconventional ways. The term "spectrum" alludes to how various people experience autism in a variety of ways; autism is a condition that is highly diverse. Autism is seen as a spectrum disorder because each autistic person experiences it differently. Some autistic people may require more care than others in order to live the lifestyles they desire.
Can spectrum disorders be cured?There is no known cause or effective cure for autism spectrum disorder. By reducing the symptoms with autism spectrum condition and encouraging development and learning, therapy aims to enhance your child's functioning.
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Amino acids can be either polar or= non-polar based on their Choose_. In general, amino acids are non-polar if Choose peptide bonds referred to as Fent: Such amino aci Choose. R groups amide groups Other amino acids are polar and are generally referred to as Choose _. checK
The answers of the blanks are :
In the first- R group
In the second - only carbon and hydrogen
In the third - Hydrophobic
In the fourth - Hydrophilic
non polar is hydrophobic
polar is hydrophilic
Non-polar depends on the hydrocarbon
Amino acids are the molecules which combine together to form proteins.
the classification of Amino acids based on R group is
of two types
Polar and Non-polar
Non-polar amino acids are mostly hydrocarbons
Polar amino acids are of 3 types
Acidic basic neither acidic nor basicAcidic amino acids are Carboxyl groups and amino groups (-COOH)
(-NH2)
Basic amino acids some examples are Arginine(Arg) , Lysine (lys)
Neither acidic nor basic are
Amide , alcohol cysteine
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A reaction at 23.0 Degree C evolves 419. mmol of boron trifluoride gas. Calculate the volume of boron trifluoride gas that is collected. You can assume the pressure in the room is exactly 1 atm . Be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits.
The volume of boron trifluoride gas that is collected during this experiment is approximately 8.27 L.
To calculate the volume of boron trifluoride gas that is collected, you can use the ideal gas law: PV = nRT Where P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas, n is the number of moles of the gas, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature of the gas in kelvins. You know the pressure of the gas (1 atm), the number of moles of the gas (419. mmol), and the temperature of the gas (23.0 degrees C). You can use the ideal gas constant R = 8.314 J/mol*K to convert the temperature to kelvins. Plugging in the values, you get: V = (419. mmol * 8.314 J/mol*K * (23.0 + 273.15 K)) / (1 atm) Solving for V, you get: V = 8.27 L.
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Problems:
Show all three steps of using a formula - show the formula, fill in the formula, 8 solve for the answer.
22) Calculate the energy of a photon of radiation with a frequency of 9.50 x 10¹³ Hz.
HINT:
You can make the formula parts larger by dragging them to the size that you prefer. DELETE THIS BOX AFTER READING!
HINT:
To make a superscript, cntrl / cmmd. (period)
The energy of a photon of radiation with a frequency of 9.50 × 10¹³ Hz is 6.3 × 10⁻²⁰ J.
The Energy that comes from electromagnetic radiation is quantized, It exists in the form of small energy packets known as photons. The energy of a photon is dependent on the frequency at which it is propagating from the source of radiation.
The energy of a photon is given by the equation:
E = hν
here, E is the energy of photon
h is Plancks's constant whose value is 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ Js
ν is the frequency
According to the question,
given, frequency ν = 9.50 × 10¹³ Hz
therefore,
E = 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ Js × 9.50 × 10¹³ Hz (1 Hz = 1s⁻¹)
E = 6.2947 × 10⁻²⁰ J
E≈ 6.3 × 10⁻²⁰ J
Thus, energy of the photon is 6.3 × 10⁻²⁰ J
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For 16-23, identify the atomic model that matches the description below. Some letters may be used more than once
A. Dalton's atomic model
B. Thomson's atomic model
C. Rutherford's atomic model
D. Bohr atomic model
E. Quantum mechanical model
16. In this model, you can only describe the most probable location of an electron.
17. This model describes the atom as indivisible and indestructible.
18. This model was the first to propose that an atom is mostly empty space.
19. This model describes an atom as a positive sphere on which electrons are embedded.
pls help
Answer:
16. Quantum Mechanical Model
17. Dalton's Atomic Model
18. Rutherford's Atomic Model
19. Thomson's Atomic Model
alculate ph of: a pure buffer; a buffer to which a small amount of a strong acid or a strong base is added an aqueous solution of a strong acid or base an aqueous solution of a weak acid or base
This causes a very slight reduction in the pH of the buffer solution . After one weak acid has been applied, a "ICE" chart can be used to determine the system's pH level.
Example, what is buffer solution?Strong acids or bases applied in modest amounts don't cause buffer solutions to shift pH. An illustration of a buffer made up of an acidic solution and its salt is a chemical compound with the formula and oxalic acid CH3COOH + CH3COONa.
purpose of using a buffer solution?In acid-base chemistry, a buffer is a very helpful solution. The pH can occasionally vary rapidly and significantly when solutions combine with only a strong base or an acid. The pH can alter more gradually by neutralizing part of the additional acid or base with a buffer solution.
