In Year 2, the company's accounts receivable turnover is $251,400.
What is the accounts receivable?Accounts receivable is often known as AR. These are legally enforceable claims for payment maintained by a firm for products or services given but not paid for by consumers.
Computation of company's accounts receivable:
Accounts Receivable = Cash + Short term Investments + Accounts Receivable + Merchandise Inventory + Prepaid Expenses – Account Payable
Accounts Receivable = $38,500+$97,000+$89,000+$124,000+$12,800-$109,900
Accounts Receivable = $251,400.
Therefore, the company’s accounts receivable turnover for Year 2 is $251,400.
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The ____ represents the amount of data that an organization is willing to lose, or reenter, in the event of a disaster; the ____ represents the number of hours or days that the organization is willing to operate without its data center.A. RTO, RPO
B. DRP, BCP
C. BCP, DRP
D. RPO, RTO
D. RPO, RTO
The RTO is the number of hours or days that the organization is willing to operate without its data center, whereas the RPO is the quantity of data that the firm is willing to lose or reenter in the event of a disaster.
What is RPO (Recovery point objective)?⇒ The maximum amount of data that can be lost after recovering from a disaster, failure, or equivalent event before data loss exceeds what is acceptable to an organization is known as the recovery point objective (RPO). This amount of data loss is quantified in terms of time. In the event of a network or computer system failure, an RPO establishes the maximum age of the data or files in backup storage required to be able to achieve the goal stated by the RPO. The business continuity plan of an organization defines its loss tolerance, or the amount of data that can be lost before it suffers serious consequences (BCP).
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On July 1, Kingbird, Inc. purchases 570 shares of its $5 par value common stock for the treasury at a cash price of $12 per share. Journalize the treasury stock transaction. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually. If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the account titles and enter 0 for the amounts.)
The treasury stock transaction when cash price of $12 per share for treasury is 6840 (debit )
Treasury stock :
Treasury stock, commonly referred to as treasury shares or reacquired stock, denotes previously outstanding stock that the issuing business has acquired from stockholders. The overall number of outstanding shares on the open market declines as a result. Treasury stocks, also known as reacquired stocks, are shares that the issuing business has purchased back, therefore lowering the number of outstanding shares on the open market.
Journalizing the treasury stock :Treasury stock account = 570 × $ 12
= 6840 (Debit)
To Cash account 6840 (Credit)
(Being stock purchased for cash)
This is where cash comes in, so credit cash to reduce your cash balance. Cash back shares. Common shares are therefore claimed.
What advantages do Treasury Stocks have?Limiting outside ownership and holding stock in reserve to sell to the public in the future in case funding is needed now are two advantages of having treasury stock for a corporation.
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which of the following shapes is the most likely plot of the utility-of-wealth function for a risk-averse person?
If the utility function is concave it is most likely plot of the utility-of-wealth function for a risk-averse person.
Utility is a concept in economics used to simulate value or value. Its application has changed significantly over time. Moral philosophers such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill first used the phrase to define pleasure or happiness as part of the utilitarian hypothesis.
In neoclassical economics, which dominates contemporary economic theory, the term has been modified and reused to refer to a utility function that represents a consumer's preference for a set of choices. , but n is not comparable between individuals.
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__________ represent a favorable source of meeting long-term financing needs because there are no interest payments, dividends, or underwriting fees required when using this source.A Secured BondsB Retained EarningsC DebenturesD Stock Options
Because there are no interest payments, dividends, or underwriting fees necessary when using this source, retained earnings constitute an advantageous source for addressing long-term finance needs.
After deducting dividend payments, a company's retained earnings are its total net earnings or profits. The term "retained" refers to a crucial idea in accounting that describes how earnings were held by the corporation rather than distributed to shareholders as dividends.
At the conclusion of each accounting period, retained earnings are shown in the shareholder's equity portion of the balance sheet. RE is calculated by first adding the initial RE balance to net income (or subtracting it from net loss) and then deducting dividend payments. The changes in RE for a certain time period are often summarized in a document called a statement of retained earnings, which is also kept on file.
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TRUE/FALSE. with uncertainty surrounding the outcome of the doha round of trade negotiations, countries (large and small) are clamoring for bilateral or regional trade agreements to meet their specific agendas causing economists to be concerned about the prospects of creating a truly open global economic system that benefits all countries.
