The divisions of South African public law to be used to confirm that the death penalty is an unconstitutional form of punishment in South Africa are constitutional law and criminal law. The Constitution, under Section 11 of the Bill of Rights, abolished the death penalty, while criminal law states the punishments for different crimes.
Explanation:To assure Gerwin's grandmother that her grandson won't be receiving the death penalty, we would use both constitutional law and criminal law. Constitutional law in South Africa, under Section 11 of the Bill of Rights in Chapter 2 of the Constitution, states that 'Everyone has the right to life'. This effectively abolished the death penalty in the country. Thus, according to constitutional law, the death penalty cannot be applied even in severe criminal cases. Meanwhile, criminal law sets the type of punishments that can be handed down for different crimes, including murder. Confirming this information, one could offer Gerwin’s grandmother some peace of mind about the potential outcomes of her grandson's case.
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CH. 5 // stops differ from arrests in that:A. They always lead to a frisk or more invasive searchB. They produce written records of the police actionC. They occur in public places and are shorter in durationD. They are always shorter in duration
Stops differ from arrests in that they occur in public places and are shorter in duration.
Stops are temporary detentions where police officers detain and question a person briefly based on reasonable suspicion. Unlike arrests, stops do not require a warrant or probable cause. They also do not always lead to a frisk or more invasive search, and may not produce written records of the police action. Arrests, on the other hand, involve taking a person into custody based on probable cause and require a warrant or exigent circumstances.
Arrests also produce written records and may lead to searches and seizures of evidence.
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The first part of a writ of assistance, where royal agents can search anyone, anywhere, anytime, it's referred to as a ___________ warrant.A. GeneralB. Constitutional C. PrivacyD. Specific
The first part of a writ of assistance, where royal agents can search anyone, anywhere, anytime, is referred to as a general warrant.
A general warrant is a type of warrant that does not specify a particular person or place to be searched or seized, but rather gives law enforcement officials broad authority to search and seize property. General warrants were commonly used in colonial America by British authorities to search for smuggled goods, and they were a major source of tension between colonists and the British government.
The use of general warrants was later outlawed in the United States by the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution, which requires that warrants be supported by probable cause and specify the place to be searched and the things to be seized.
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Why does Hamilton argue that a plural executive would lead to an abuse of power?
Hamilton argues that a plural executive, which consists of multiple individuals sharing the executive power, would lead to an abuse of power because it would create a lack of accountability and unity.
Hamilton believed that a single executive would be more effective in ensuring that the government acted in the best interest of the people, as there would be clear lines of responsibility and decision-making. With a plural executive, there would be no one person ultimately responsible for the actions of the executive branch, which could lead to confusion and a lack of accountability. Additionally, Hamilton feared that a plural executive could lead to political factions forming and competing for power, which could further divide the country and lead to corruption.
Ultimately, Hamilton believed that a strong, single executive was necessary for maintaining the stability and integrity of the government.
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If the violation is willful, the maximum penalty is (?) for each act.
The maximum penalty for a willful violation depends on the specific law or regulation that has been violated.
Different laws and regulations carry different penalties for willful violations. In some cases, the penalty may be a fine, while in other cases, it may include imprisonment or other legal consequences.
Under US federal law, willful violations of certain environmental regulations can result in fines of up to $50,000 per day of violation, while willful violations of certain occupational safety regulations can result in fines of up to $134,937 per violation.
It's important to consult the relevant law or regulation to determine the specific penalty for a willful violation.
For willful infractions of certain laws and regulations, different punishments apply. The punishment might range from a fine in certain circumstances to incarceration or other legal repercussions in others.
Federal law in the US allows for fines of up to $50,000 per day for willful violations of some environmental rules and up to $134,937 per violation for willful violations of several occupational safety standards.
To find out the precise punishment for a willful infringement, it's essential to examine the pertinent statute or regulation.
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As opposed to elite and group theory, public choice theory focuses ona. individuals.b. large groups.c. voters.d. legislators.
As opposed to elite and group theory, public choice theory focuses on a. individuals.
Public choice theory emphasizes the actions and decisions of individuals in the political process, particularly in regards to their own self-interest and rational behavior. This is in contrast to elite and group theory, which suggest that a small group of elites or interest groups hold significant power and influence in shaping political outcomes. This approach considers individual preferences and behavior as the foundation for understanding decision-making in the political process.
