(a) Bromelain is an enzyme, which means that it is composed of proteins. Specifically, it is composed of polypeptides, which are chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.
(b) The reaction that breaks up the enzymes occurs through hydrolysis, which is the process by which bromelain cleaves the peptide bonds between amino acids.
(c) If bromelain is used in a product with a pH of 11, it is likely to have a negative effect on the activity of the enzyme.
(d) The reasoning to justify this prediction is that the pH of a solution determines the charge of certain groups within the enzyme, and changes in pH can alter the shape and conformation of the enzyme. At a pH that is significantly different from the optimal range, the enzyme may become denatured, which means that the specific shape and conformation of the enzyme is altered and the active site is no longer able to bind effectively to the substrate. This can lead to a decrease in the activity of the enzyme.
Bromelain has a specific active site, which is a region on the enzyme that binds to the substrate (in this case, the enzymes that cause browning). The substrate fits into the active site like a key in a lock, and the enzyme then catalyzes the hydrolysis reaction by adding a water molecule to the bond, breaking it apart and releasing the smaller molecules.
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A marine biologist randomly tagged and measured sharks in the Atlantic Ocean to study their characteristics and habits. The sample included 150 hammerhead sharks, of which 60% measured more than 12 feet in length. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data?
O More than half of the sharks in the Atlantic Ocean are longer than 12 feet long.
O Approximately 40% of the shark population in the Atlantic Ocean is 12 feet long or less.
O Less than half of the hammerhead sharks in the Atlantic Ocean are longer than 12 feet long.
O Hammerhead sharks are among the longest sharks in the Atlantic Ocean.
A marine biologist randomly tagged and measured sharks in the Atlantic Ocean to study their characteristics and habits and concluded that more than half of the sharks in the Atlantic Ocean are longer than 12 feet long..
What are sharks afraid of?Sharks look for dolphins before dozing off, just way humans check under our beds for monsters. Yes, even the toughest kids on the underwater playground avoid swimming near dolphins.What attracts a shark to a human?Sharks can indeed detect very little amounts of blood in water. They are, however, only truly drawn to the blood and body fluids of fish and marine mammals, which are their natural prey, according to certain studies. Sharks are known to react most strongly to the odors given off by damaged or distressed prey, according to experiments done in the history.
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indirect evidence that dna could be diverse enough to be the genetic material came from studies of different organisms. which of the following was discovered?
DNA considered as the genetic material helps in the discovery of a)protein. So, correct option is a.
DNA is a natural macromolecule that is made out of two polynucleotide chains that curl around one another to frame a twofold helical design, which conveys the genetic guidelines for the turn of events, working, development and proliferation of all living beings and numerous infections.
Properties of Genetic Material
It ought to be fit for putting away hereditary data.It ought to be fit for reproducing with high proficiency in progressive ages.It ought to shape the reason for the transmission of inherited characters that it controls.It ought to be engaged with quality activity, which brings about a definitive articulation of the attributes inside the organic entity.It ought to have the option to go through a transformation that makes variety among life forms.It should show an extremely wide variety in structure.Hence correct option is a
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(Complete question) is:
indirect evidence that dna could be diverse enough to be the genetic material came from studies of different organisms. which of the following was discovered?
a)protein
b)cells
c)nucleus
d)fats
Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as aldosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but affect only target cells because
A. only target cells have enzymes that break down aldosterone.
B. only in target cells is testosterone able to initiate the phosphorylation cascade leading to activated transcription factor.
C. intracellular receptors are present only in target cells.
D. only target cells retain the appropriate DNA segments.
E. only in target cells is aldosterone able to initiate the phosphorylation cascade that turns genes on.
The reason behind aldosterone affect only target cells because C)intracellular receptors are present only in target cells. So, correct option is C.
Aldosterone is the principal mineralocorticoid steroid chemical delivered by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland. It is fundamental for sodium preservation in the kidney, salivary organs, sweat organs, and colon. It assumes a focal part in the homeostatic guideline of circulatory strain, plasma sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+) levels. It does so principally by following up on the mineralocorticoid receptors in the distal tubules and gathering pipes of the nephron.
It impacts the reabsorption of sodium and discharge of potassium (from and into the rounded liquids, separately) of the kidney, in this manner in a roundabout way impacting water maintenance or misfortune, circulatory strain, and blood volume. When dysregulated, aldosterone is pathogenic and adds to the turn of events and movement of cardiovascular and kidney disease. Aldosterone has the very inverse capability of the atrial natriuretic chemical emitted by the heart.