The givens statement is true because even with uncertainty surrounding the result of the Doha round of trade negotiations, economists are concerned about the prospects of making a truly open global economic system that benefits all of the countries.
The Doha Round is the most recent round of trade negotiations among the WTO member countries. Its objective is to achieve major reform of the international trading system by introducing lower trade barriers and revising trade rules. The work program covers about 20 areas of trade with the fundamental aim to improve the trading prospects of developing countries.
Even with the uncertainty surrounding the result of the Doha round of trade negotiations, countries (small and large) are clamoring for bilateral or regional trade agreements to meet their particular agendas causing economists to be concerned about the prospects of making a truly open global economic system that benefits all of the countries. so the statement given is true.
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The monopolistically competitive firm sells a __________ product and faces a __________ demand curve.
A firm that competes in a monopolistic market will have a downward-sloping perceived demand curve, indicating that it sets prices and selects a mix of quantity and price.
What is monopolistic competitive ?Numerous businesses engaged in monopolistic competition but selling distinctively different goods compete against one another. A few examples include clothing stores that sell several clothing trends, eateries or grocery stores that sell various food varieties, and even goods like beer or golf balls that may be at least superficially comparable but have varied public perceptions due to branding and advertising. The United States has more than 600,000 eateries. Each company has a mini-monopoly on its specific style, flavor, or brand name when items are distinctive.Manufacturers of these goods must, however, contend with other brands, flavors, and fashions. This combination of a small monopoly and fierce rivalry is referred to as "monopolistic competition," and its origin is explained in the next Clear It Up piece.To Learn more About monopolistic refer To:
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A social media post promising financial prosperity to everyone who shares their post seems unusual to you becauseit conflicts with what you already know about financial success
A social media post promising financial prosperity to everyone who shares their post seems unusual to you because ,it conflicts with what you already know about financial success.
What is meant by finance?Raising capital or finances for any form of spending is referred to as finance.
It is the act of directing different funds whether they be in the form of invested capital, loans, or credit to the economic entities that can use them most effectively or who are in the greatest need of them.
The term "finance" also first appeared in English in the 15th century, but it comes from the Anglo-French verb finer, which also means "to end" and "to pay."
English also uses the same verb to refer to an end or payment.
The term "financial resources" and "fund management" were introduced in the 18th century.
Investment, borrowing, lending, budgeting, saving, and forecasting are all part of the discipline of finance, which is referred to as the management of money.
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Suppose that an increase in government spending causes aggregate demand to increase from AD1 to AD2 in the graph below. Which of the following is the best explanation as to why aggregate demand would continue to expand to AD3 assuming that the government does not continue to increase spending?
The multiplier effect is the best explanation as to why aggregate demand would continue to expand to AD3 assuming that the government does not continue to increase spending.
Aggregate demand is a dimension of the entire amount of demand for all finished items and services produced in an economy. combination demand is expressed as the overall amount of money exchanged for the ones items and services at a particular price degree and point in time.
Combination call for, however, reveals the full sum of the marketplace for each single product and provider that an economy produces and expresses it as a total dollar value. as an example, a rustic could have an combination demand for items and services same to $1B in keeping with yr.
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the quantity of a product that will be offered to the market by a supplier at various prices for a specific period. is the meaning of?
Supply is the meaning of the quantity of a product that will be offered to the market by a supplier at various prices for a specific period.
Who is a supplier?
A supplier is a person or company that offers goods or services to another organization. A supplier's job in a company is to get premium goods from a manufacturer at a competitive price so that a distributor or retailer can resell them.
A supplier in business is a person or a company that provides retailers and distributors with high-quality products and services from manufacturers at competitive prices. Deliverables from them come in the form of raw materials, which manufacturers then transform into finished goods that are ready for sale.
You can more easily analyze real-time data on sales, orders, or market trends when you share this information with your suppliers. forecasting and rapid response to demand changes
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What is the BEST way to protect your personal information?
A. Carry all of your credit cards and forms of identification with you at all times.
B. Never write down your account numbers or driver's license numbers.
C. Keep old accounts open even if they are no longer being used.
D. Store your personal information in a safe place where you can access it if needed.
The best way to protect your personal information is store your personal information in a safe place where you can access it if needed. Hence option D is correct.