Public choice theory also places emphasis on the role of voters and legislators, but ultimately sees their actions as being driven by individual incentives and preferences.
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what is the most common traffic conviction for young CA drivers
The most common traffic conviction for young California drivers is speeding. According to the California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV), speeding is the most common traffic violation committed by drivers under the age of 21.
Young drivers, especially those who are new to driving, may be more likely to speed due to their inexperience, lack of judgment, or overconfidence.
Speeding is a serious traffic violation that can lead to accidents, injuries, and fatalities.
Other common traffic violations for young California drivers include reckless driving, driving under the influence (DUI), and distracted driving. These violations can also have serious consequences and can result in fines, license suspension, and even criminal charges.
It is important for young drivers to understand the rules of the road and to drive safely and responsibly to avoid traffic violations and accidents.
They should also be aware of the potential consequences of traffic violations and take steps to prevent them.
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True or False: Criminal justice is defined as the system of law enforcement, adjudication, and correction that is directly involved in the apprehension, prosecution, and control of those charged with criminal offenses.
True: Criminal justice is defined as the system of law enforcement, adjudication, and correction that is directly involved in the apprehension, prosecution, and control of those charged with criminal offenses.
Prosecutors are typically lawyers who possess a law degree, and are recognised as suitable legal professionals by the court in which they are acting. This may mean they have been admitted to the bar, or obtained a comparable qualification where available - such as solicitor advocates in England and Wales. They become involved in a criminal case once a suspect has been identified and charges need to be filed. They are employed by an office of the government, with safeguards in place to ensure such an office can successfully pursue the prosecution of government officials. Multiple offices exist in a single country, especially in those countries with federal governments where sovereignty has been bifurcated or devolved in some way.
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_____ is the manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain, so made as to justify another person in understanding that his assent to that bargain is invited and will conclude it.
A.Unilateral intent
B.Bilateral intent
C.An offer
D.An acceptance
E.Consideration
An offer is the manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain, so made as to justify another person in understanding that his assent to that bargain is invited and will conclude it. An offer is a proposal made by the offeror to the offeree to enter into a legally binding agreement.
An offer represents the starting point in a contractual agreement, expressing the proposer's willingness to be bound by the terms of the proposed agreement should the other party accept. This willingness is the manifestation of the proposer's intent to create a legally enforceable contract.
In contrast, unilateral intent and bilateral intent refer to the nature of the obligations within a contract, rather than the initiation of the bargaining process. Once an offer is made, it is up to the offeree to decide whether to accept the offer, thus completing the bargain.
Acceptance indicates the offeree's agreement to be bound by the terms of the offer, creating a legally enforceable contract between the parties. Consideration is a separate element of a contract, referring to the value exchanged between the parties in the agreement, such as money, goods, or services.
Although it is a crucial component of a legally binding contract, it is not directly related to the manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain as described in the question.
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Option C is correct, An offer is the manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain, so made as to justify another person in understanding that his assent to that bargain is invited and will conclude it.
An offer, which conveys the offering party's wish to be bound by the terms of the bargained agreement should the other party accept it, is the first step in any contractual agreement. This readiness is an indication that the proposer wants to create a legally binding agreement. By accepting, the offeree agrees to be bound by the terms of the offer, creating a legal contract that can be enforced in court.
An offer is a proposal made by the offeror to the offeree to enter into a legally binding agreement. The value that the parties trade, like as money, goods, or services, is known as the consideration in a contract. the offeror's intention to be bound by the terms of the offer, should it be accepted by the other party, must be clearly manifested.
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Arkansas law makes it illegal to drive, or to be a front-seat passenger, without wearing safety belts? (T/F)
The given statement "Arkansas law makes it illegal to drive, or to be a front-seat passenger, without wearing safety belts" is true as Arkansas law requires drivers and front-seat passengers to wear safety belts while in motion.
According to Arkansas law, everyone in the front seats and the driver must buckle up when the car is moving. Additionally, when riding in a vehicle, all children under the age of 15 must be properly restrained in a child safety seat or booster seat.
