The rank of the species by radius from largest to smallest: [tex]S^{2-} > Cl^{-} > Ar > K^{+} > Ca^{2+}[/tex]
All Ions are isoelectronic, which means the elements can have the same number of electrons but, their radii would be different because they have different nuclear charges. Atomic radii can be predicted easily. The atomic radii in the periodic table increase from top to bottom coming from left to right.
The cation with a greater positive charge will have a small radius due to the great attraction of electrons. The Anion with a greater negative charge will have a large radius due to the less attraction of electrons. Therefore, the ion will expand in size due to the net repulsion of the electrons.
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What is the new volume of a 4.00-liter sample of CO(g) when its pressure changes from 10.0 kPa to 70.0 kPa?
O A 0.571 mL
O
B
O
1.75 mL
O € 4.00 mL
D 175 mL
The new volume of CO when its pressure increase from 10.0kPa to 70.0 kPa will be 0.571mL
We know that, Volume and pressure are not inversely proportional to one another, in contrast to the P-T and V-T correlations. Instead, P and V show inverse proportionality, which means that as pressure rises, gas volume falls. In math, this can be expressed as:
P₁V₁= P₂V₂
10× 4= 70V₂
40 = 70 V₂
V₂ = 40/70
V₂ = 0.571 mL
When held at a fixed temperature, the volume of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure at which it is measured.
So, the final volume of the Carbon monoxide sample will be 0.571mL.
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The gallium in the image is melting in the person's hand. Which
changes will occur on a microscopic level?
O The gallium atoms will gain potential energy, moving
freely from each other.
O The gallium atoms will increase in temperature,
O The gallium atoms will be moving faster on average.
O The gallium atoms will gain kinetic energy.
The gallium metal melt in a person's hand because the gallium atoms will increase in temperature at its melting point.
What is melting point?
The melting point also called as liquefaction is the process by which the solid substance turns into liquid upon giving heat energy. There is equilibrium established between the solid and liquid phase during melting of a substance.
The gallium metal has low melting point and upon touching a person's hand the atoms heat up and there is increase in temperature which is enough to melt it. The atoms heat up and liquify as it reaches its melting point.
Therefore, when the gallium metal is kept on a person's hand the atoms heat up and melt upon reaching its melting point.
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21. Apply Concepts Classify each reaction and balance the
equations.
a. C3H6(g) + O₂(g) - CO₂(g) + H₂O(g)
Al₂O3(s) + H₂O(l)
Li₂O(s)
Al(OH)3(s)
C. Li(s) + O₂(g)
d. Zn(s) + AgNO3(aq) -
Ag(s) + Zn(NO3)₂(aq)
The reactions are in order which includes combustion reaction, Hydration reaction, oxidation reaction, and displacement reaction.
a) A combustion reaction is a chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant where heat is released. The combustion reaction example is given below. It is a balanced chemical reaction.
2C₃H₆(g) + 9O₂(g) --------> 6CO₂(g) + 6H₂O(g)
b. A hydration reaction is a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water is added to another molecule. Here Aluminum oxide is added to water to form aluminum hydroxide.
4Al₂O3(s) + 6H₂O(l)------> 2Al(OH)3(s)
c. When a metal reacts with oxygen, the metal forms an oxide. Oxide is a compound of metal and oxygen. Here lithium metal reacts with oxygen to form lithium oxide.
2Li(s) + O₂(g)-----> Li₂O(s)
d. A displacement reaction is one in which a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from a compound. Here Zinc is more reactive than silver, so silver was displaced to form Zinc Nitrate.
Zn(s) + 2AgNO₃(aq) -----> 2Ag(s) + Zn(NO₃)₂(aq)
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select all that apply: why do you want to continue to collect at least 4 or 5 measurements after hitting the experimental end point?
Titration is repeated at least 4 to 5 times in order to provide a statically valid answer.
What is Titration-
Titration is a typical laboratory technique for quantitative chemical analysis used to calculate the concentration of an identified analyte (also known as titrimetric and volumetric analysis) (a substance to be analyzed). A standard solution with a known concentration and volume is prepared as the reagent, also known as the titrant or titrator.
Its a form of volumetric analysis to uncover the concentration of a substance, and the readings should all be within a very small number of units of one another.