Hence, correct option is C.
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an antagonist to the gastrocnemius is the an antagonist to the gastrocnemius is the tibialis posterior. soleus. fibularis. extensor digitorum longus. tibialis anterior.
The tibialis anterior is the muscle that is an antagonist to the gastrocnemius.
There must be an equal and opposite reaction to every action. Muscles are the same way! Take, for instance, moving your arm. In the event that you twist your arm at the elbow, one muscle is fixing to pull your arm up; In order to provide a counterbalance to the first muscle, another muscle is relaxing simultaneously. When you relax your arm, the muscles that pull your arm straight take on opposing roles.
These opposites are referred to as agonist muscles, or muscles that contract to cause movement. and antagonist muscles, which are those that move in the opposite direction of the agonist.
Our legs have antagonist muscles like the large gastrocnemius muscle, which is in the calf of our leg. When our leg is bent at the knee, the gastrocnemius acts as an agonist, but when our leg is straightened, it acts as an antagonist. The tibialis anterior is the muscle that runs opposite the gastrocnemius and runs along our lower leg at the shin.
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What is one way that a frame
shift mutation could occur?
Answer:sanasn
Explanation:
an
Explain each of the following phenomena and how they extend our understanding of genetics from the work done by Gregor Mendel and classical Mendelian inheritance patterns. Provide a real-world example of each:Incomplete DominanceCo-DominancePleiotropyEpistasisPolygenic InheritanceSex LinkageGene linkage
Incomplete- when heterozygous(CwCr) produces 3rd different phenotype(in this case, pink)
Co-Dominance- When heterozygous displays BOTH homozygous conditions.(blood type iAiB displays BOTH A and B carbohydrates)
Multiple alleles- More than 2 alleles for a single gene(blood has i ia ib)
Polygenic inheritance - When more than one gene contributes to expression of a particular trait.
The colonists enjoyed many methods to proven. themselves and grew accustomed to their increased freedoms. When the British began to restricted these economic and political freedoms in the 1760s, the colonists began angry, which eventually lad to the American Revolution
Examine Prime Minister Robert waylay actions in the left column of the chart. Move FOUR unintended consequences of his actions into the right column of the chart.
Control of Laws
Developed a separate identify from Britain
Developed self-governance
Less economic reliance on Britain
Signed military treaties with foreign nations
Increased taxes on imported goods from Britain
The four unintended consequences of Prime Minister Robert waylay actions include:
Developed a separate identify from BritainLess economic reliance on BritainIncreased taxes on imported goods from BritainDeveloped self-governanceWhat is self governance?
Self governance is described as the ability of a person or group to exercise all necessary functions of regulation without intervention from an external authority.
Self-governance is important in any democracy as it's purpose it to prevent governments from becoming autocratic and preserves the powers of individuals.
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A cloning vectors should include all of the following, except
a. a multiple-cloning site (MCS)
b. a selection marker
c. a promoter for bacterial expression
d. one or more origin of replication sites
A cloning vectors should include all of the following, except a promoter for bacterial expression.
A cloning vector is a plasmid that is used to insert a desired DNA sequence into bacteria in order for it to be cloned. A multiple cloning site with cleavage sequences for various restriction enzymes should be present in the vector, enabling the plasmid to be split and the target sequence implanted. Cloning vectors should also include selection markers, such as antibiotic resistance, to help identify bacteria which have taken up the plasmid. Eventually, the cloning vector must possess a replication origin in order to be replicated by the bacteria. The cloning vector, on the other hand, does not require a promoter for bacterial expression because the primary objective is to generate many replicas of the DNA molecule rather than to express it into protein.
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Which of the following is a description of a resource that belongs to a country
with a high carrying capacity?
A. Food is brought in from other places.
B. Homes are small and house many people.
O C. Food is not always available.
D. Water comes directly from bodies of water. I
Mark all examples of evolutionary adaptation:
Group of answer choices
O the cryptic appearance of the moth Abrostola trigemina, which looks like a broken twig.
O the long, broad wings of the red-tailed hawk that allow it to sustain a gliding flight over open country while it searches for prey with its keen eyes.
O the rounded body shape of the sargassum crab which resembles the floats of the brown alga Sargassum in which it lives.