Additionally, texting and emailing while operating a moving vehicle are illegal in Arkansas. It is allowed to make phone calls on a handheld device, but only when the driver is using a hands-free system. Fines and/or points on the driver's license may be assessed for violations of these laws.
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The Center for American Progress and the Heritage Foundation often use ______ to promote a preferred policy.A. scientific policy analysis B. professional policy analysisC. political policy analysis D. program evaluation
Political policy analysis is a common tool used by the Heritage Foundation and the Centre for American Progress to advance a chosen policy. Here option C is the correct answer.
The Center for American Progress and the Heritage Foundation are both think tanks that aim to influence policy decisions in the United States. They use various methods to promote their preferred policy, but one of the most common is through policy analysis.
Policy analysis is the process of evaluating policy options and their potential impacts. It involves gathering and analyzing data, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of different policy options, and making recommendations based on the analysis.
In the case of the Center for American Progress and the Heritage Foundation, they often use political policy analysis to promote their preferred policy. Political policy analysis involves taking into account the political context in which the policy is being considered, including the political beliefs and values of key decision-makers, public opinion, and the political feasibility of different policy options.
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Which Act requires the EPA to regulate the discharge of pollutants into waterways?
The Clean Water Act (CWA) is a federal law that requires the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate the discharge of pollutants into waterways.
The CWA was originally passed by Congress in 1972, to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters. Under the CWA, the EPA is responsible for establishing water quality standards for all contaminants in surface waters and for regulating discharges of pollutants from point sources, such as factories and wastewater treatment plants. The EPA also works with states and tribes to develop and implement programs to protect and restore water quality.
The Clean Water Act has been amended several times since its original passage, with the most recent amendments occurring in 1987. These amendments added new provisions to address non-point source pollution, toxic pollutants, and wetlands protection, among other issues.
In summary, the Clean Water Act is the law that requires the EPA to regulate the discharge of pollutants into waterways, to protect and restore the quality of the nation's waters.
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the NIMS management characteristic of chain of command and unity of command means that
The NIMS management characteristic of chain of command and unity of command means that from the highest levels of the organization all the way down to the lowest there is a distinct and unbroken line of authority.
Everyone in the organization is aware of their immediate supervisor and who they report to thanks to the chain of command. Each employee in the company only reports to one direct supervisor. according to the concept of unity of command.
This system aids in making quick, effective decisions while ensuring that everyone is working toward the same goals and objectives. For efficient communication, coordination and decision making during emergencies, a clear chain of command and unity of command are essential.
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The U.S. Constitution provides that no person shall be deprived of "life, liberty, or property without due process of law." Under this clause, "persons" include
a. humans and other "beings in nature"
b. American citizens only
c. corporations, businesses, and other "legal persons"
d. none of the above
Option A, B, and C are correct, "persons" under this clause include humans and other "beings in nature", American citizens, and legal persons such as corporations, businesses, and other entities recognized under the law.
According to the United States Constitution, no one shall be deprived of "life, liberty, or property without due process of law." Humans and other "beings in nature" are considered "persons" under this article, as are American citizens and legal persons such as corporations, businesses, and other entities recognised by law.
The Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause applies to the federal government, whereas the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause applies to the states. These provisions ensure that all individuals, whether citizens, noncitizens, or legal persons, have the right to due process before being deprived of their life, liberty, or property.
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how did nathaniel bacon gain the assembly's approval for his expedition?
CH. 4 // The objective basis for stops and frisk is:A. The same as for arrestsB. Higher than for arrestsC. Lower than for arrestsD. The same as fourfull searches of a person
The objective basis for stops and frisk is lower than for arrests. This is because stops and frisks are based on "reasonable suspicion" rather than the "probable cause" required for arrests.
This means that law enforcement officers must have a reasonable suspicion that a person is involved in criminal activity in order to stop and frisk them, but the level of suspicion required is not as high as the probable cause required for an arrest. Stops and frisks are a means of briefly detaining a person for investigation, while full searches of a person require a higher level of suspicion or a warrant.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
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Which countries have not signed UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) ?
Imagine that you have just been elected as a member of the legislative branch of the federal government. You are now charged with representing your state’s interests in Washington, DC. Brainstorm issues that are important to you and the people of your state. What legislation could you draft related to one of these important issues? What would you title your new bill? How would the passage of this bill make a difference to your state?