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The entry point and reactions involving loss of carbon in the TCA cycle are allosterically inhibited and used for regulation.
True
False
True: The entry point and reactions involving loss of carbon in the TCA cycle are allosterically inhibited and used for regulation.
When cells break down fuels like glucose to make ATP, they have a similar issue. If the cell's supply of ATP is low, it would be wise to break down glucose as soon as possible, replenishing the ATP it needs to "keep the lights on." On the other hand, it might not be the best strategy to oxidise glucose at maximal speed if the supply of ATP is high. Since ATP is an unstable molecule, if it remains inside the cell for an extended period of time, it will probably spontaneously hydrolyze back into ADP. This is similar to the situation of the melted ice cream sandwich in that the cell used glucose to produce ATP, but that ATP was ultimately wasted.
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How might data for this experiment be organized to help look for
patterns?
Answer:
5g5
Explanation:
reder
True or False: the national fire protection association (nfpa) 704 diamond is a visual clue to the presence of hazardous materials.
True, the national fire protection association (nfpa) 704 diamond is a visual clue to the presence of hazardous materials.
The NFPA 704 Diamond, also known as the NFPA Hazard Diamond, is a system for identifying the specific hazards of a material as well as the intensity of the potential danger that'd occur when in an emergency service. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is a worldwide self-funded organization that was established in 1896 that is devoted to preventing accidents, harm, damage to property, and financial damage resulting from fire, electronics, and other obstacles. Fire protection involves the formulation and construction of structural and functional systems to lessen the effects of fire on persons and property. Fire-protection systems are classified into two types: passive and active fire protection and active fire protection.
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Myristic acid (CH3(CH2)2COOH) can be converted to several different derivatives using standard organic chemistry reactions. Select the best reagents to transform Myristic acid to the derivatives below.
These are the Myristic acid converted reactions are mentioned below.
What is Myristic acid ?
Myristic acid is a saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 14-carbon carbon backbone. Myristic acid is a substance that naturally exists in butter fat, coconut oil, and palm oil. Gladiolus italicus, Staphisagria macrosperma, and other species for which there is information contain myristic acid, which is a naturally occurring chemical.
What is reactions ?
In a chemical reaction, one or more chemicals, also known as reactants, are transformed into one or more additional substances, also known as products. Substances are composed of chemical components or chemical ingredients.
1) O= OH ⇒ Ammonia ⇒ So₂, O= NH₂
O= Cl₂
2)O= OH ⇒ Br₂ cat. P Br₃/ H₃o⁺²/ H₂o ⇒ LiaH₄ o= Br
O= OH
Therefore, these are the Myristic acid converted reactions .
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which of the following logic families has static power dissipation? static cmos logic dynamic logic pseudo nmos logic clocked cmos logic
The correct option is B. dynamic logic , The following factors are crucial for assessing and contrasting logic families: The supplied power necessary to run the specified logic function is referred to as power dissipation.
The power delivered from another gate is not included in this parameter. Some of these logic families employ static methods to reduce the complexity of the design. Clocked dynamic approaches are used by other logic families, such domino logic, to reduce size, power usage, and delay. Various solid-state and vacuum tube logic systems were employed for logic circuitry activities prior to the widespread introduction of integrated circuits.
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An unknown metal nitrate with the formula M(NO3), was dissolved in water and treated with excess aqueous sodium sulfate. The total amount of sulfate salt produced in this reaction had a mass of 8.159 g. The initial mass of the metal nitrate sample was 9.835 g. Assuming that the reaction goes to completion, determine the number of moles of the sulfate salt produced. DO NOT include units in your answer. If you round during your calculation, be sure to keep at least three (3) decimal places Do NOT use scientific notation in your answer. Report your answer to three (3) decimal places
The moles of metal sulphate formed in the given reaction is 0.0598.
The reaction of metal nitrate M(NO3)2 with sodium sulphate Na2SO4 can be written as
M(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 → 2 NaNO3 + MSO4
1 mole of metal nitrate produces 1 mole of metal sulphate.
let molar mass of metal M be 'a' g/mol.
molar mass of M(NO3)2 = a+ 14 × 2 + 16×6 = 124+a
moles of M(NO3)2 reacted = 9.835 / (124+a)
molar mass of MSO4 = a+ 32 + 16×4 = 96+a
moles of MSO4 formed = 8.159 / (96+a)
Since 1 mole of metal nitrate produces 1 mole of metal sulphate thus moles of M(NO3)2 reacted and moles of MSO4 formed should be equal.