The closeness of two or more measurements to each other is known as the precision of a substance. Precision is independent of accuracy.
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The following text comes from a propane distributor's sales catalog.
Which of the following postulates of the kinetic molecular theory of gases does propane contradict?
Propane exists as a gas at standard pressure and
temperatures above -44°C. However, at high pressure or
lower temperatures, propane exists as a liquid.
O
A Molecules move in straight lines until they collide with the container or other molecules.
O B. Interactions among molecules, with the exception of collisions, are negligible.
O
C. The molecules of a gas are in constant, random motion.
O
D.
The average kinetic energy of the gas depends only on its temperature.
Answer:
c.the molecules of a gas are in constant random motion
Suppose that the coding region of a gene contains 1,800 base pairs, with 570 in exon 1, with 420 in exon 2, and with 810 in exon 3 (not counting the stop codon). A protein in a splice variant of this gene in which exon 2 was spliced out would be composed of _________ amino acids.
Suppose that the coding region of a gene contains 1,800 base pairs, with 570 in exon 1, with 420 in exon 2, and with 810 in exon 3 (not counting the stop codon).
Protein in a splice variant of this gene in which exon 2 was spliced out would be composed of 460 amino acids.
What is Coding region ?The section of a gene's DNA or RNA that codes for proteins is referred to as the coding region of a gene, often known as the coding sequence (CDS).
Coding RNAs are mRNAs that produce protein 1, which is used to make a variety of things like enzymes, cell structures, and signal transducers. Without encoding proteins, non-coding RNAs regulate biological processes.
The coding region of a gene is the second area that is frequently altered in transgenes. The coding information that specifies the amino acid sequence of the protein to be synthesized is located in this area. The protein's form and hence its function are determined by the amino acid sequence.
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a stock solution of potassium chloride has a concentration of 200.0gl. what volume of the stock solution is required to prepare a 2.00l solution with a concentration of 50.0gl?
The equation M1V1 = M2V2 is used to solve problems related to dilution in chemistry
Given data in the question
intial concentration = 200 g/l
final concentration = 50 g/l
volume = 2.00 l
Now we know that
M1V1 = M2V2
where
M1 = initial concentration
M2 = concentration after mixing or diluting
V1 = initial volume,
V2 = total final volume
The equation M1V1 = M2V2 is used to solve problems related to dilution in chemistry
What is dilution?
It is process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in a solution, usually simply by mixing with more solvent like adding more water to solution.”
200 g/l × V = 50 g/l × 2
V = ( 50 × 2 ) / 200
= 0.5 L
Volume of stock required is 0.5L
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An object's apparent weight is slightly less when it is at the equator than when it is at the North Pole.
The gravitational pull from the earth is lower at the equator than that at the poles. That's why we experience lesser weight in equator than at poles.
What is gravitation?Gravitation is a kind force by which an object attracts other objects into its centre of mass. The gravitational force is dependant on the mass of the objects and distance between them.
We are all standing on the ground because of the gravitational pull by the earth. Hence, we feel a weight here and not space where there is no gravitation.
The gravitational force by earth varies in each latitudes. It will maximum at poles and minimum in equator. Therefore, the apparent weight of an object will be slightly less there.
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a buffer solution contains 0.418 m ammonium bromide and 0.242 m ammonia. if 0.0556 moles of sodium hydroxide are added to 225 ml of this buffer, what is the ph of the resulting solution ? (assume that the volume does not change upon adding sodium hydroxide)
pH of the buffer solution is obtained by Henderson's hasselbalch equation.
Buffer solution is water based solution which consists of a mixture containing a weak acid and a conjugate base of the weak acid.or a weak base and conjugate acid of a weak base.it is a mixture of weak acid and a bae.
The pH of the buffer solution is determined by the expression of the Henderson hasselbalch equation.
pH=pKa + log[(A-)/(HA)]
Where, pKa =dissociation constant
A- = concentration of the conjugate base
[HA]= concentration of the acid
Here, a buffer solution contains 0.418 m of ammonium bromide and 0.242 of ammonia, if 0.0556 moles of sodium hydroxide is added to the225 ml of the buffer.
