Reconstruct the phylogeny that most simply and accurately accounts for the distribution of synapomorphies among ingroup species. Given matrices as small and simple as the above example, one can "build" the tree from the bottom up in a series of sketches, adding clades or branches representing groups with the fewest synapomorphies near the base of the tree and those with the most at the tips. Using the unlabeled phylogeny as a starting point, draw the stepwise construction of a fully resolved phylogeny to account for all of the synapomorphies, and include the synapomorphies that identify each clade (the first one, character 2, is included to get you started; this is shared by all members of the ingroup).
Answers
Complete question:
1). Determine the character states for the following six characters that are present in species OG, 5, 7, 15, 17, 18. Assign the character state found in the outgroup (OG) as a 0 and the alternative derived state a 1; use only two states per character. Example, stem width: 0 = thin, / = thick 1 (Characters and plant species image in the attached files)
2). Score each taxon using the 0 and 1 notation about and add to this matrix (Matrix in the attached files)
4). Reconstruct the phylogeny that most simply and accurately accounts for the distribution of synapomorphies among ingroup species. Given matrices as small and simple as the above example, one can build the tree from the bottom up in a series of sketches, adding clades or branches representing groups with the fewest synapomorphies near the base of the tree and those with the most at the tips. Using the unlabeled phylogeny as a starting point, draw the stepwise construction of a fully resolved phylogeny to account for all of the synapomorphies and include the synapomorphies that identify each clade (the first one, character 2, is included to get you started; this is shared by all members of the ingroup) (Tree in the attached files)
Answer:
Characters: Stem width: Thick-1 // Thin-0 Leaf edge (shape): Pointed-1 // Blunt-0 Flower base (shape): Narrow-0 // Wide-1 Flower orientation: Downward (Pendant)-1 // Upward (Vertical)-0 Petal color: Purple-1 // Yellow-0 Fruit shape (inset on card, on left): Round-0 // Elongated-1Complete Matrix in the attached filesOrder in the phylogeny reconstruction: OG --> 7 --> 5 --> 15 --> 17 and 18 (tree + evolutive changes in the attached files)Explanation:
NOTE: You will find the complete activity in the attached files.
The principle of maximum parsimony or maximum simplicity states that among all possible trees within a group of species, the most probable is the one that requires us to postulate the least number of evolutionary changes. So, to reconstruct a phylogeny we need to choose the tree that requires the less number of changes. To determine the character states for all the six characters, we assigned the number cero to all the characters expressed in the out-group. Thin steam, blunt leaf, narrow flower base, upward flower orientation, yellow petals, and rounded-seeds are all cero states. The other characters are 1.The above information of character state was used to fill in the matrix, specifying which character state belongs to each species according to their traits. The matrix was useful to reconstruct the phylogeny, to identify the autapomorphic trait, and to visualize all the clades.
Related Questions
What happens in the postsynaptic neuron when excitatory neurotransmitters bind to receptors?
Answers
Answer:
it causes the depolarization of the target cell
Explanation:
Glutamate is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that binds to specific receptors on the surface of target cells and thus causes its depolarization. During glutamate-mediated depolarization, the difference in charge inside and outside the cell is lost due to the entry of sodium and calcium positive ions into the postsynaptic cell (neuron) through specific ion channels. Moreover, glutamate binding also leads to the exit of potassium ions from the cell, thereby resulting in excitation. Through this mechanism, glutamate regulates many signaling pathways, such as those involved in memory, learning, emotions, cognition, motor control, etc.
mammals reproduce using sexual reproduction. It takes two parents to produce an offspring. What can you infer about the number of chromosomes in each reproductive cell?
Answers
Answer: reproductive cells are haploid
Explanation: mammals are diploid. In sexual reproduction each paren contributes a haploid set, which is what each reproductive cell
Any permanent change in a gene is called a
Answers
What is the genotypic ratio of the following cross? RR X Rr ?
100% Red
2:20
3:1
O
2:2:1
Answers
Answer: the genotypic ratio is 2:2:0
Explanation:
RR x Rr —> RR Rr RR Rr
To help meet the world's demand for food, which biotechnological
process is most likely to be used by agricultural industries?
O use of transgenic crops
O crop diversification
O spraying of organic herbicide
crop rotation
Answers
Answer:
use of transgenic crops
Explanation:
Since transgenic crops are genetically modified, the pros are that: there is more crop yield, increased nutrients, etc.
The use of transgenic crops is most likely to be used by agricultural industries. Hence, option A is correct.