⇒ 9.835 / (124+a) = 8.159 / (96+a)
⇒ 9.835 × (96+a) = 8.159× (124+a)
⇒ 944.16 + 9.835a = 1011.716 + 8.159a
⇒ 9.835a - 8.159a = 1011.716 - 944.16
⇒ 1.676a = 67.556
⇒ a = 40.3g/mol
Molar mass of unknown metal M is 40.3g/mol.
moles of MSO4 formed = 8.159 / (96+a)
putting the value of 'a' we get
moles of MSO4 formed = 8.159 / (96+40.3) = 0.0598
Thus moles of metal sulphate formed in the given reaction is 0.0598.
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if an antacid tablet weighed 1.6 grams, how many moles of gastric acid (hci) would it neutralize? use the results obtained in data tables 1 and 2 to explain and quantify your answer.
The 0.015 moles of gastric acid will be neutralized by a 1.6 gram antacid pill.
By inhibiting the enzyme that produces acid in the stomach to break down food for digestion, antacids neutralize the gastric acid there. An enzyme called pepsin, which breaks down proteins, is inhibited by the antacids, which work by neutralizing the stomach's pH.
0.342 grams of HCL are neutralized every gram of antacid.
Based on the titration's equivalence point expression, this is calculated.
1.6 gram HCL neutralized antacid is,
(0.342 grams HCL to 1 grams antacid) A 1.6 gram antacid
= 0.5472 gram
HCL has a 36.5 gram molar mass.
Moles of HCL = 0.5472 g/36.51 g = 0.01499
As a result, HCL has a mole of 0.015 moles of gastric acid (hci) would it neutralize
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Choose the most appropriate reagent(s) for conversion of the cyclohexene intermediate (which comes from the Diels-Alder reaction) to the target molecule
A. CH3Br
B. CH3OH, H+ C.1.2 equiy CH,MgBr, ether 2. H2)
D NaOCH2
E. (CH3)2CuLi
Option (b). For the conversion of the Cyclohexene the intermediate used is treated with an acid. It undergo dehydration reaction.
According to Diels-Alder reaction, it forms a cyclohexene ring. The process by which the reaction occurs is by cycloaddition. This means that the electrons are transferred in a cyclic fashion between the diene and the alkene to for the cyclic structure. the alkene that reacts with the diene is commonly referred to as the dienophile. This reaction tends to work best with dienes that are electron rich and dienophiles that are electron poor.
Common method of making cyclohexene is by taking cyclohexanol, cyclohexane with an −OH group attached to it and treating it with an acid of some sort. When cyclohexanol is reacted with an acid it undergoes a reaction called a dehydration reaction, which means it loses a water molecule.
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the carotenoid with the most vitamin a activity is . beta-carotene alpha-carotene beta-cryptoxanthin lycopene
Carotenoids are a group of plant-made pigments that include yellow, orange, and red hues. [tex]\alpha[/tex]-carotene, [tex]\beta[/tex]-carotene, [tex]\beta[/tex]-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene are the most common carotenoids in the diets of North Americans.
Beta-carotene, zeaxanthin, and lycopene are all provitamin A carotenoids that can be converted to retinol in the body (vitamin A). Contrarily, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene do not contribute to vitamin A activity.
The eyes selectively absorb the carotenoid antioxidants lutein and zeaxanthin from the diet, where they absorb up to 90% of blue light and aid in the preservation of healthy eye function in the macula. For the time being, it is unknown if the biological benefits of carotenoids in humans are connected to their antioxidant activity or any other activity than antioxidant activity.
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determine the mass-to-charge ratio (to the nearest whole number) of the molecular ion peak for each compound.'
The mass-to-charge ratio can be calculated by using the mass and electric charge of the particle.
This involves the Mass spectroscopy. Mass spectrometry is among one of the spectroscopic techniques which involve the fragmentation of ions of a compound. In the mass spectrum, the peak which is highest represents the base peak. The mass-to-charge ratio is a physical quantity relating the mass and the electric charge of a given particle. It is expressed in units of kilograms per coulomb. It is most widely used in the electrodynamics of charged particles. The value of m/z helps to predict the molecular formula of a compound. m /z represents mass to charge ratio. In mass analysis, an electron is taken from molecules to create single charged ions.
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Gold occurs in a sample of sea water at a concentration of 1.1 × 10—2 ppb. How many litres of sea water must be processed to recover 31.1 g of gold? (Density of sea water = 1.025g/mL.)
The volume in liters of seawater that must be processed to recover 31.1 g of gold is 2.827 * 10⁶ Liters of seawater.
What is the concentration of gold found in the seawater sample?The concentration of gold found in the seawater sample is given as 1.1 × 10⁻² ppb.