What is information?Information is defined as the data that has been altered in a way that makes it meaningful to the recipient. In today's society, information is essential to almost everything we do. To communicate a message, information in any format is created and distributed via a chosen delivery method.
Your bank account details, social security number, pin numbers, credit card numbers, and passwords are among the most sensitive data you should protect.
Thus, the best way to protect your personal information is store your personal information in a safe place where you can access it if needed. Hence option D is correct.
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on the preceding graph, use the blue rectangle (circle symbols) to fill in the area that represents profit or loss of the firm given the market price of $15 and the quantity of production from your previous answer.
The blue rectangle represents a profit of $1,250 (15 x 83 = 1,245).
What is profit?Profit is the difference between the total revenue and total costs of a business. It is the amount of money a company has earned after subtracting all its expenses, including taxes and costs of goods sold. Profit is considered the "bottom line" of a business and is typically what owners are looking to increase. In order to increase profit, a business must either increase revenue or reduce costs. Profits are important because they allow businesses to reinvest in their operations, pay dividends to shareholders, and increase their market value.
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Which of the following type of planning consists of a process for recovery and documentation of procedures for conducting recovery?
a. security
b. contingency
c. risk management
d. performance
Contingency is the type of planning consists of a process for recovery and documentation of procedures for conducting recovery.
A contingency plan is a plan of action designed to be taken in the event of an unexpected occurrence. A contingency plan for recovery is a plan of action designed to be taken in the event of an unexpected interruption to your business operations.
The purpose of a contingency planning for recovery is to help you minimize the disruption to your business and to help you resume operations as quickly as possible. A well-designed contingency plan will help you to protect the company.
Hence, the correct option is "B".
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suppose an organic salad shop attempts to increase demand for its food by differentiating it as a healthy alternative to fast-food hamburgers. This is an example of _______ advertising
comparative
Health-focused (comparative)
Organic FoodFood that has been produced using organic farming practices is known as organic food. Although requirements differ from country to country, organic farming includes techniques that recycle resources, advance ecological balance, and preserve biological diversity.
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When Apple released its first iPhone in 2007, it charged customers $599. Shortly thereafter, it reduced the price to $399 for the exact same device. Apple's decision to set a relatively high price for a period of time after the product launched and then decrease the price to a level that would be more sustainable over time reflects which pricing strategy?
When Apple released its first iPhone in 2007, it charged customers $599. Shortly thereafter, it reduced the price to $399 for the exact same device. Apple's decision to set a relatively high price for a period of time after the product launched and then decrease the price to a level that would be more sustainable over time reflects pricing strategy of price skimming.
Price skimming is typically used when a new kind of product enters the market. The goal is to maximize your profits when there is a strong demand from customers and little competition in the market.
What is price skimming?Skimming is a pricing strategy in which initial product prices are set high and subsequently decreased as rivals enter the market. The opposite of penetration pricing, which sets low starting prices for recently launched products in an effort to draw a sizable consumer base, is skim pricing.
Electronic products, like the Apple iPhone, commonly use a price-skimming strategy during the first launch phase. The price of the product decreases after competitors release competing items, such as the Samsung Galaxy, to preserve its competitive advantage.
Price skimming produces higher initial revenue totals to cover R&D costs. You might get better returns on your investment if you hold onto interest for a longer time. Using different marketing strategies, you can segment your customer base at each price range.
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According to David Vogel, investing in corporate social responsibility (CSR) when consumers are not willing to pay higher prices to support that investment improves the profit levels of the firm.
False
According to David Vogel, investing in corporate social responsibility (CSR) when consumers are not willing to pay higher prices to support that investment improves the profit levels of the firm. FALSE
Company social duty is a form of international non-public enterprise self-regulation which aims to make a contribution to societal goals of a philanthropic, activist, or charitable nature via carrying out or assisting volunteering or ethically orientated practices.
Company Social responsibility (CSR) is the concept that a company ought to play a superb function in the network and do not forget the environmental and social impact of enterprise decisions.
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if a person cannot provide bail on his or her own or cannot pay a bondsman, the accused can possibly be released
The Californian Supreme Court determined that defendants who are unable to post bail must be freed unless there is strong proof that keeping them behind bars is required for victim or public safety.