What are transgenic crops?Crops that have undergone genetic engineering techniques to alter their DNA are referred to as genetically modified crops. Plant genomes can be modified physically or by transferring sequences contained in T-DNA binary vectors using Agrobacterium.
The goal of introducing a gene combination into a plant is to increase its productivity and usefulness. This technique offers benefits like extended shelf life, increased yield, improved quality, pest resistance, heat, cold, and drought tolerance, as well as resistance to a range of biotic and abiotic challenges.
The use of transgenic crops is most likely to be used by agricultural industries. Hence, option A is correct.
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Transcribe the following DNA strand. Then translate the tRNA strand you wrote.
Answers
Answer:
Transcription into mRNA strand will produce: ACU CAG CUG ACC GAC UGG CAU CUG
Translation into amino acid sequence will yield: Threonine- Glutamine- Leucine- Threonine- Aspartic acid- Tryptophan- Histidine- Leucine
Explanation:
- Transcription is the process by which DNA template is used to synthesize a mRNA molecule in the nucleus (eukaryotes). The transcription, which is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase, follows the complementary base pairing rule i.e. A-T, G-C. Note that Uracil replaces Thymine in the RNA molecule.
Based on this question in which a DNA strand was given as follows: TGA GTC GAC TGG CTG ACC GTA GAC
The mRNA strand that will result from transcribing this DNA will be: ACU CAG CUG ACC GAC UGG CAU CUG
- Translation is the process by which mRNA strand is used to synthesize amino acid sequence (protein) in the ribosomes. In the mRNA sequence, nucleotides are read in a group of three called CODONS. Each codon specifies an amino acid. Based on the mRNA sequence as follows: ACU CAG CUG ACC GAC UGG CAU CUG, the amino acid sequence that will result after using the genetic code will be: Threonine (Thr)- Glutamine (Gln)- Leucine (Leu)- Threonine (Thr)- Aspartic acid (Asp)- Tryptophan (Try)- Histidine (His)- Leucine (Leu).
If right I’ll mark brainliest
Answers
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Dominant alleles are greater than recessive alleles
Why did the current have the most energy in this location?
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:The flow of charge around a closed circuit in the form of electrons is called an electric current. ... So the voltage or potential difference between two points provides the required electrical energy to move charge around a circuit in the form of an electric curent.
idenify locations of serous membranes. check all that apply
Answers
The serous membranes are: Peritoneum — the peritoneal cavity is found within the abdominal & pelvic body cavities. Connecting peritoneum forms: — mesentery — ligament. Pleura — two pleural cavities (separated by mediastinum) are found within the thoracic cavity.
according to a mangrove food web which organism is a producer in the mangrove swamp Crab, Mold, Pelican, Or Phytoplankton
Answers
Answer:
Phytoplankton.
Explanation:
This is because in the mangrove swap, phytoplankton is a green plants that have green pigment called chlorophyll uses light energy from the sun with carbondioxide and water to produce carbohydrates. Phytoplankton is a primary producer because it manufacture it food through the process of photosynthesis and it is the source of flow of energy in the habitat.
Tufa is a/an ____ sedimentary rock.
A) organic
B) Clastic
C) Chemical
Answers
Answer:
chemical
Explanation:
what is one negative aspect of necluar energy
Answers
Answer:
1.) The initial construction costs can be rather high.
2.) The issue with nuclear energy is that it is radioactive.
I gave you two just in case!
Hope this helped!
Have a supercalifragilisticexpialidocious day!
During which part of meiosis (meiosis I or meiosis II) do the two alleles of a gene separate? During which phase does the separation occur? (Assume no recombination.)
Answers
Answer:
meiosis 1, anaphase
Explanation:
Meiosis is a type of cell division that consists of two rounds of cell division known as Meiosis I and Meiosis II, and one round of DNA replication, thereby the resulting cells (gametes) contain half of the genetic material found in somatic (body) cells. Both Meiosis I and Meiosis II can be divided into the following phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis. Alleles of a gene separate during the anaphase of Meiosis I (i.e., Anaphase I), because homologous chromosome pairs separate during this phase of the cell cycle.
Answer:
During the ANAPHASE of MEIOSIS I, IF there is no recombination, the two alleles of a gene separate
Explanation:
Meiosis is a process by which, from a diploid germ cell (2n), four daughter cells with a haploid chromosome number (n) are produced. Each daughter cell has half of the chromosomes of the original one. There are two phases in meiosis: the first one in which occurs a chromosome´s reduction division, and the second one where the cell suffers a new division, but this one is not a reductive one.