Initial mole of NH4+ = 0.418m .0.250l=0.104m
Initial mole of NH3= 0.242m .0.250l=0.060m
After addition of 0.0556m of sodium hydroxide, the final mole of NH4 becomes 0.66 and the final mole of NH3 becomes 0.61m.
Final NH4+ = 0.66m/0.225L=2.93 m/l
Final NH3 = 0.61m/0.225l=2.71m/l
Putting all the values in the Henderson hasselbalch equation we find the pH of the buffer solution.
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Determine whether each of the preceding is exothermic or endothermic Drag the items into the appropriate bins. Reset Help exothermic endothermio Part B Indicate the sign of Δ H Drag the items into the appropriate bins. a. natural gas burning on a stove b. isopropyl alcohol evaporating from skin c. water condensing from steam
The correct options are
a. natural gas burning on a stove - exothermic reaction
b. isopropyl alcohol evaporating from skin - endothermic reaction and
c. water condensing from steam - exothermic reaction.
The gas burning is the reaction between natural gas and oxygen that releases products and heat energy. Thus it is exothermic process. Isopropyl alcohol is liquid which on evaporation converts into steam. This requires energy and hence is endothermic process. The water condensation from steam requires loss of energy, thus this process is exothermic.
Exothermic process release energy and is represented by negative ∆H. The opposite is true of endothermic reactions that absorbs energy and is represented by positive ∆H.
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What is the wavelength (in nm) of a photon if the energy is 7.75 ×
10-19 J? (h= 6.626 × 10-34 J·s)
The wavelength (in nm) of a photon if the energy is 7.75 ×10⁻¹⁹ J is 255nm
Wavelength is the distance between the two successive crests or troughs of the light wave
Here given data is
E = 7.75 ×10⁻¹⁹ J
We have to calculate wavelength (in nm) = ?
So the formula is
E=hc/λ
E = energy
h = plank constant (h= 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴)
c = speed of light (3.0×10⁸m/s)
Put this values in the formula then
E=hc/λ
7.75 ×10⁻¹⁹ J = 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴×3.0×10⁸m/s/λ
λ = 1.98×10⁻²⁵/7.75 ×10⁻¹⁹
λ = 2.55×10⁻⁴⁵m
λ = 2.55×10⁻⁴⁵m×1×10⁹nm/1m
λ =255nm
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Calculate the mass of 1.3mol of Hydrogen Sulfide
Answer:
mass = 44.2 g
Explanation:
We are asked to calculate the mass of 1.3 mol of hydrogen sulfide, H₂S.
To do this, we can use the following formula:
[tex]\boxed{\mathrm{mass = No. \ of \ moles \times M_r}}[/tex].
The [tex]\mathrm{M_r}[/tex] (relative molecular mass) of H₂S is:
[tex]\mathrm{M_r}[/tex] = (2 × 1) + 32
= 2 + 32
= 34
Therefore, using the formula above and substituting the data, we get:
mass = 1.3 × 34
= 44.2 g
Students in class argue about whether salt (nacl) or water (h2o) has stronger intramolecular forces. Which argument is best?.
Since, intermolecular forces is stronger in a solid than a liquid, then NaCl has stronger intermolecular forces than H2O.
Intermolecular forces exists between molecules of the same or different kinds. Water has a dipole moment hence it can interact effectively with the ions in NaCl. This leads to an ion dipole interaction that results in the dissolution of NaCl in H2O.
NaCl is a solid and water is a liquid. Since intermolecular forces is stronger in a solid than a liquid, then NaCl has stronger intermolecular forces than H2O.
Hence, the best argument that compares the intermolecular interactions in water and NaCl is; salt is a solid and water is a liquid, so water has stronger intramolecular forces.
What does intramolecular forces mean ?
An intramolecular power (or essential powers) is any power that ties together the particles making up an atom or compound, totally unrelated to intermolecular powers, which are the powers present between atoms. The unpretentious distinction in the name comes from the Latin underlying foundations of English with entomb importance between or among and intra meaning inside.Chemical bonds are viewed as intramolecular powers which are frequently more grounded than intermolecular powers present between non-holding particles or atoms.
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classify the substances according to the type of bonds (nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or largely ionic) that occurs between the atoms based on electronegativity differences. drag the appropriate substances to their respective bins.