1 ppb is equivalent to 1 μg/mL
Based on the above conversion, 1.1 × 10⁻² ppb = 1.1 × 10⁻² μg/mL
This means that 1 mL of the seawater sample contains 1.1 × 10⁻² μg of gold.
1.1 × 10⁻² μg = 1.1 × 10⁻² μg * 10⁻⁶ g/μg
1.1 × 10⁻² μg = 1.1 × 10⁻⁸ g of gold
The volume of seawater in liters that will produce 31.1 g of gold is calculated below as follows:
The volume of seawater required = 31.1 g * 1 mL/1.1 × 10⁻⁸ g * 1 L/1000 mL
The volume of seawater required = 2.827 * 10⁶ Liters of seawater.
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which of the following formulas (lewis structures) has a total of only 12 bonding pair of electrons ( 24 electrons) and 0 non-bonding electron? nh2obr hcl (hydrochloric acid) chbr3 c4h8
The following formulas ,lewis structures has a total of only 12 bonding pair of electrons ( 24 electrons) and 0 non-bonding electron is C₄H₈.
The lewis structure of the molecule C₄H₈ is given as follows :
H H H
| | |
H - C = C - C - C - H
| | |
H H H
In this structure C₄H₈ contain the 12 bonding pair of the electrons that mean 24 bonding electrons and C₄H₈ have 0 lone pair of the electron. in C₄H₈ one carbon carbon double bond is present. total number of the bond is present in in C₄H₈ is 12 bond.
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You are working to change the specificity of an antibody fragment using semi-rational design. You have discovered a 3-amino acid stretch in the complimentary determining region 3 (CDR3) that you hypothesize directs the specificity of the antibody. Your goal is to study this region by saturation mutagenesis (substituting all possible amino acids in each position). You design the degenerate primer to contain NNK for each mutated amino acid (N=A,T,G,C; K=G,T).
(a) How large of a library would you need to screen if you wish to have 3-fold library coverage (i.e., measure each mutated sequence 3 times on average)? In other words, you would need to screen 3 times more members than the number of possible sequence variants.
(b) After your first attempt, you decide to screen a similar 3-amino acid region in CDR1 and CDR2. How large of a library would you need to screen to ensure 3-fold coverage for all three CDRs simultaneously?
(c) Why is it necessary to have 3-fold library coverage as opposed to 1-fold coverage?
(d) What fraction of the members in the CDR3 library do you expect to be truncated due to the inclusion of a stop codon? Hint: the three stop codons are UAA, UAG, UGA.
Fragment antibodies are described as the fragments which are used for binding end of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) and it can be small but mighty tool to fight with disease. While mAbs range from around 150kDa in size, fragment antibodies as small as 3kDa and fragment antibodies are used in treatment of various diseases.
a) The NNK codon encodes for all 20 amino acids, if there are 3 substitutions:
different sequences = 20n
sequences = 20 × 400 = 8000 {n = 400}
if the library have 3-fold coverage:
sequences = 3 × 8000 = 24000.
b) if we want cover three CDR, we have 9 residues to mutate. Then:
sequences = 209
to ensure 3-fold coverage:
sequences = 3 × 209 = 627
c) 3-fold library are needed to ensure the availability of each mutant.
d) the NNK codon have 32 combinations, one of them is for a stop codon. Then, 1/32 of mutants will be truncated.
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highly efficient two-step synthesis of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid from fructose without 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (hmf) separation: in situ oxidation of hmf in alkaline aqueous h2o/dmso mixed solvent under mild conditions 30 october 2018
Time evolution of HMF conversion and yields of FDCA, FFCA, and HMFCA; comparison of conversion and yields; typical HPLC spectra of reaction mixture; 1H NMR spectrum of FDCA product;
The effective synthesis of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), a promising biobased aromatic monomer that can be exploited to create innovative biobased polymeric materials, is still a significant problem. The direct synthesis of FDCA from fructose without the need for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) separation is proposed in this work as a two-step process employing catalysts that are readily accessible in the market. By dehydrating fructose in DMSO for one hour at 120 °C under the catalysis of Amberlyst-15, HMF was produced in the first stage with a 97.1% HPLC yield. The second stage involved oxidizing the in-situ created HMF in a 3/1 (w/w) alkaline (K2CO3) H2O/DMSO medium for 10 hours at 100 °C with Pt/C as the catalyst to produce FDCA in a 91% HPLC yield. A total of 88.4% of fructose was converted into FDCA overall.
HMF is quickly converted to 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA) and 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA) respectively, however the rate-limiting step in the oxidation of HMF is the conversion of FFCA to FDCA. Important variables influencing the reaction rate and selectivity include the H2O/DMSO ratio, alkali type, alkali/HMF ratio, and reaction temperature. High FDCA yield is achieved by DMSO and alkaline aqueous solution working in harmony.
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