If there is no recombination or crossing-over between a locus and the centromere, during anaphase of meiosis I, occurs the separation of the alleles. One of the alleles migrate to one pole and the other migrates to the other pole .But if it occurs crossing-over, the allele separation occurs in the anaphase of meiosis II, when chromatids separate.4) What is a zygote? How does the zygote form the organism?
Answers
A zygote is a fertilized egg cell resulting from the fusion of a sperm cell and an egg cell during sexual reproduction. It marks the beginning of a new organism's life.
After fertilization, the zygote undergoes a series of cell divisions called mitosis, where it divides into multiple cells, forming a structure known as a blastocyst.
The blastocyst then undergoes implantation in the uterus, where it develops into an embryo. As the embryo continues to grow and differentiate, it forms the various tissues, organs, and systems of the developing organism.
The zygote serves as the initial building block and contains all the genetic information necessary for the organism's development.
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The genetic information of a cell is duplicated and split to form two daughter cells during which of the following processes
Answers
Answer:
Cell Division
Explanation:
A definition to cell division: Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle. Hope this helped. :)
What is NOT true about the Archaea domain
It is believed to contain the oldest cells
It contains the bacteria that can be found in your intestines
It contains organisms that do not have a membrane bound nucleus
It contains organisms made of prokaryotic cells
Answers
Answer:
https://goo.gl/search/Weather
☀️ It's 65°F in Lo
Which of the following is the most significant difference between mitosis and meiosis?
A. Chromosomes are duplicated before mitosis.
B. Meiosis is not followed by cytokinesis.
C. Homologous pairs of chromosomes are split up in meiosis.
Answers
Answer:
Answer is C.
Explanation:
I hope it's helpful!
The answer is C) Homologous pairs of chromosomes are split up in
meiosis.
What is the distinction between mitosis and meiosis?Mitosis outcomes in two nuclei might be equal to the authentic nucleus. Meiosis, on the other hand, outcomes in 4 nuclei, every having half of the variety of chromosomes of the original cell. In animals, meiosis handiest happens within the cells that deliver rise to the sex cells (gametes), i.e., the egg and the sperm.
Mitosis includes the division of frame cells, even as meiosis entails the division of sex cells. The department of a cellular takes place as soon as in mitosis however twice in meiosis. two daughter cells are produced after mitosis and cytoplasmic department, at the same time as 4 daughter cells are produced after meiosis.
Mitosis includes one degree whereas meiosis consists of ranges. Mitosis produces diploid cells (forty-six chromosomes) whereas meiosis produces haploid cells (23 chromosomes). Mitosis produces two same daughter cells whereas meiosis produces four genetically exclusive daughter cells.
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If an organism has 44 chromosomes in its regular/everyday cells, how
many chromosomes will be in the organism's sex cells?
44
24
22
23
Answers
Recall the Jagendorf experiment (pasted below) was conducted wholly in the dark. Hypothesize what would happen if you were to mimic the experiment, but rather than alter pH, you place your thylakoids in a beaker with a solution that mimics the chloroplast stroma in direct sunlight. What would be the result?
Answers
Answer:
ATP production.
Explanation:
The result will be the production of ATP molecules if we place thylakoids in a beaker with a solution that mimics the chloroplast stroma in direct sunlight. The thylakoids are able to formed ATP in the dark because H+ gradient is required for ATP synthesis. The scientists find out that the light reactions were not necessary to establish the H+ gradient required for ATP synthesis by ATP synthase.
True or False: Chromosomes can be seen with the naked eye.
Answers
the answer is false Because it is so thin, DNA cannot be seen by the naked eye unless its strands are released from the nuclei of the cells and allowed to clump together.
If right I’ll mark brainliest
Answers
Answer: TT
Explanation: We know that the ability to roll your tongue is a dominant trait from your parents, and the inability to roll your tongue is a recessive trait. So the genotype would be TT.
Note: I'm not in the grade, so I don't know this yet, I tired to explain it clearly.
how much energy is transferred from the sun to the surface
Answers
Answer:
The atmosphere directly absorbs about 23% of incoming sunlight, and the remaining energy is transferred from the Earth's surface by evaporation (25%), convection (5%), and thermal infrared radiation (a net of 5-6%).
Which was the earliest method used to determine stellar distances? A. supernovae B. parallax C. cepheids variables D. redshift measurement
Answers
Answer:
Parallax
Explanation:
Trust me I've done this
Answer:
parallax
Explanation:
Plato/Edmentum
You are a glucose molecule in a disaccharide found in a drink that was sipped by an athlete who is about to begin running a 1600m (1 mile) race. Put the words in the list below in the appropriate order to describe the process of your journey from the mouth and ultimately to the muscle cells for energy.
a. electron transport system
b. active transport
c. stomach
d. pyruvate
e. brush border disaccharidases
f. carbon dioxide and water
g. mouth
h. citric acid cycle
i. glucose transporters
j. duodenum
k. glycolysis
l. jejunum
m. blood
n. esophagus
Answers
Answer:
Mouth -Esophagus-- Stomach -Duodenum -Jejunum -Brush border disaccharidases--Glucose transporters--Active transport--Blood-Glycolysis-Pyruvate--Citric acid cycle - Carbon dioxide and water : )
Explanation:
The journey of a glucose molecule from the mouth and ultimately to the muscle cells for energy in the correct order is:
Mouth > Esophagus > Stomach > Duodenum > Jejunum > Brush Border Disaccharidases > Blood > Glucose Transporters > Glycolysis > Pyruvate > Citric Acid Cycle > CO2 and Water > Active Transport > Electron Transport System.
The drink rich with disaccharides starts its journey from the mouth cavity and moves through the esophagus to the stomach. The disaccharide digestion takes place when it reaches the jejunum through the duodenum of the small intestine by enzyme maltase that also presents in Brush Border Disaccharidases to glucose.
Glucose moves o blood and through a glucose transporter for cellular respiration that starts with glycolysis that converts glucose to pyruvate and enters in TCA cycle and releases CO2 and water as byproducts that ultimately moves to the ETS system to provide energy to the muscles.
Thus, the correct answer is - given above in the correct order.
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An example of a(n) is the brain, spinal cord, and nerves working together.
Answers
Answer:
system
Explanation:
An example of an organ system is the brain, spinal cord, and nerves working together.
A system is a level of organization in living organisms in which body organs work together to perform similar functions. The organ system represents the highest level of body organization as opposed to organ, tissue, and cell level of organization.
The cell is the smallest unit of organization of the body of living organisms. At the tissue level, cells aggregate together to perform similar functions while at the organ level, similar tissues come together to perform somewhat similar roles in the body of organisms.
The brain, spinal cord, and nerves each represent an organ. When these work together in the body of organisms, the level of organization is described as organ systems or simply systems.
Why do different cells of the body have different structures or shaps?
Answers
Answer:
Cells have different shapes because theydo different things. ... The shapes ofcells have evolved to help them carry out their specific function in the body, so looking at a cell's shape can give clues about what it does. Neurons are cells in the brain and nervous system.
Both the endocrine and nervous systems are major regulating systems of the body; However, the nervous system has been compared to an airmail delivery systtem and the endocrine system to the pony express. Briefly explain this comparison.
Answers
Answer:
The correct answer is -the nervous system is rapid whereas the endocrine is slow and effective on distant target organs.
Explanation:
Both the nervous system and endocrine system are essential and major regulating or controlling systems in an organism. The nervous system ae compared to airmail as it uses nerve stimulus to bring rapid control whereas the endocrine is like pony express as it acts much more slowly.
The nervous system is fast and rapid and required electrochemical stimulus or impulses whereas the endocrine system produces hormones and releases them to the blood which then travels to the target organ and binds to it.
what is heat pollution
Answers
Answer: heat pollution is aka"thermal enrichment,"
Explanation:
is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers.
Describe the movement of oxygen molecules if there were more oxygen molecules
outside the cell
Answers
Explanation:
Because there's a higher concentration of oxygen molecules outside the cell compared to the cell's cytoplasm, you'll see that oxygen diffuses into the cell along this concentration gradient. ... Because the molecules are moving at random, some will move out of the cell, but most will be moving in in this case.
Transporation is the mechanism by which the molecules and enzymes move in and out of the cell. When more oxygen is present outside the cell diffusion will occur along the concentration gradient.
What is diffusion?Diffusion is a transportation mechanism that involves the movement of the ions and the molecules from the high concentration area towards the low concentration region.
The high amount of oxygen present outside the cell will diffuse through the cell membrane inside the cell along the concentration gradient so that the concentration inside and the outside achieves equilibrium.
Therefore, the movement of the oxygen molecules from high concentration to low is diffusion.
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DNA and RNA escape room?