Answer:
To identify issues that are important to your state, you could conduct research on state-level statistics, public opinion polls, and news articles. Some issues that may be relevant to many states include:
Economic development: Creating jobs, supporting small businesses, and attracting investment.
Education: Improving access to quality education, reducing student debt, and supporting teachers.
Healthcare: Expanding access to affordable healthcare, reducing prescription drug costs, and addressing the opioid epidemic.
Infrastructure: Improving roads, bridges, and public transportation systems, as well as expanding broadband access.
Environment: Protecting natural resources, addressing climate change, and promoting clean energy.
Once you have identified an issue of particular importance to your state, you could draft legislation related to that issue. The title of the bill should be clear and descriptive of its purpose. For example, if you were drafting a bill related to improving access to healthcare, you could title it the "Affordable Healthcare Access Act." The bill could include provisions such as:
Expanding Medicaid coverage to low-income individuals and families.
Allowing Medicare to negotiate drug prices with pharmaceutical companies.
Providing funding for clinics in rural and underserved areas.
Supporting research on new treatments and cures for diseases.
The passage of this bill could make a difference to your state by improving the health outcomes of its residents, reducing healthcare costs, and providing economic benefits to healthcare providers and other businesses. It could also help address broader national issues related to healthcare access and affordability.
Explanation:
In 2010, Sara writes Terror at the Track, a novel about racecar driving. Sara does not register the work with the
appropriate government office. Under federal copyright law, Sara's work is protected
a. for ten years.
b. for twenty years.
c. for the life of the author plus seventy years.
d. forever.
Sara writes the racecar-related book Terror at the Track in 2010. Sara fails to file the necessary paperwork with the relevant government agency. Sara's work is safeguarded by federal copyright legislation for the duration of her life plus seventy years. Option C is correct.
Under federal copyright law, Sara's work is protected for the life of the author plus seventy years, regardless of whether she registers it with the appropriate government office or not. Copyright protection is automatic and begins as soon as a work is created in a fixed tangible form, such as writing it down or saving it to a computer file.
The duration of copyright protection has changed over time, but since 1978, works created by an individual are protected for the life of the author plus seventy years.
This means that Sara's novel, Terror at the Track, will be protected by copyright until seventy years after her death. During this time, no one else can reproduce, distribute, or create derivative works based on Sara's novel without her permission or without qualifying for an exception or limitation under the law.
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Why must higher education pass rate be lowered to 30%
Answer:
I guess it depends on the goals of a university system.
If I am doing my math correctly, the set pass rate at my university when I started was around 29%. We were told that the bottom third would be flunked out each year. I do not remember the actual pass rate.
There is an advantage to that for university graduates, as a university degree now means more of an accomplihment, rather than that meaning somebody just hung around for four to six years.
There is a financial disadvantage to the college, in that those students who are being kicked out are no longer paying tuition and fees.
Explanation:
Answer:
If we scrap the 30% pass mark, our expectation of each Grade 12 learner is: Choose your NSC subjects wisely and get the best marks that you can in all your subjects. The higher your marks, the more opportunities for further study and work will open up for you. You can’t fail as there is no ‘pass mark’. Whatever marks you get, those marks are printed on your NSC certificate.
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When parking in a handicap parking space, you can use another person's "special certificate" to park your vehicle as long as you are disabled. (T/F)
Answer:
Explanation:
False. Handicap parking spaces are reserved for individuals with disabilities who have a valid and current handicap parking permit or license plate. It is illegal to use another person's handicap parking permit or license plate, even if the person using it is also disabled. Each permit or plate is assigned to a specific person and cannot be transferred or used by anyone else. This is because misuse of handicap parking permits or license plates can prevent those who truly need them from accessing the designated parking spaces.
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As it concerns the unitary versus federal classification of states, which country has a uniquely in-between situation, with some unitary aspects and notable decentralization? A. Japan B. China C. North Korea D. Vietnam
The country that has a uniquely in-between situation with some unitary aspects and notable decentralization is Japan.
The country that has a uniquely in-between situation with some unitary aspects and notable decentralization is Japan. While Japan is officially classified as a unitary state, it has strong regional governments with significant power and autonomy. The federal system is not widely used in Japan, but the country's decentralized system is often considered to be a hybrid of unitary and federal structures.
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The country that has a uniquely in-between situation when it comes to the unitary versus federal classification of states is Vietnam. Option D
Vietnam has a unitary system of government, which means that the central government holds most of the power. However, Vietnam also has notable decentralization, which means that power is shared with regional governments.
In Vietnam, the Communist Party holds ultimate power, and the National Assembly serves as a legislative body. The country is divided into 58 provinces and five municipalities, with each province having its own People's Council and People's Committee. These bodies are responsible for local governance and decision-making, such as budgeting, infrastructure development, and social welfare programs.
Vietnam's system of decentralization has been a deliberate policy choice, as the country seeks to balance the need for centralized control with the benefits of local decision-making. This approach has helped Vietnam to achieve impressive economic growth in recent years, as local governments have been empowered to attract investment and develop their own economies.
Overall, Vietnam's system of governance is unique in its combination of unitary and decentralized elements, and serves as an interesting case study for other countries seeking to strike a balance between centralization and local autonomy. Therefore option D is correct.
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The stakeholder view emphasizes the obligations of management to: A. The shareholdersB. The shareholders and creditorsC. All parties impacted by corporate decisions in a significant wayD. The board of directors
The stakeholder view emphasizes the obligations of management to C. all parties impacted by corporate decisions in a significant way.
This approach acknowledges that a company's success relies not only on its shareholders and creditors, but also on a broader range of stakeholders, such as employees, customers, suppliers, and the local community. By considering the interests of all these groups, management can make more informed decisions that balance various needs and contribute to the long-term sustainability of the company. This perspective encourages businesses to be responsible corporate citizens and fosters positive relationships with stakeholders, ultimately benefiting the company's reputation and financial performance.
In contrast, a shareholder-focused view prioritizes the interests of shareholders above all others, which can sometimes lead to short-term gains at the expense of long-term sustainability. By adopting a stakeholder-oriented approach, management can address the concerns of multiple groups, promoting a more stable and prosperous business environment for all involved. Therefore the correct option is C
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A ________________ opinion is NOT a type of opinion that can be issued by an appellate court.A. concurringB. majorityC. pluralityD. judgment
While appellate courts issue various types of opinions, a "judgment" is not considered a separate type of opinion. Here option D is the correct answer.
An appellate court is a court of law that hears appeals from lower courts or administrative agencies. When an appellate court reviews a case, it may issue an opinion, which is a written explanation of its decision. The opinion may be written by one judge or by a panel of judges who hear the case together.
Of the four options provided, a "judgment" is not a type of opinion that can be issued by an appellate court. A judgment is a final decision or ruling in a case, which may include an opinion explaining the reasoning behind the decision, but it is not considered a separate type of opinion.
On the other hand, the three other options listed are all types of opinions that appellate courts may issue. A "majority" opinion is the opinion of the majority of the judges on the panel who heard the case.
A "plurality" opinion is an opinion issued when no single opinion received the support of a majority of the judges, but a larger number of judges agreed with one opinion than any other. A "concurring" opinion is written by a judge who agrees with the outcome of the case but for different reasons than those stated in the majority opinion.
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Under NOTS, you will lose your license if you earn ___ points in 12 months
Under the Negligent Operator Treatment System (NOTS), you will lose your license if you earn 4 points within a 12-month period.
The Negligent Operator Treatment System (NOTS) is a program implemented by the California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) to identify and monitor drivers who have exhibited negligent driving behavior. Under NOTS, if a driver earns four or more points within a 12-month period, they will be considered a negligent operator and may face license suspension or revocation. Additionally, if a driver earns six or more points within a 24-month period, they may also face license suspension or revocation.
To avoid accumulating points under NOTS, it is important to practice safe driving habits and obey traffic laws at all times.
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when someone listens to public radio, but never contributes during pledge drives, that person would be considered:
The article claims that sociologists would label someone a "free rider" if they listened to public radio but never gave during pledge campaigns.
The term "achieved status" describes the social standing that a person has attained via hard effort, education, good fortune, and/or social advancement. Achieved status might alter during the course of a person's life. An illustration would be the prestige one acquires after they graduate from college and go on to become doctors.
A social movement is said to as regressive if it tries to stop social progress altogether or even just parts of it. An individual has learnt to assume the role of the particular or significant other when she is able to internalise the expectations of other distinct people.
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Which evidence is protected by the Fifth Amendment?A. WeaponsB. StatementsC. Appearance in a lineupD. Fingerprints
Answer:
The evidence protected by the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution is statements made by an individual. This amendment protects individuals from self-incrimination and prohibits the government from compelling a person to provide testimony or statements that could be used against them in a criminal case. Therefore, individuals have the right to remain silent and not provide self-incriminating statements to law enforcement officials or in a court of law. The Fifth Amendment does not protect physical evidence such as weapons, fingerprints, or appearance in a lineup.
Explanation:
In the most common form of city government, what functions as the executive branch?
In the most common form of city government, known as the council-manager form of government, the executive branch is composed of a mayor and a city manager.
The mayor is elected by the people and is responsible for representing the interests of the city and its citizens. The mayor is the political head of the city, presiding over city council meetings, representing the city at public events, and serving as a spokesperson for the city.
The city manager is chosen by the city council and is the city's chief executive officer. The city manager is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the city, including overseeing the city budget, managing departments and personnel, and implementing the policies of the city council.
The city manager is also responsible for ensuring that the municipality meets its legal and financial obligations. The city manager and mayor often work together to ensure that the city is functioning efficiently and effectively.
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In building probably cause, police officers may rely on what they:A. see and hear onlyB. see, hear, and smell onlyC. see, hear, and taste onlyD. see, hear, smell, and taste
In building probable cause, police officers may rely on what they see, hear, smell, and sometimes touch, but not taste.B
Probable cause requires a reasonable belief that a crime has been or is being committed, based on the totality of the circumstances.
Police officers use their senses to gather information and make observations about the situation, such as observing the behavior of the suspect, smelling the odor of drugs or alcohol, hearing sounds that suggest criminal activity, and sometimes touching an object to determine if it is contraband.
Police officers may use their senses to build probable cause, they must also ensure that their actions are reasonable and comply with the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures.
The use of physical force or invasive techniques, such as tasting a substance, would generally not be considered reasonable unless there are exceptional circumstances and legal justification for doing so.
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When changing lanes you should always check your mirrors and look over your shoulder: (T/F)
The statement " When changing lanes, you should always check your mirrors and look over your shoulder" is true because it ensures that moving into the next lane is safe.
The correct answer is true.
Mirrors help provide a general idea of the traffic around you, but they may not show all potential hazards, such as a vehicle in your blind spot. Looking over your shoulder can help you identify any hazards that may not be visible in your mirrors. This is especially important when changing lanes, as you want to ensure that there are no other vehicles in your blind spot that could cause a collision.
It is essential to use all available tools to check for potential hazards when changing lanes, including mirrors and looking over your shoulder. Doing so can help ensure the safety of yourself and other drivers on the road.
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CH.7 // The Fourth Amendment:A. applies only to criminal casesB. protects just those in criminal casesC. limits the right to search to the gathering and use of evidence in criminal casesD. includes searches which go beyond the needs of criminal law enforcement
The "4th-Amend-ment" of "US-Constitution" : (d) includes searches which go beyond needs of criminal-law enforcement.
The "4th-Amendment" of "US-Constitution" protect it's indi-viduals from 'un-reasonable-searches" and seizures by government. It applies to all individuals, regardless of whether they are involved in criminal cases or not.
The 4th Amendment sets limits on the power of the government to search and seize individuals, their homes, and their property. It applies to all searches and seizures by the government, not just those related to criminal cases.
This Amendment prohibits the un-reasonable searches and seizures, which includes searches and seizures that go beyond the needs of criminal law enforcement. This means that searches and seizures that are motivated by reasons other than law enforcement, such as harassment or punishment, are prohibited by the Fourth Amendment.
Therefore, the correct option is (d).
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The given question is incomplete, the complete question is
The Fourth Amendment :
(a) applies only to criminal cases
(b) protects just those in criminal cases
(c) limits the right to search to the gathering and use of evidence in criminal cases
(d) includes searches which go beyond the needs of criminal law enforcement