When two atoms have an electronegativity difference of 0.4 or less they form a nonpolar covalent bond.
A covalent bond in which the electron density is unevenly distributed between the two bonded atoms due to differences in electronegativity or inductive effects. If there are two non-metals involved in some bonding activity, it could be a covalent bond. A general rule of thumb is when you have metals and non-metals.
This is probably an ionic bond. These are general rules of thumb. Ionic compounds are formed when metals react with non-metals or polyatomic ions. A covalent bond is formed when two non-metals react with each other. Since hydrogen is a non-metal, binary compound containing hydrogen are usually also covalent compounds.
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Disclaimer:- your question is incomplete,please see below for the complete question.
classify the substances according to the type of bonds (nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or largely ionic) that occurs between the atoms based on electronegativity differences. drag the appropriate substances to their respective bins.
A.Nacl
B. CCl4
C.H2O
HELP FAST!!!!!!!!!!!!! Acetic acid systematically named ethanoic acid is an acidic, colorless liquid and organic compound with the chemical formula C2H4O2.
After adding 5-8% of acetic acid in water it becomes vinegar and is mostly used as preservatives in pickles.
The adjacent figure shows Lewis structure for acetic acid.
Indicate the number of sigma and pi bonds in the adjacent figure. State the meaning of sigma and pi bonds.
In acetic acid molecule, there are seven sigma bonds and one pi bond.
What are sigma and pi bonds?We know that the chemical bonds that are found in a substances are responsible for the joining of the atoms of the substance together. This implies that a bond is said to be formed any time that two atoms have been joined together in a molecule.
In this case, we have a molecule of acetic acid. There are several bonds that are formed as the atoms that form the acetic acid are being joined together. These bonds fall into two categories, the sigma bonds and the pi bonds.
The sigma bond are the bonds that are single bonds while the pi bonds are the bonds that are multiple bonds, we can know the sigma and the pi bonds by a close examination of the molecule as shown.
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9.8g of sodium hydroxide is added is 9.8g of sulphuric acid
a) what is the number of sodium hydroxide moles used?
b) what is the number of sulphuric acid moles used?
give a brief explanation of the term ion selective electrode (ise). describe the ise used in this experiment.
Ion selective electrodes are those electrodes that converts concentration of a specific ion that is present in a solution into electrical potential.
These ion selective electrodes are basically electrochemical sensors that work based on the principle of galvanic cell. The set up of these electrodes generally consists of a reference electrode, ion-selective membrane and a voltmeter.
The transport of ions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through the selective membrane creates a potential difference. This potential difference can be measured with respect to a standard reference electrode having a constant electrode potential.
They are used for chloride, potassium, calcium, carbon dioxide/carbonate, oxygen, and a variety of other ions. These methods are particularly well suited for field analysis and also online measurements.
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When lead (II) nitrate is heated the following reaction occurs:
2Pb(NO3)2(s) → 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
If 3.31g of lead(II) nitrate are heated in a test tube until no further reaction takes place, calculate the decrease in mass of the contents of the tube.
The decrease in mass of the contents of the tube is 6.62 grams.
What is chemical reaction?Chemical reaction is defined as the processes that transform a material or substances chemically to create a new substance or substances with completely different qualities. When atoms' chemical bonds are established or ruptured, chemical processes take place.
Decomposition is defined as one reactant splits into two or more products in a chemical process. Lead nitrate breaks down into hazardous chemicals lead oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen when heated. As lead nitrate breaks down, lead oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen are produced.
The mass can be expressed as
Mass = volume x density
The decreases in mass
= 3.31g x 2
= 6.62 g
Thus, the decrease in mass of the contents of the tube is 6.62 grams.
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Imagine you are making s'mores. For each s'more you need 1 marshmallow, 2 graham crackers, and 1 piece of chocolate. You have 15 pieces of chocolate, 25 marshmallows, and 26 graham crackers. Which is the limiting reactant? Which reactants will you have in excess, and how many of each will be left? Explain your answer and include the definitions of a limiting reactant and an excess reactant.
Gram crackers are limiting reactants, and marshmallows and chocolate are excess reactants. 10 marshmallows and 2 chocolates are left.