O the appearance of the leafy sea dragon (a sea horse) which looks so much like the kelp (seaweed) in which it lives that it lures prey into the seeming safety of the kelp forest and then eats them.
There are many examples of evolutionary adaptation that can be seen in nature. These adaptations help organisms to survive in their environment by camouflaging themselves from predators, gaining advantages in the search for prey, and blending in with the background.
Evolutionary adaptation is the process by which organisms become adapted to their environment. Examples of evolutionary adaptations can be seen in many organisms, from moths to hawks and from crabs to sea horses.
One example is the cryptic appearance of the moth Abrostola trigemina, which looks like a broken twig. This helps the moth to hide from predators, as its camouflage will make it difficult to be detected.
Another example is the long, broad wings of the red-tailed hawk. These wings allow the hawk to maintain gliding flight over open country so that it can search for prey with its keen eyes.
A third example is the rounded body shape of the sargassum crab, which resembles the floats of the brown alga Sargassum in which it lives. This body shape helps the crab to blend in with its environment and stay hidden from predators.
The final example is the appearance of the leafy sea dragon, which looks so much like the kelp (seaweed) in which it lives that it lures prey into the seeming safety of the kelp forest and then eats them. This is an excellent example of a type of camouflage called 'mimicry', where an organism takes on the appearance of something else in its environment in order to deceive predators.
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the nernst equation is used to determine the value of ecell for an electrochemical reaction under conditions; the difference between ecell and eocell is a function of . multiple choice question.
The Nernst equation is used to determine the value of ecell for an electrochemical reaction under non-standard conditions; The difference between ecell and eocell is a function of cell potential of standard and non-standard state.
The Nernst equation is an equation that compares an atom's or ion's capacity to accept one or more electrons (reduction potential) under any conditions to that measured under standard test conditions (standard reduction potentials) of 298K and one molar or atmospheric pressure.
The Nernst equation is used to determine the voltage of an electrochemical cell or the concentration of one of the cell's components.
Eocell is the standard state cell potential, which means that the condition is met for solutes or 1 bar for gases. Ecell is the cell potential in a non-standard state. To calculate Ecell using Eocell, use the Nernst equation.
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Label the parts of the neuron:
Axon, axon bulb, axon hillock, dendrite, myelin/Schwann cell, nucleus, node of Ranvier
A.
B.
Nerve cells, or neuronal cells, are the cells that process and distribute chemical and electrical information throughout the body. The nervous system's primary signaling unit is the neuron.
Are chemical and electrical signals carried by neurons?The nervous system's most important component is the neuron, or nerve cell. It communicates chemically as well as electrically. Information is transmitted through the movement of an electrical charge (also known as an impulse) within the neuron itself.
What else are neurons' cells called?The cells that are responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, sending motor commands to our muscles, and transforming and relaying the electrical signals at every step in between are called neurons (also known as nerve cells) and are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system.
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According to the data, as the size of the neuron increases, what happens to the conduction velocity? How does the data prove that?
Answer:
The conduction velocity increases.
Explanation:
The data proves that, since with each increase in diameter, the conduction velocity gets faster.
Brainliest, please!Frank has Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) His mother has normal skin, but his father has anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia; X-linked condition where the skin does not contain sweat glands. Frank has patches of normal skin and patches of skin without sweat glands_ Complete the sentences_ Some answers may be used more than once Or not at all:
Frank received the mutant chromosome from his father. Nondisjunction occurred in his father during the father meiotic division.
Hyperhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is indeed a genetic disorder caused by mutations in one or more genes. EDA, EDAR, EDARADD, as well as WNT10A are examples. The most major reason of the disorder is EDA gene mutations, which make up more than half of any and all cases.
Nondisjunction would have happened during meiosis I. Because at that point, the chromosomes (rather than chromatids) separate. Both XY chromatids would've have gone into the a single cell during separation. So, during meiosis II, when XY chromosome sperm fuses with X chromosome egg, the daughter cell will have a XXY genotype, which really is klinefelter syndrome. Some notable examples include: Down syndrome is caused by a trisomy of autosomes, specifically chromosome 21. It has an extra chromosome 21.
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for each photograph below, identify the plant as a monocot or dicot. give as many reasons as you can for each answer
Correct option is A)
The given diagram shows the structure of a monocot leaf.
A- It is bulliform cells which are present in the upper epidermis which actively participates in motor action.
B- Photosynthesis is carried by loosely packed mesophyll cells.
C- Vascular bundles helps in the conduction of organic materials.
D- Transpiration regulated by the guard cell.
So, the correct answer is option A.
Even though different species carry out photosynthesis in various ways, the process always starts when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres, which contain the coloured pigments/chromophores green chlorophyll (and other colours). In contrast to bacteria, which have these proteins integrated in the plasma membrane, plants store these proteins in organelles called chloroplasts, which are most prevalent in leaf cells. These light- and energy-dependent processes strip electrons from the appropriate substances, such water, to produce oxygen gas.
The complete question is:
for each photograph below, identify the plant as a monocot or dicot. give as many reasons as you can for each answer:
A) Motor Action
B) Conduction
C) Transpiration
D) Photosynthesis
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According to the modernization model (and the associated perspective known as the
"culture of poverty"), why is the world system unequal?
mitochondria help create energy for the cell. which of the following is not an output of cellular respiration?
Pyruvate is not an output of cellular respiration. So, the correct option is (A).
What is Cellular respiration?Cellular respiration is defined as the process by which organic fuels are oxidized in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor such as oxygen to produce large amounts of energy to drive the bulk production of ATP.
Cellular respiration which occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of each cell of the body while glycolysis occurs inside the cytoplasm while the TCA cycle occurs inside the matrix of the mitochondria.
The products of cellular respiration are carbon dioxide and water and the chemical energy which is released in the form of ATP.
Thus, Pyruvate is not an output of cellular respiration. So, the correct option is (A).
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Your question is incomplete, most probably the complete question is
Mitochondria help create energy for the cell. which of the following is not an output of cellular respiration?
A. Pyruvate
B. Water
C. Glycogen
D. Glucose
the hormone secreted by the thymus that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into t cells of the immune system is known as: thymition thymosin thyroxine thymosine submit
Thymosin is the hormone of the thymus, and it invigorates the advancement of sickness battling White blood cells.
Thymosin is a 5-Da polypeptide chemical discharged by the thymus organ. Thymosin α1 animates the improvement of forerunner Immune system microorganisms in the thymus to develop White blood cells.
It is utilized to treat chemotherapy-actuated immunosuppression and to improve the adequacy of flu and hepatitis B antibodies in immunocompromised patients.
Concentrates on various creature and human models demonstrate that thymosin assumes a part in the separation of various White blood cell subpopulations. The speculation introduced is that an ordinary insusceptible equilibrium relies vigorously on the presence of thymosin-initiated silencer or controller Lymphocytes.
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After having seen many pictures of the Lincoln Monument during his lifetime, Mr. Adams
mistakenly recalled that he had actually visited the site. This best illustratesanswer choices:
source amnesia.
proactive interference.
the self-reference effect.
flashbulb memory.
After having seen many pictures of the Lincoln Monument during his lifetime, Mr. Adams mistakenly recalled that he had actually visited the site. This best illustrates source amnesia.
The incapability to recollect where, when, or how one acquired and retained knowledge is referred to as source amnesia.
Except in the case of amnesiacs, studies indicate that source amnesia appears to result from poor memory decoding process of a specific context rather than poor collection of a context-specific memory. This is because information and circumstances must be encoded together in order for the two to be incorporated into memory. Source amnesia is often connected to frontal lobe pathology.
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classify each phrase as applying to the lytic cycle, the lysogenic cycle, or both types of reproductive cycles of phages. drag the descriptions into the appropriate bins
Each phrase is classified as:
Lytic cycles- phages assembled, cell lysed, the host is destroyed
Lysogenic cycle- cells reproduce, DNA integrates,
both- viral genes are replicated.
There are two other ways that phages can multiply.
(1) the lytic cycle and (2) the lysogenic cycle.
The host cell dies or is lysed in the lytic cycle, whereas the lysogenic cycle keeps the host cell alive.
Lytic cycle:
New phages are assembled from viral DNA and proteins.The cell lysedThe host is destroyedLysogenic cycle:
The cells reproduce normallyThe viral DNA integrates into the chromosomes of the host cell.Both cycles:
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(complete question)
Reproductive cycles of a bacteriophage Classify each phrase as applying to the lytic cycle, the lysogenic cycle, or both types of reproductive cycles of phages. Drag the descriptions into the appropriate bins. View Available Hint(s) the cells lysed (broken open) viral genes are replicated new phages are assembled from viral DNA and proteins the viral DNA integrates into the chromosome of the host cell the host is destroyed the cell reproduces normally lytic cycle lysogenic cycle both cycles
What are two things which the Sun sends out into the Solar System which have negative effects and what are those effects ? How does solar activity change over time?