Victim safety: what is it?A person is prohibited from bothering, torturing, scaring, retaliating against, or interfering with any eyewitness or victims of a crime by this necessary protection order. The order is in effect up until the case's conclusion, the end of the sentence, or the recipient's acquittal.
What are the fundamental tenets of victim care?The treatment of victims should be kind and honoring of their human dignity. They have the right to swift reparation for the injury they have experienced, as stipulated by national law, and access to the legal systems.
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Gina Dare, who wants to be a millionaire, plans to retire at the end of 40 years. Gina's plan is to invest her money by depositing into an IRA at the end of every year. What is the amount that she needs to deposit annually in order to accumulate $1,000,000? Assume that the account will earn an annual rate of 11.5%. Round off to the nearest $1
Therefore, the amount of deposit required to be invested annually by Gina Dare is $3,289.47.
Who is a Millionaire?
A person is considered a millionaire if their wealth or net worth is at least one million dollars. Being a millionaire can have a certain level of prestige depending on the currency. In nations that employ the short scale number naming system, a person is considered to be a billionaire if they own at least 1,000 million dollars, euros, or the local currency.
Many national currencies currently have low unit values or had in the past, often as a result of previous inflation. Being a millionaire in other currencies is obviously more simpler and less significant; as a result, in Hong Kong or Taiwan, for example, a millionaire (in the native currency), may just be averagely affluent, or perhaps less wealthy than average.
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publix food market contractually agrees with fedex for the delivery of a few boxes of fresh fish. in a later court case between the aforementioned parties over deliveries, the doctrine of quasi-contract is unavailable because? a) there is an actual contract covering the subject in dispute; b) at least one of the parties had greater bargaining power. c) both oftha nartios involvad aro musinessas.d) a the sub ect of the contract was a service
There is an actual contract covering the subject in dispute.
What is dispute?
Any quarrel or disagreement is indicated by the term dispute. Both parties claimed ownership of the hazardous waste dump during the border conflict between the two nations. When used as a verb, dispute can refer to a disagreement or an argument, but it can also refer to objecting to something.
An arbitration agreement, also referred to as a dispute resolution agreement, is a legal document that specifies the steps to take in the event that a dispute arises in the future. By establishing a framework for how disputes will be handled in advance of them occurring, these agreements help parties avoid expensive litigation.
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early entrants to a market that are able to capture sizable revenue, awareness and generate business that ties customers into their products or services are capitalizing on .
Early entrants to a market that are able to capture sizable revenue, awareness and generate business that ties customers into their products or services are capitalizing on first-mover advantages. (Option C)
When a later entry can avoid costs that an early entry must suffer, to what do we refer?When entering a foreign market, having an advantage over other global corporations might have disadvantages. For this, the phrase "first-mover disadvantages" is frequently used. 5 Due to these drawbacks, a later arrival may be able to avoid pioneering costs, whereas an early entry may be required to make them.
What expression is used when a company enters a market ahead of its competitors?A first mover is a service or product that gains a competitive advantage or edge by being the first to market with a good or service. When a company enters a market first, it typically has the advantage of developing strong brand recognition and consumer loyalty before competitors do so.
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Keynesians argue that monetary policy is NOT effective if:a. other countries do not pursue a monetary policy similar to that of the United States.b. no one buys bonds when the Fed conducts open-market operations.c. the Fed is independent of political pressures.d. the economy is in a liquidity trap.
Keynesians argue that monetary policy is NOT effective if there was a liquidity trap.
What is liquidity trap?
A liquidity trap develops when investors select lower-yielding assets over hoarding cash due to a bleak outlook for the economy. Bonds aren't the only thing affected by a liquidity trap; other sectors of the economy also suffer as a result of consumers' reduced spending, which might make employers less eager to hire.
Does inflation result from a liquidity trap?
The liquidity trap is examined in a recent piece in the regional Economist. A growth in the money supply (such as that brought on by the Federal Reserve's massive asset purchases) typically results in higher inflation since more money is chasing the same amount of goods.
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you decide to take $800 out of your piggy bank at home and place it in the bank. if the reserve requirement is 5 percent, how much can your $800 increase the amount of money in the economy? instructions: enter your answer as a whole number. $ 760
If you decide to take $800 out of your piggy bank at home and place it in the bank. if the reserve requirement is 5 percent, The amount your $800 can the amount of money in the economy is $15,200.
How to find the amount of money?Firs step is to find the reserve requirement
Reserve requirement = (800×0.05)
Reserve requirement = 40
Second step is to find the amount of money
Amount of money = (800-40) × 800/40
Amount of money =760 ×20
Amount of money = $15,200
Therefore the amount of money is $15,200.
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Demand deposits are balances in bank accounts that depositors can access by writing a check or using a debit card. a. Trueb. False
A demand deposit is a bank account balance that the depositor can access by writing a check or using a debit card is true.
A demand deposit is a money that is deposited in your bank account and can be withdrawn whenever you need it. Depositors typically use demand deposits to pay their daily expenses. For account funds, banks or financial institutions may pay low or no interest on deposits.
The maximum amount an individual can withdraw is up to a certain daily limit or account balance limit. Common examples of demand deposits are amounts in checking or savings accounts. Please note that demand deposits are different from term deposits. Term deposits require the depositor to wait a certain period of time before making a withdrawal.
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selected hypothetical financial data of target and wal-mart for 2022 are presented here(in millions). net sale 65,000
The current ratio for Walmart is 0.9: 1.
Ratio analysis :
So no Formula Target Walmart
1 Current ratio current assets/current liabilities
19,000/12,000
= 1.6 : 1
49,000/55,000
= 0.9: 1
2 Accounts receivable turnover /average accounts receivable
65,000/8,000
= 8.1 times
406,000/3,800
= 106.8 times
3 Accounts collection period 365/accounts receivable turnover
365/8.1
= 45.1 days
365/106.8
= 3.4 days
4 Inventory turnover cost of goods= sold/average inventory
46,000/6,800
= 6.8 times
306,000/33,200
= 9.2 times
5 Day's in inventory 365/ inventory turnover
365/6.8
= 53.8 days
365/9.2
= 39.8 days
6 Profit margin net income/net sales
2,170/65,000
= 3.3 %
14,910/406,000
= 3.8 %
7 Assets turnover turnover/ average assets
65,000/(45,100+45,000)/2
= 1.4 times
406,000/(172,000+162,000)/2
= 2.4 times
8 Return on assets net income/ average assets
2,170/45,050
= 4.8 %
14,910/167,000
= 8.9 %
9 Return on common shareholders equity net income/average common shareholders equity
2,170/(15,700+12,900)/2
= 15.2 %
14,910/(74,000+66,000)/2
= 21.3 %
10 Debt to assets total liabilities/total assets
(12,000+17,400)/45,100
= 65.2 %
(55,000+43,000)/172,000
= 57 %
11 Times interest earned operating income/interest
(65,000-46,000-14,800-70)/660
= 6.3 times
(406,000-306,000-76,000-390)/2,200
= 10.7 times
12 Free cash flows net cash generated by operations - capital expenditure
5,900-1,700
= $ 4,200
27,400-11,600
= $ 15,800
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__ refers to the availability of resources to meet short-term cash requirements. Analysis is aimed
at a company's funding requirements.
Efficiency
Liquidity
Working Capital
Liquidity and Efficiency refers to the availability of resources to meet short-term cash requirements. Analysis is aimed at a company's funding requirements.
The time period performance may be described because the potential to achieve an give up goal with little to no waste, effort, or energy. Being efficient approach, you could acquire your effects through placing the resources you have within the first-rate way possible. placed surely, some thing is efficient if not anything is wasted and all processes are optimized. efficiency can often be expressed as a percentage of the result that could ideally be expected, as an instance if no energy have been lost due to friction or different causes, wherein case 100% of fuel or other enter might be used to produce the preferred result.
The paintings performance formulation is performance = output / enter, and you may multiply the result via a hundred to get work efficiency as a percent. that is used throughout different strategies of measuring electricity and paintings, whether it is electricity production or gadget efficiency.
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suppose that the economy enters a boom and becomes overheated. if the fed pursues countercyclical monetary policy but overreacts, this causes output in the short-run to go
Counter-cyclical fiscal coverage refers to the steps taken through the government that go towards the course of the monetary or commercial enterprise cycle.
Thus, in a recession or slowdown, the authorities increases expenditure and reduces taxes to create a demand that can force an economic boom.
Which of the following is an example of a counter-cyclical policy?One example of an automatically countercyclical fiscal coverage is modern taxation. By taxing a large share of income when the economy expands, a revolutionary tax tends to reduce demand when the economy is booming, accordingly reining in the boom.