What is a limiting reagent?A limiting reagent can be defined as the reactant in the reaction which is consumed first in the completion of a chemical reaction. The excess reactant is the one that is left unreacted after the completion of the chemical reaction.
The limiting reagent will decide the yield of the product when the amount of the reactants for a reaction is not taken in stoichiometry.
Given to make one s'more we need 1 marshmallow, 2 graham crackers, and 1 piece of chocolate.
1 marshmallow + 2 graham crackers + 1 piece of chocolate = 1 s'more
Given, the number of pieces of marshmallows = 25
The number of pieces of chocolate = 15
The number of pieces of graham crackers = 26
For 2 graham crackers, we need marshmallows = 1
For 26 graham crackers, we need marshmallows = 26/2 = 13
For 26 graham crackers, we need chocolate = 26/2 = 13
Therefore, graham crackers are a limiting reactant, and marshmallows and chocolate are excess reactants.
The number of marshmallow left = 25 - 15 = 10
The number of chlocales left = 15 -13 = 2
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what is the iupac name for the compound shown? a structure containing a four carbon linear chain with an o h group on the third carbon iupac name
The structure containing a four carbon linear chain with an o h group on the third carbon IUPAC name is butan-3-ol.
What is IUPAC's name?
The IUPAC nomenclature is the standardized name given to organic compounds using official naming rules.
What are the four parts of an IUPAC name?
The systematic IUPAC name of an organic compound consists of four parts: Root word, Suffix(es), Prefix(es), and infix.
What is the structure of 3 butanol?
The structure of butan-3-ol is attached below.
Thus, the IUPAC name for a structure containing a four-carbon linear chain with an o h group on the third carbon is Butan-3-ol.
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which of the following groups of elements is arranged correctly in order of increasing first ionization energy?
The following groups of elements are arranged correctly in order of increasing the first ionization energy Al<B<O<F.
That atom will easily lose electrons which will achieve a stable configuration on its loss and its ionization energy will be less. So, Al and B will have a fully filled configuration after the loss of an electron. Fully filled configuration is exceptionally stable. Effective nuclear charge is inversely proportional to ionization energy.
First ionization energies vary in predictable ways across the periodic table. The ionization energy decreases in groups from top to bottom and increases over time from left to right. Therefore, helium has the highest initial ionization energy and francium has the lowest one. The initial ionization energy increases as one progresses through the rows of the periodic table from left to right.
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Disclaer:- your question is incomplete,please see below for the complete question.
which of the following groups of elements is arranged correctly in order of increasing first ionization energy.
A. Al<F<O<B
B. Al<B<O<F
C. B<O<F<Al
D. B< O < Al < F
which of the choices provided best depicts the flow of carbon between primary producers, consumers, and decomposers?
The option that best describes the flow of carbon between primary producers, consumers and decomposers is, primary producers →consumers → decomposers. Correct answer: letter B.
This is because decomposers break down dead organic matter and return carbon to the atmosphere, which is used by primary producers to create more organic matter.
The Flow of Carbon Between Primary Producers, Consumers and DecomposersCarbon is an essential element of life on Earth. All living things are made up of carbon, and the element is found in many different forms in the environment. Carbon cycle is the process by which carbon is exchanged between different reservoirs on Earth. The main reservoirs of carbon include:
The atmosphereOceansLand surfaceBiosphereThe main process that exchanges carbon between these reservoirs is photosynthesis, which is carried out by plants and other primary producers.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other primary producers use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into organic matter, such as glucose. This organic matter is then used by plants for growth and development, and is also consumed by animals as food. When animals eat plants, or other animals, they break down the organic matter and release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. This process is called respiration. Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, also play an important role in the carbon cycle by breaking down dead organic matter and releasing carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.
Which of the diagrams below best depicts the flow of carbon between primary producers, consumers, and decomposers?
Group of answer choices:
A) Decomposers → consumers → primary producers
B) Primary producers → consumers → decomposers
C) Consumers → primary producers → decomposers
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a sample of hydrogen gas is contained in a balloon. the volume of the balloon is 2.15 l at 15 oc. the temperature is changed until the volume of the balloon is 3.25 l. what is the new temperature of the gas in oc? assume that the pressure remains constant.