Answer:
The Sun sends out two types of particles that can have negative effects in the Solar System: solar wind and solar flares. Solar wind is a stream of charged particles that is constantly emitted from the Sun's atmosphere. These particles can affect the orbits of planets and other objects in the Solar System, and can also interfere with satellite and radio communications on Earth. Solar flares are intense bursts of radiation that are emitted from the Sun's surface. They can cause disruptions to satellite and radio communications, and can also pose a danger to astronauts and other people in space.
Solar activity, including the emission of solar wind and solar flares, varies over time. The Sun follows an approximately 11-year cycle of activity, during which the number of sunspots and other indicators of solar activity rise and fall. At the peak of the cycle, the Sun is more active and is more likely to produce solar flares and other forms of solar activity. At the low point of the cycle, solar activity is lower and the Sun is less likely to produce these effects.
PLEASE HELP! Why is it possible that the oxygen and carbon dioxide on earth will never be used up in regard to photosynthesis and respiration?
Answer:
This is because the process of photosynthesis and respiration is a cycle, meaning that the oxygen and carbon dioxide are constantly being exchanged and reused. Oxygen is produced from photosynthesis, and carbon dioxide is produced from respiration. This cycle is self-sustaining, so the oxygen and carbon dioxide on Earth will never be completely used up.
Explanation:
Te enzyme trypsin aids in protein digestion in the small intestine. Te relative
activity of trypsin at diferent pH values is shown in Figure 1.
Which of the following statements best explains the activity levels of trypsin shown
in Figure 1?
(A) The small intestine releases inhibitor molecules that block the activity of
trypsin unless it is at its optimum pH.
(B) The number of efective collisions between trypsin and its substrate increase
at higher pH values.
(C) As pH values increase, the substrate concentration decreases, leading to an
eventual decline in the rate of the trypsin-catalyzed reaction.
(D) At extremely low pH values, trypsin is denatured and cannot function
efciently
The statement that best explains the activity levels of trypsin in Figure 1 is (D) At extremely low pH values, trypsin is denatured and cannot function
efficiently.
Figure 1 shows the activity levels of trypsin, a protease enzyme of small intestine, as a function of pH.
The data indicates that trypsin is most active in moderate pH ranges, between 6 and 8, where it exhibits its highest activity levels. However, as the pH values become more acidic or basic, the activity of trypsin decreases significantly.
At extremely low pH values, trypsin is denatured and cannot function efficiently. This is evidenced by the sharp drop in activity at pH levels below 4.
Therefore, the statement that best explains the activity levels of trypsin in Figure 1 is (D).
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Consider how you might add mutations, alleles, and population to the concept map. Each statement contains one term already
present in the concept map (italicized) and one new term (bold). The intervening words represent the connecting phrase in the
concept map.
Select all of the accurate statements.
Reproductive obstacles stop two populations from crossing across and creating new species. The idea map might also include alleles, population, and mutations.
What kind of a mutation would that be?
Hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, and sickle cell disease are among the illnesses caused by hereditary abnormalities. Over the course of a human lifespan, further mutations could spontaneously arise at any point. They may also go by the names sporadic abnormalities, novel mutants, or spontaneous mutations. Only a few cells are affected.
How dangerous are mutations?
Modifications to your DNA's sequence are known as genetic mutations, which happen when your cells divide and make copies of themselves. Your body learns how to grow and function from your DNA. In the long run, genetic alterations might make it possible for people to adapt to their environment more effectively or cause diseases such as cancer.
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If the normal spermatogenesis is disrupted, the gametes can have different chromosomes than expected. Which of the following is the most likely cause of one of the four gametes having two XX chromosomes and one having neither an XX nor a YY chromosome?
There are 12 chromosomes in each daughter cell, each made up of two chromatids. Every chromosome is one of two homologous pairs.chromosomes from the parent cell.
What is 46 or 23, respectively, chromosomes?There are typically 23 chromosome pairs in each cell of the human body (46 total chromosomes). The father contributed the other half, while the mother contributed the first half. Your sex at birth—whether you are a boy or a girl—is determined by two chromosomes, the X and the Y.
Who are the 23 chromosomes, and what are their names?Since each human cell contains 23 chromosomes of these chromosomes, there are 46 diploid human cells and 23 haploid human cells. There are 23 pairings in total, 22 of which are considered autosomes. The 23rd pair of chromosomes, also known as the 'X' & 'Y' chromosomes, controls sexual orientation.
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The National Park Service (NPS) has been monitoring the continued decline of
the wolf population on Isle Royale. Scientists have found that many of the wolves
inherit bad hips because of genetic inbreeding. The bad hips reduce their ability
to prey upon the moose.
7. What is the predator on Isle Royale?
8. What is the prey on Isle Royale?
9. How did the predator arrive on Isle Royale?
10. Explain why this is a good place for scientists to do a long term study.
7. The predator on Isle Royale is the wolf.
8. The prey on Isle Royale is the moose.
9. It is believed that the wolves on Isle Royale arrived on the island by crossing an ice bridge from the mainland during a period of low lake levels.
10. Isle Royale is a good place for scientists to do a long-term study of predator-prey dynamics because it is a relatively isolated island with a relatively small and stable population of wolves and moose.
What is NPS?The National Park Service (NPS) is a United States federal agency that is responsible for the management and conservation of the country's national parks, monuments, and other protected areas. The NPS was established in 1916 with the passage of the National Park Service Organic Act.
The agency's mission is to "preserve unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the national park system for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations." To achieve this mission, the NPS works to protect and preserve the natural and cultural resources found within the national park system, as well as provide opportunities for the public to experience and learn about these resources. The NPS also works to ensure that the national park system is accessible and welcoming to all visitors.
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How are somatic cells different from gametes? (1 point)
O Somatic cells contain half the number of chromosomes.
O Somatic cells are sex cells.
O Somatic cells do not go through cell division.
O Somatic cell mutations are not passed to the next generation.
Which of the following is the name of the temporary connecting blood vessel between the pulmonary artery and the aorta in the fetal heart?
During fetal development, the ductus arteriosus serves as a shunt between the pulmonary artery and the aorta.
Happy Holidays!!!
radish flowers may be red, purple, or blue. a cross between a red-flowered plant and a blue-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. the flower color trait in radishes is an example of which of the following?
The flower color trait in radishes is an example of incomplete dominance. The red and blue alleles interact to produce a third phenotype, which is a blend of the phenotypes of the two parents.
Radish flowers may be red, purple, or blue, and their flower color is an example of incomplete dominance. Incomplete dominance is a type of genetic interaction in which one allele (or version) of a gene is not completely dominant over the other allele. In this case, the cross between a red-flowered plant and a blue-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring because the red and blue alleles interact with one another, producing a phenotype (flower color) that is different than either of the parental phenotypes.
In complete dominance, a single allele will always dominate the other, with the result that the phenotype of the offspring is always the same as the phenotype of the parent with the dominant allele. In incomplete dominance, the phenotype of the offspring is a blend of the phenotypes of the two parents, rather than being identical to one of the parents. In the case of the radish flowers, the red and blue alleles interact with one another to produce a purple phenotype.
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reversal of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated cancer immune suppression by systemic kynurenine depletion with a therapeutic enzyme
Increased tryptophan (Trp) catabolism in the tumour microenvironment (TME) can mediate immune suppression through upregulation of the interferon (IFN)—inducible indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and/or ectopic expression of a predominantly liver-restricted enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (Trp 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO).
It is unclear whether these effects are caused by Trp depletion in the TME or are mediated by the accumulation of a IDO1 and/or TDO (hereby referred to it as IDO1/TDO) product kynurenine (Kyn)5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13. We show that giving a pharmacologically optimised enzyme (PEGylated kynureninase; abbreviated as PEG-KYNase) which it degrades Kyn in to the immunologically inert, nontoxic, and easily cleared metabolites inhibits tumour growth. The use of enzymes was linked to an increase in tumour infiltration as well as proliferation of polyfunctional CD8+ lymphocytes.
When combined with approved checkpoint inhibitors or a cancer vaccine, PEG-KYNase administration had significant therapeutic effects in the treatment of large B16-F10 melanoma, 4T1 breast carcinoma, or CT26 colon carcinoma tumours. PEG-KYNase prolonged Kyn depletion in the TME and reversed this same modulatory effect.
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