Counter-cyclical or defensive industries are those that do well in economic downturns, since demand for their products and services continue regardless of the economy.
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https://brainly.com/question/7767883#SPJ4Even though both investors earned a 7% rate of return, they still have to pay their management fees. You can find out an investor’s effective rate of return by subtracting the fee percentage from the rate of return percentage.
What is Alizeh’s effective rate of return?
What is Christina’s effective rate of return?
The total value of Alizeh’s mutual fund is $10,570.
What mutual fund means?A mutual fund is a collection of funds that is professionally managed by a Fund Manager. It is a trust that takes money from many participants who have similar investing goals and invests it in stocks, bonds, money market instruments, and/or other securities.How is it calculated?The given data is,
Investment in mutual fund = $10,000
Annual expense ratio = 1.3%
Rate of return on investment = 7%
Annual return on investment = $700 ($10,000 × 7%)
Annual fees for her actively managed mutual fund = $130 ($10,000× 1.3%) At the end of the year, the total value (after fees) of Alizeh's mutual fund:
Investment in mutual fund = $10,000
Annual return on investment = $700
Annual fees for mutual fund = ($130)
Total value =$10,570
The total value of Alizeh’s mutual fund is $10,570.
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The correct questions is Alizeh invests $10,000 in an actively managed mutual fund that has an annual expense ratio of 1.3%. The investment earns a 7% rate of return.
which of the following explains the difference between the policies that nigeria and russia have adopted in response to global economic forces?
Nigeria is an oil-exporting nation, and it has adopted the policies that are designed to encourage the development of its oil industry. However Russia, on the other hand, has adopted policies that are more focused on diversifying its economy and building up its manufacturing and services sectors.
Nigeria and Russia have adopted different policies in response to global economic forces due to their different economic structures and the different goals they have for their economies. As a result, the policies adopted by the two countries reflect their different economic priorities.
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in this case, rational expectations theory predicts that the fully anticipated decrease in the money supply will have the immediate effect of in the inflation rate and in the unemployment rate.
In this case, the rational expectations theory predicts that a perfectly expected decline in the money supply will have the direct effect of lower inflation and no change in unemployment.
The theory of rational expectations states that people make optimal use of all available information, including information about fiscal and monetary policy, to predict the future. According to the rational expectations theory, perfectly forecast fiscal and monetary policies affect inflation only when the economy is at its long-run equilibrium level.
The theory of rational expectations is a macroeconomic concept and theory. Economists use the rational expectations theory to explain expected economic factors such as inflation and interest rates. The idea behind rational expectations theory is that past outcomes influence future outcomes.
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If a promoter enters into a contract on behalf of a proposed corporation and there is a breach of contract involving the infant corporation, who is liable?
If a promoter enters into a contract on behalf of a proposed corporation and there is a breach of contract involving the infant corporation, the promoter is liable on the contract.
A corporation contract is a contract between a corporation and another party, typically another corporation. The contract outlines the terms of the relationship between the parties, and may include provisions for things like the purchase or sale of goods or services, the exchange of stock or other assets, or the provision of financing.
Such contracts are typically very complex, and can have a significant impact on the financial well-being of both parties.
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_____ states that people learn to perform behaviors which lead to desired consequences and learn not to perform behaviors which lead to undesired consequences.
Skinner's operant conditioning theory states that people learn to perform behaviors which lead to desired consequences and learn not to perform behaviors which lead to undesired consequences.
What is skinner's operant conditioning?This concept states that conduct is more likely to be replicated when it results in positive outcomes, whereas behavior that results in negative outcomes is less inclined to be repeated. Reinforcement is a novel concept that Skinner added to the Law of Effect.
What are the 4 types of operant conditioning according to Skinner?Positivity, negativity, corrective feedback, and negative punishment are the four facets of operant conditioning.
Why Skinner's theory of operant conditioning is important?Psychologists highly assisted from Skinner's operant conditioning theory in their quest to comprehend how behavior is learned. It shows how reinforcement schedules may impact conditioning results and why incentives can be employed in the educational process so efficiently.
What are the 3 principles of operant conditioning?In operant conditioning, there are five fundamental processes: retribution, perceived cost, and extinction decrease behavior; positive and negative reward reinforce behavior.
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