162.35 degree celcius is the new temperature of the gas in oc.
What is ideal gas law ?
The ideal gas law (also called the perfect gas law), the relationship between the pressure P, volume V, and temperature T of a gas in the boundary region between low pressure and high temperature. Gas molecules move almost independently. each other.
PV = nRT, where n is the number of moles of gas and R is the universal (or perfect) gas constant, 8.31446261815324 joules/kelvin/mol (the universal gas constant is defined as Avogadro's number NA multiplied by Boltzmann's constant k) . ) In the International System of Units, energy is measured in joules, volume in cubic meters (m3), force in newtons (N), and pressure in pascals (Pa). where 1 Pa = 1 N/m2. A force of 1 Newton moving a distance of 1 meter does 1 Joule of work. Therefore, the dimension of both products PV and nRT is work (energy).
Pressure is constant
V1T2 =V2T1
T2=V2T1/V1=162.35 degree C.
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If you have 50mg of a radioactive isotope, how much will remain after 1 Half Life? How much after 2 half lives?
Answer:The quantity of radioactive nuclei at any given time will decrease to half as much in one half-life. For example, if there were 100 g of Cf -251 in a sample at some time, after 800 years, there would be 50 g of Cf -251 remaining. After another 800 years (1600 years total), there would only be 25 g remaining.
Explanation:
What distinguishes the phosphorus cycle from the carbon, water, and nitrogen cycles?.
A gas phase may not be present in the phosphorus cycle, unlike the other major biogeochemical cycles; however, in some cases, small amounts of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) differ from nitrogen
That do reach the atmosphere can result in acid rain. At least one step of the processes for the elements sulfur, carbon, nitrogen, and water involves the gaseous state. phosphorus cycle and its various derivatives are not gases at Earth's natural temperatures and pressures, so there is an inadequate amount of phosphorus cycle circulating in the atmosphere. Sedimentary soil is the main source of phosphorus.
The movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and nitrogen is referred to as the phosphorus cycle, a sedimentary nitrogen cycle.
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How many protons, neutrons, and electrons for b+5
Explanation:
It has 5 protons,6 neutrons, 5 electrons.
a rock formed with 1,000 atoms of a radioactive parent element, but contains only 250 radioactive parent atoms today. if the half-life for the radioactive element is one million years, how old is the rock? a. 3,000,000 years old b. 4,000,000 years old c. 1,000,000 years old d. 2,000,000 years old
The radioactive element has a half-life of one million years, while the rock is three million years old. (An option)
What do atom and an example mean?The quantity of protons an atom has is the distinguishing characteristic that gives it away. A particle devoid of protons is therefore not an atom. But even one single proton makes up an atomic (of hydrogen). Atoms include solitary particles of the periodic table's elements like sodium, plutonium, argon, and chlorine.
Do atoms make up people?Hydrogens, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen make up the vast majority of the molecules in your body. The other elements necessary for life are also present in much lesser quantities in you.
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Compare the behavior of the particles in hot tea with the behavior of the particles in ice
cream. How are they similar?
Answer: they are the same because they both convert and deal with thermal energy because it’s not created or destroyed
Explanation:
1. what would be the order of elution of your crude product mixture (a mixture of 1-bromobutane and 1-butanol) if you injected your distillate into the injector port of the gas chromatography equipped with a polar column (such as carbowax polyethylene glycol)?
Bromobutane and 1-butanol would come in first and second, respectively.
What does chromatography serve as a tool for?Chromatography's goal is to separate different components of a mixture. Applications can be anything from a straightforward analysis of a compound's purity to a precise breakdown of its constituent parts.
What is the best chromatography?High-performance column chromatography is a distant contender to gas chromatography as the most widely used chromatography technique. This technique is used in many labs because to its effectiveness in moving samples through the apparatus with a high-pressure pump employing a liquid (or solvent) mobile phase.
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What is the difference between allergens and smog?
Answer:
It can make you allergic to pollution. With the increase in urbanization and industrialization, air pollution has been on a rise. Correlatively, cases of air pollution allergy have also shot up. In fact, air pollution alone causes allergic rhinitis in 40% of the world population.
Explanation: