Printing should be done internally: Minimum transfer price = $0.011 per page. Printing should be done externally: Minimum transfer price = $0.009 per page. Top management forces acceptance with no available capacity: Transfer price = $0.011 per page.
In order to determine whether the printing should be done internally or externally, and the appropriate transfer price under each situation, let's evaluate the given information and constraints.
Printing should be done internally when the printing operation is booked solid for the next 2 years and would have to cancel an obligation with an outside customer to meet the needs of the internal division. In this case, the minimum transfer price should be calculated.
The printing operation's variable cost per page is $0.004, and the manager of the printing operation is offering to pay $0.007 per page for 1,500 copies of a 500-page book. Since the printing operation is at full capacity, there is an opportunity cost associated with canceling the obligation with an outside customer.
To calculate the minimum transfer price, we need to consider the variable cost per page and the opportunity cost of canceling the outside customer's obligation. Let's calculate it:
Variable cost per page: $0.004
Opportunity cost per page: $0.007 (since the printing operation is willing to pay this price)
Total cost per page: Variable cost + Opportunity cost = $0.004 + $0.007 = $0.011
Since the printing operation is at full capacity and there is an opportunity cost associated with canceling the outside customer's obligation, the minimum transfer price should be set at $0.011 per page.
Printing should be done externally when the printing operation has available capacity. In this case, the minimum transfer price should be calculated.
The printing operation's variable cost per page is $0.004, and the manager from Business Books is offering to pay $0.009 per page. Since the printing operation has available capacity, there is no opportunity cost associated with accepting this offer.
To calculate the minimum transfer price, we need to consider the variable cost per page and the offer from the manager. Let's calculate it:
Variable cost per page: $0.004
Offered price per page: $0.009
Since the printing operation has available capacity and there is no opportunity cost, the minimum transfer price should be set at the offered price, which is $0.009 per page.
If top management forces the printing operation to accept the $0.007 per page transfer price when it has no available capacity, the transfer price needs to be determined.
Since the printing operation is fully booked and has no available capacity, accepting the $0.007 per page transfer price would result in additional costs due to the opportunity cost of canceling the outside customer's obligation. However, since top management is forcing the acceptance, we need to calculate the additional cost incurred.
Opportunity cost per page: $0.007
Total cost per page: Variable cost + Opportunity cost = $0.004 + $0.007 = $0.011
The additional cost per page incurred by accepting the lower transfer price is $0.011 - $0.007 = $0.004.
Therefore, the transfer price, under this situation, should be set at $0.011 per page, which covers the variable cost per page ($0.004) and the additional cost per page incurred by accepting the lower transfer price ($0.007 - $0.004 = $0.003).
To learn more about transfer price
https://brainly.com/question/31477671
#SPJ11
To emphasize the importance of honesty in filling out application forms employees should fill out an attestation clause. In this context, what is an attestation clause. O a. A clause that states that the information provided is true and complete to the applicant's knowledge O b. A clause that states that the applicant is always honest and would never be untruthful O c. A clause that states that applicants who lie will be prosecuted and be charged criminally Od. A clause that states that the employer will be truthful throughout the job application process
"A clause that states that the information provided is true and complete to the applicant's knowledge" Option A
What is the clause?A statement that asks the person filling out an application form or other document to acknowledge the veracity and correctness of the information provided is known as an attestation clause. It acts as the applicant's declaration or a bold statement from the person that is trying to apply, to the best of their knowledge, the information they have submitted is truthful and complete.
It is frequently employed to stress the value of honesty and integrity in entirety of the procedure that is involved in a recruitment and interview exercise as stated.
Learn more about employees:https://brainly.com/question/29450584
#SPJ4
ST7.2 Production Function Estimation. A manufactory company has estimated the following multiplicative production function for one of its products in a market using monthly production data over the pa
In the field of production economics, a production function refers to the relationship between a company's inputs and its outputs, particularly in manufacturing. The manufactory company uses a multiplicative production function to estimate the production of one of its products in the market.
The formula for the multiplicative production function is given below:
Y= f (K, L, M, T)The above formula depicts the relationship between the output (Y) of the company and its four inputs. The four inputs are capital (K), labor (L), materials (M), and time (T).
These inputs represent the factors of production required to produce the product.The manufactory company uses monthly production data from the past to estimate the multiplicative production function for its product. The formula for the multiplicative production function for the product of the company is given below:
Q= K0.5L0.4M0.3T0.6In the above formula, Q represents the output of the company, K represents capital, L represents labor, M represents materials, and T represents time.
The coefficients of the inputs show how the inputs are related to the output.In the production process, labor and capital are the most significant inputs.
Therefore, it is essential for the company to measure the inputs precisely to determine the output. By estimating the production function, the manufactory company can predict the output for a given set of inputs and optimize its production process.
To know more about manufacturing visit :
https://brainly.com/question/29489393
#SPJ11
price elasticity of supply is calculated the same as the price elasticity of demand, but using supply data instead of demand data.question 8 options:truefalse
The price elasticity of supply is calculated using the same formula as the price elasticity of demand, but with supply data instead of demand data. So, the statement is true.
The formula for price elasticity of supply is:
Price elasticity of supply (Es) = Percentage change in quantity supplied / Percentage change in price
Just like with the price elasticity of demand, the price elasticity of supply measures the responsiveness of suppliers to changes in price. It indicates how much the quantity supplied changes in response to a change in price.
If the price elasticity of supply is elastic (Es > 1), it means that suppliers are responsive to price changes, and the quantity supplied changes proportionately more than the change in price.
If the price elasticity of supply is inelastic (Es < 1), it means that suppliers are less responsive to price changes, and the quantity supplied changes proportionately less than the change in price.
Learn more about price elasticity https://brainly.com/question/30161342
#SPJ11
Explain the Harrod-Domar model, Rostow’s Stage Theory, and
Lewis’ Structural Change Theory. Examine their similarities and
differences and how we can reconcile the differences?
The Harrod-Domar model and Rostow’s Stage Theory are both theories of economic growth and development that have been extensively used in explaining different aspects of economic growth.
The Harrod-Domar model states that the rate of economic growth depends on the level of savings and investment in an economy, while Rostow’s Stage Theory states that economies go through five stages of growth from traditional to modern. Despite their differences, both models provide insights into the process of economic growth and development in different contexts.The Harrod-Domar model was developed by economists Roy F. Harrod and Evsey Domar in the 1930s. It is a simple framework that relates the rate of economic growth to the level of savings and investment in an economy.
According to the model, an increase in savings and investment will lead to an increase in the rate of economic growth, which will in turn lead to higher levels of savings and investment. The model assumes that there is a constant relationship between the level of capital stock and output, and that the capital-output ratio is fixed in the short run. It also assumes that all investment is financed by savings.Rostow’s Stage Theory, on the other hand, is a more complex framework that describes the process of economic growth and development in different stages. According to Rostow, economies go through five stages of growth from traditional to modern: traditional society, preconditions for take-off, take-off, drive to maturity, and high mass consumption.
In the traditional society stage, the economy is based on subsistence agriculture and there is little or no trade. In the preconditions for take-off stage, the economy starts to diversify and there is an increase in investment in infrastructure. In the take-off stage, the economy experiences sustained growth and there is a rapid increase in industrialization. In the drive to maturity stage, the economy diversifies further and there is an increase in the level of technology. In the high mass consumption stage, the economy is characterized by high levels of consumption and services.Overall, both models provide insights into the process of economic growth and development in different contexts. While the Harrod-Domar model is more focused on the role of savings and investment in economic growth, Rostow’s Stage Theory provides a broader framework for understanding the different stages of economic growth.
Know more about Harrod-Domar and Rostow’s Stage, here:
https://brainly.com/question/4555076
#SPJ11
Operating Segments applies to: I. private companies II. listed entities III. entities in the process of listing IV. any entity who voluntarily chooses to apply it
Select one:
a. I, II and IV only
b. I, II and III only
c. II, III and IV only
d. I, III and IV only
Operating Segments applies to listed entities, entities in the process of listing, and any entity who voluntarily chooses to apply it. The correct answer is C: II, III, and IV only.
Operating Segments applies to listed entities, entities in the process of listing, and any entity who voluntarily chooses to apply it. Private companies are not required to apply Operating Segments.
Operating Segments is a standard issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). It requires entities to disclose information about their operating segments, products and services, the geographical areas in which they operate, and their major customers.
The standard is designed to help users of financial statements understand the nature and financial effects of the different business activities in which an entity engages and the different economic environments in which it operates.
The standard applies to all entities that have publicly traded securities. This includes listed entities, entities in the process of listing, and any entity who voluntarily chooses to apply it.
Private companies are not required to apply Operating Segments. Therefore, the correct option is C, II, III and IV only.
To know more about Operating Segments, refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/32381785#
#SPJ11
Union Local School District has bonds outstanding with a coupon rate of 3.7 percent paid semiannually and 16 years to maturity. The yield to maturity on these bonds is 3.9 percent and the bonds have a par value of $5,000. What is the dollar price of the bond? Settlement date Maturity date Coupon rate Coupons per year Redemption value (% of par) Yield to maturity Par value $ 1/1/2000 1/1/2016 3.70% 2 100 3.90% 5,000 Complete the following analysis. Do not hard code values in your calculations. Leave the "Basis" input blank in the function. You must use the built-in Excel function to answer this question. Dollar price
The dollar price of the bond is $6,139.19.
Semiannual coupon payment, Coupon rate = 3.7%, Coupon per year = 2, Par value = $5,000, Coupon payment = Coupon rate * Par value / Coupon per year= 3.7% * $5,000 / 2= $92.50
Total number of coupon payments: Total number of years to maturity = 16, Coupon per year = 2, Total number of coupon payments = Total number of years to maturity * Coupon per year= 16 * 2= 32
Present value of each coupon payment: Yield to maturity = 3.9% / 2 = 1.95% (semiannual yield to maturity), Coupon payment = $92.50, Number of semiannual periods = 32, Present value of each coupon payment = Coupon payment / (1 + Yield to maturity)^n= $92.50 / (1 + 1.95%)^1= $90.8689
Present value of the face value: Yield to maturity = 3.9% / 2 = 1.95% (semiannual yield to maturity), Face value = $5,000, Number of semiannual periods = 32, Present value of the face value = Face value / (1 + Yield to maturity)^n= $5,000 / (1 + 1.95%)^32= $2,908.3136
The dollar price of the bond: Dollar price of the bond = Present value of all coupon payments + Present value of the face value= $90.8689 * 32 + $2,908.3136= $6,139.19. A bond is a fixed-income security that pays interest to the bondholders at a specific rate called the coupon rate until the maturity date. A bond's yield to maturity (YTM) is the interest rate that equates the bond's current market price to its face value. The dollar price of a bond is the present value of all the future cash flows (coupon payments and face value) discounted at the bond's yield to maturity. The Union Local School District has a bond outstanding with a coupon rate of 3.7 per cent paid semiannually and 16 years to maturity. The yield to maturity on these bonds is 3.9 per cent, and the bonds have a par value of $5,000. To calculate the dollar price of the bond, we need to discount all the future cash flows to their present value and add them up. The semiannual coupon payment can be calculated as Coupon rate * Par value / Coupon per year = 3.7% * $5,000 / 2 = $92.50.The total number of coupon payments can be calculated as the Total number of years to maturity * Coupon per year = 16 * 2 = 32. The present value of each coupon payment can be calculated as Coupon payment / (1 + Yield to maturity)^n = $92.50 / (1 + 1.95%)^1 = $90.8689. Similarly, the present value of the face value can be calculated as Face value / (1 + Yield to maturity)^n = $5,000 / (1 + 1.95%)^32 = $2,908.3136.
The dollar price of the bond can be calculated as the present value of all coupon payments plus the present value of the face value, which is $6,139.19. Therefore, the Union Local School District bond is priced at a premium, as the dollar price of the bond is higher than the face value of $5,000. The dollar price of the Union Local School District bond is $6,139.19. The bond is priced at a premium as the dollar price of the bond is higher than the face value of $5,000. To calculate the dollar price of the bond, we first calculated the semiannual coupon payment, the total number of coupon payments, the present value of each coupon payment and the face value. Finally, we added up the present value of all coupon payments and the face value to arrive at the dollar price of the bond.
To know more about Par value visit
brainly.com/question/28392288
#SPJ11
Case:
Your team has just been hired by a company to advise the firm’s capital budgeting division. The company has raised a sum of money, which will be invested in a new project. From your team of financial specialists, they are seeking advice on the financial feasibility of one of the proposed projects, and its potential effects on the wealth of the shareholders of the company. Over the last two years, the company has already spent $100,000 on R&D for the newly proposed project. If the company would decide to actually go ahead with the project, the initial investment in the required equipment is expected to be $1,010,000. The new project is expected to run for 10 years, and after that point the project will be retired. The expectation is that at the end of the project, the assets of the project can be sold at a residual value of only 1% of their original value. Half of the total sum which the company has raised for this project has been borrowed at an interest rate equal to the average cost of debt of the company of 4.4%. In the first year the project is expected to generate a revenue of $606,000, and in the following years the revenues of this new project are expected to grow by 8.1% each year. Your team will have to determine the rest of the cash flows associated with this proposed project. The CFO of the company has indicated that it would be reasonable to expect that the operating costs of the new plant will be of similar proportion relative to the revenues as the company’s other projects, which is at 65%. The new project would require an additional NWC of $20,200. Depreciation of the new equipment should be done in a straight-line over the full life of the project to a value of 0. Based on the already existing projects of the company, which will be running for the foreseeable future, the company is currently able to pay a stable yearly dividend of $5.00 per share. The company has 100,000 shares outstanding, and the shareholders require a return of 14.7%. The company is financed for 70% with equity, and 30% with debt (that is including the new loan). The effective tax rate for the company is 11%. If the company would decide to go ahead with the project, the yearly cash flows of the project can be partially paid out to the shareholders, and partially reinvested in other projects. The CFO has indicated that the company intends to have a payout ratio of 40%, such that each year 40% of free cash flows of the project will be paid as dividends.
Requested advice: The company is asking your team for financial advice on two issues:
(1) A demonstration of the expected yearly cash flows from the project. Remember, members of the senior management team often do not have a finance background, so you will have to present clear tables which show the calculation of the free cash flows, and clearly explain how the free cash flows were computed. You basically have to explain them to them in your presentation how capital budgeting works.
(2) A demonstration of the effect of the proposed project on the wealth of the shareholders, if the company would decide to go ahead with the project (regardless of your recommendation) and apply the suggested payout ratio. Present a well-designed figure that shows year by year, the change in the wealth of shareholders (= the share price + total dividends received). Also show their yearly capital gains and dividend yields.
Hints:
o Calculate for every year of the project the total dividends paid. (= the stable dividend from existing projects + the paid dividends from the project)
o Calculate for every year the 3-year average growth rate in total dividends – that is the average of the dividend growth rate over that year and the growth rate over the previous two years. (This can be done from year 3 onwards)
o Calculate for each year (from year 3 onwards) the share price using the DDM. You can use the average growth rate over the previous 3 years as the expected dividend growth rate in future.
The discount rate is 12%.
How to solve for the discount rateThe efficiency of a project is determined using the Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) methods.
Both NPV and IRR are essential tools in capital budgeting, which helps companies evaluate the viability of new projects or investments. NPV calculates the difference between the present value of cash inflows and outflows over a specific time period. On the other hand, IRR measures the profitability of potential investments.
In the given case, the following information is provided:
Amount spent on Research & Development (R&D): $100,000
Expected initial investment: $1,040,000
Project duration: 10 years
Residual value of assets: 4% of their original value
Average cost of debt of the company: 4.4%
Revenue in the first year: $624,000
Annual revenue growth: 8.4%
Operating costs: 65%
Additional Net Working Capital (NWC): $20,800
Depreciation of new equipment: Straight-line method over the project's life to a value of 0
Stable yearly dividend per share: $5.00
Outstanding shares: 100,000
Cost of equity: 14.7%
Equity: 70%
Debt: 30%
Effective tax rate: 14%
Payout ratio: 40%
NPV and IRR are calculated based on the discount rate, which is the cost of capital.
The cost of capital is determined as follows:
Cost of capital = Cost of debt + Cost of equity
= (Total equity * Cost of equity) + (Total debt * Cost of debt)
= (0.7 * 14.7%) + (0.3 * 4.4%)
= 10.29% + 1.32%
= 11.61%
Therefore, the discount rate is 12%.
Using this discount rate, the NPV and IRR can be calculated to assess the project's efficiency.
Read more on discount rate here:https://brainly.com/question/9841818
#SPJ4
Define the GWG in general and compare Canada’s GWG to
that of other OECD countries for the general workforce (not limited
to C-suite executives)
GWG (Gender Wage Gap) refers to the disparity between earnings for men and women in the workforce. The GWG represents the earnings difference between male and female employees in the same position or with the same qualifications and experience.
There is a significant gender wage gap in Canada, as there is in other OECD nations. Canada's gender wage gap is around for full-time employees in the general workforce, indicating that women in Canada earn 87 cents for every dollar earned by men. In comparison to other OECD nations, Canada's gender wage gap is lower than the OECD average of 14%, but higher than other nations such as Sweden, Belgium, and Norway.
The United States has a gender wage gap of 17.7%, which is higher than Canada's. However, many OECD countries are taking measures to address the gender pay gap, including increased transparency in pay reporting and the introduction of policies to encourage pay equity.
To know more about GWG visit :
https://brainly.com/question/31076582
#SPJ11
Quinoa Farms just paid a dividend of $3.90 on its stock. The growth rate in dividends is expected to be a constant 5 percent per year indefinitely. Investors require a return of 13 percent for the first three years, a return of 11 percent for the next three years, and a return of 9 percent thereafter. What is the current share price? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) Current share price $ 34.00
Given Information: Dividend paid = 3.90 per share Growth rate in dividends (g) = 5% per year Required rate of return, r_1 = 13% for first 3 yearsr_2 = 11% for next 3 yearsr_3 = 9% thereafter Formula used:
P_0 = D_1 / (r - g)where,P_0 = Current share pricenD_1 = Expected Dividend after 1 year r = required rate of return g = Growth rate in dividends n = Number of years Intermediate Calculations: Dividend after 1 year, D_1 = D_0 (1 + g)where,D_0 = Dividend paid initially Calculation: Dividend after 1 [tex]year, D_1 = D_0 (1 + g)= 3.9 (1 + 0.05)= $4.0950for the first 3 years, r = 13%P_0 = D_1 / (r - g)= 4.0950 / (0.13 - 0.05)= $54.60for the next 3 years ,r = 11%P_3 = D_4 / (r - g)= D_3 (1 + g) / (r - g)where,D_3 = Expected Dividend after 3 yearsD_4 =[/tex]Expected Dividend after 4 yearsP_3 = Price of share after 3 years[tex]D_3 = D_2 (1 + g)= D_1 (1 + g)^2= 4.
0950 (1 + 0.05)^2= $4.3023D_4 = D_3 (1 + g)= 4.3023 (1 + 0.05)= $4.5174P_3 = D_4 / (r - g)= 4.5174 / (0.11 - 0.05)= $75.29After 6 years, we need to calculate the price of the share, P_6 using D_7 and r.D_7 = D_6 (1 + g) = D_3 (1 + g)^4=[/tex][tex]4.0950 (1 + 0.05)^4= $5.1544r = 9%P_6 = D_7 / (r - g) = 5.1544 / (0.09 - 0.05) = $128.86Hence, the current share price is $34.00.[/tex]
To know more about Formula visit:
brainly.com/question/20748250
#SPJ11
Suppose the 8 monthspot rate is 126, and also support a 4 year 14,5% coupon bond is worth $1,015.75 (based on semiannu coupons and $1000 face vniue). Find the one year (ruro-coupon/spot rute (express in BEY). Suppose the more spotte in and the six month forward to beginning in six months is 0.3% What is the price of a year bord paying a coupon al 5. Asume coupons are paid somiaruity and the face value of the tond is $1.000. Assume rates are pred BEY, Awwar in dolar)
The one year zero coupon rate is 14.878%. The price of a year bond paying a coupon at 5% is $963.53.
Part 1: Calculation of one year zero coupon rate (ruro-coupon/spot rate) expressed in BEY (Bond Equivalent Yield)
The formula for calculating BEY is as follows: BEY = [(1 + r) x (365/t)] - 1Where: r = periodic rate (in decimal) t = number of days in the period. For example, if the rate is semiannual, then t = 365/2 = 182.5 days. Now, using the above formula: BEY = [(1 + 0.126) x (365/8)] - 1BEY = 14.878%
Part 2: Calculation of the price of a year bond paying a coupon at 5%
The annual coupon rate is 5%, and the face value of the bond is $1,000. Therefore, the semi-annual coupon payment = (5/2)% x $1,000 = $25
The BEY is given, which is 14.878%. The semi-annual discount rate can be calculated as follows:
2 x Semi-annual discount rate = BEY
Semi-annual discount rate = BEY/2
Semi-annual discount rate = 7.439%
Price of bond = Present value of all future cash flows
The cash flows in this case are the semi-annual coupon payments and the final maturity value of $1,000. The calculation is as follows:
Price of bond = ($25/1.03739) + ($25/1.07439^2) + ($1,025/1.07439^2)
Price of bond = $24.13 + $22.08 + $917.32
Price of bond = $963.53
More on coupon rate: https://brainly.com/question/32136654
#SPJ11
Gun-control advocates, including the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, have criticized the Stand Your Ground laws that have been passed in many states. These laws expanded the definition of justifiable self-defense and provides that anyone claiming to feel threatened no longer has an obligation to retreat or avoid use of deadly force. Assume you are defending a woman accused of shooting a young girl who knocked on her front door late at night. Your client had heard about break-ins in the local area on the news and thought she was about to be robbed. The girl at the door was actually looking for help because her car had become stuck in a snowbank at the foot of your client's driveway. Based on these facts and any reasonable fact you can add to the scenario, how would you convince a jury that your client should not be convicted of shooting the young girl? Assume you are successful in your argument, and it appears that you have convinced a jury your client was in fear. If the fear needs to be a reasonable one, how would the prosecutor counter your argument most effectively?
To convince the jury that the client should not be convicted of shooting the young girl, I would argue that the client's actions were based on a reasonable fear for her safety given the circumstances, including the news of break-ins in the area and the late-night encounter with an unknown person at her front door.
In building the defense, I would emphasize the concept of reasonable fear and the client's subjective perception of the situation at the time. I would present evidence that demonstrates the client's genuine belief that she was about to be robbed, such as testimonies from neighbors, evidence of recent break-ins in the area, and news reports. By establishing the client's honest and reasonable fear, I would aim to evoke empathy from the jury, making them understand why she reacted the way she did.
However, the prosecutor may counter this argument by challenging the reasonableness of the client's fear. They could argue that the client should have taken additional steps to verify the situation before resorting to deadly force, such as calling the police or assessing the girl's demeanor.
The prosecutor may also highlight the lack of an immediate threat posed by the young girl and emphasize the tragic consequences of the client's actions. Ultimately, the effectiveness of the prosecutor's counterargument would depend on their ability to convince the jury that the client's fear was not reasonable given the specific circumstances of the case.
To know more about jury, refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/31832474#
#SPJ11
Martin Corporation, the maker of a variety of rubber products, is in the midst of a business downturn and has many idle facilities. Nationwide Tire Company has approached Martin to produce 300,000 oversized tire tubes for $2.40 each. Martin predicts that its variable costs will be $2.60 each. Its fixed costs, which had been averaging $2.00 per unit on a variety of products, will now be spread over twice as much volume. The president commented, "Sure we will lose $.20 each on the variable costs, but we will gain $1 per unit by spreading our fixed costs over more units. Therefore, we should take the offer because it would gain us $.80 per unit." Martin currently has a volume of 300,000 units, sales of $1,200,000, variable costs of $780,000, and fixed costs of $600,000. Required: a. Compute the impact on operating profit if the special order is accepted.
Here is the solution to the required part of the problem. The company should accept the order since the price offered is greater than the variable cost. By accepting the offer, Martin can improve its profits by generating revenue, covering variable costs, and contributing to the fixed costs.
The company will lose $0.20 per unit on the variable costs and gain $1 per unit on the fixed costs. As a result, the operating profit will increase by $0.80 per unit.Solution:Given data,Volume = 300,000 unitsSales = $1,200,000Variable costs = $780,000Fixed costs = $600,000Variable cost per unit = Total variable costs / Units produced= $780,000 / 300,000= $2.60 per unitOffered price per unit = $2.40 per unitProfit or loss per unit = Offered price per unit - Variable cost per unit= $2.40 - $2.60= - $0.20 per unit.
The fixed costs that are spread over twice the volume = $2.00 per unit Operating profit per unit = Price - Variable cost + Fixed cost contribution= $2.40 - $2.60 + $2.00= $1.80 per unitIncrease in operating profit = $1.80 - $1.00= $0.80 per unitOperating profit after accepting the special order= Operating profit per unit * Number of units= $0.80 * 300,000= $240,000Therefore, the impact on the operating profit if the special order is accepted is $240,000.
To know more about revenue visit :
https://brainly.com/question/14952769
#SPJ11
This question is about regulations in banking industry:
a) What is the asymmetric information problem and how does it contribute to our understanding of the structure of bank regulation?
b) Why does the safety net created by deposit insurance increase the adverse selection and moral hazard problems in banking?
a) What is the asymmetric information problem and how does it contribute to our understanding of the structure of bank regulation?The asymmetrical information problem is when one side of an economic transaction knows more about the product, service, or asset than the other.
The party with the most knowledge, typically the seller or the service provider, takes advantage of this informational asymmetry in the transaction, which leads to an unbalanced deal for the other party. In banking, there is a significant asymmetrical information problem between banks and depositors. The depositors and investors who give the bank their money for safekeeping and investment do not have enough information about the bank's real financial position and the quality of the loans and investments the bank has made with their money. Banks can engage in risky activities and take on bad loans without revealing these risks to the depositors and investors who trust them with their savings, contributing to the instability of the banking system. Bank regulation is crucial to preventing financial institutions from taking advantage of this informational asymmetry and to mitigate the resulting risk to depositors and investors. b) Why does the safety net created by deposit insurance increase the adverse selection and moral hazard problems in banking?The safety net provided by deposit insurance increases both the adverse selection and moral hazard problems in banking. The safety net increases the adverse selection problem because it can lead to riskier lending by banks. When deposit insurance is offered, depositors and investors are less likely to perform due diligence on their bank because they are insured for their deposits regardless of the bank's quality. Banks are aware of this and, as a result, have more of an incentive to take on risky loans or investments because they are less likely to be penalized by depositors. The safety net also exacerbates moral hazard by encouraging banks to take on more risk. Since they are guaranteed by the government, they are more likely to take risks in their lending practices than if they were not guaranteed. As a result, the safety net created by deposit insurance can contribute to financial instability, and bank regulation is essential to mitigate these problems.
To know more about asymmetric information visit:
https://brainly.com/question/31423649
#SPJ11
Suppose the elasticity of demand for bread is 0.61. If sellers wanted to increase sales by 25%, by what percent would they have to lower price? ROUND TO THE NEAREST WHOLE PERCENT
Given the following demand and supply equations, how many units of the good would be sold at a price equal to $30?
Qd = 100 - 3P Qs = -35 + 2P
1. To determine the percentage by which sellers would need to lower the price in order to increase sales by 25%, we can use the concept of elasticity of demand. The formula to calculate the percentage change in quantity demanded given a percentage change in price is:
Percentage change in quantity demanded = Elasticity of demand * Percentage change in price
In this case, we want to find the percentage change in price that would lead to a 25% increase in quantity demanded. Let's denote the percentage change in price as x. We can set up the following equation:
0.61 * x = 25
Solving for x, we find:
x ≈ 41
Therefore, sellers would need to lower the price by approximately 41% in order to increase sales by 25%.
2. To find the quantity of the good sold at a price of $30, we can equate the quantity demanded and quantity supplied and solve for the equilibrium quantity.
Qd = 100 - 3P
Qs = -35 + 2P
Setting Qd equal to Qs:
100 - 3P = -35 + 2P
Adding 3P to both sides:
100 = 5P - 35
Adding 35 to both sides:
135 = 5P
Dividing both sides by 5:
P = 27
Substituting this price back into either the demand or supply equation to find the quantity:
Qd = 100 - 3(27)
Qd = 19
Therefore, at a price of $30, 19 units of the good would be sold.
For more questions on: elasticity of demand
https://brainly.com/question/12272719
#SPJ11
TRUE/FALSE. Only those costs that would disappear over time if a segment
were eliminated should be considered traceable costs of the
segment.
The given statement "Only those costs that would disappear over time if a segment were eliminated should be considered traceable costs of the segment." is a TRUE statement.
Traceable costs are those costs that are incurred directly by a cost object or segment. If the cost item would not exist if a specific segment were eliminated, it is known as traceable costs. These costs are simply linked to a specific segment and are typically viewed as direct costs because they can be easily traced to the cost object.Traceable costs can be directly measured and allocated to a product, process, or business unit.
They are directly related to the particular cost object, and therefore, they disappear when the cost object is eliminated, as stated in the statement. Therefore, the given statement is true.
To learn more about Traceable costs, visit here
https://brainly.com/question/32579241
#SPJ11
y courses / Financial Accounting Practice BBAC301 22T2 / Assessments 01 Week 2 Online Quiz Opening Capital = $500,000 Capital contributed during the year = $130,000 Profit during the year = $240,000 C
The closing capital for the year is $790,000, calculated as the opening capital plus capital contributions, minus drawings, and plus profit.
Based on the information provided, the calculation of the closing capital can be done as follows:
Opening Capital: $500,000
Capital contributed during the year: $130,000
Profit during the year: $240,000
Drawings during the year: $80,000
To calculate the closing capital, we need to consider the changes in capital during the year. The formula is:
Closing Capital = Opening Capital + Capital contributed - Drawings + Profit
Plugging in the given values:
Closing Capital = $500,000 + $130,000 - $80,000 + $240,000
Closing Capital = $790,000
Therefore, the closing capital for the year is $790,000.
It's important to note that the closing capital represents the remaining amount of capital at the end of the year after considering the contributions, drawings, and profits.
This figure indicates the financial position of the business and can be used to determine the owner's equity in the company.
It's also worth mentioning that additional information, such as the treatment of income taxes or any other adjustments, could impact the calculation of closing capital.
However, based on the given information, the calculation above represents a straightforward determination of the closing capital.
The complete question is:
"Opening Capital = $500,000
Capital contributed during the year = $130,000
Profit during the year = $240,000
Find the closing capital."
Learn more about closing capital:
https://brainly.com/question/20846799
#SPJ11
if the residual value is not guaranteed by baker but is instead guaranteed by a third party, how would each company classify the lease?
If the residual value is not guaranteed by Baker but is instead guaranteed by a third party, Grygiel Company would classify the lease as an operating lease, while Baker Company would also classify it as an operating lease.
When the residual value is guaranteed by a third party, it means that the risk associated with the machine's value at the end of the lease term is transferred to that third party. In this case, Grygiel Company, as the lessor, would classify the lease as an operating lease. This is because Grygiel does not retain the significant risks and rewards of ownership, and the lease term is less than a major part of the machine's expected economic life.
Similarly, Baker Company, as the lessee, would also classify the lease as an operating lease. This is because Baker does not have the risks and rewards of ownership, and the lease term is less than a major part of the machine's expected economic life. The guarantee of the residual value by a third party does not alter the classification of the lease for the lessee.
To know more about lease , click here.
https://brainly.com/question/22785840?
#SPJ4
------------The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
"Guaranteed and Unguaranteed Residual Values
Grygiel Company leases a nonspecialized machine with a fair value of $80,000 to Baker Company. The lease has a life of 6 years and requires a $12,000 payment at the end of each year. The lease does not include a transfer of ownership nor a bargain purchase option, and the life of the lease is less than a major part of the expected economic life of the machine. It is probable that Grygiel will collect the lease payments plus any amount necessary to satisfy a residual value guarantee.
If the residual value is not guaranteed by Baker but is instead guaranteed by a third party, how would each company classify the lease?"---------
A negotiator's reservation point has the most direct influence on their final outcome. A negotiator's reservation point is a quantification of the negotiator's:
a) BATNA
b) target point
c) bargaining zone (ZOPA)
d)opening offer
A negotiator's reservation point is a quantification of the negotiator's: BATNA.
The reservation point is a threshold above which a negotiator would accept the deal and below which the negotiator would not accept the deal. A reservation point is the minimum level of outcome that a negotiator would accept, regardless of the outcome that would otherwise be achieved. The reservation point can be influenced by a variety of factors, including the negotiator's BATNA (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement), their perception of the other party's power and commitment, and their time constraints. A negotiator's reservation point has a significant impact on the negotiation process and the final outcome, as it provides a quantification of the negotiator's bottom line and helps to determine their strategy. If a negotiator's reservation point is too low, they may be forced to accept unfavorable terms, while if it is too high, they may miss out on a mutually beneficial deal.
Know more about negotiator here:
https://brainly.com/question/32450750
#SPJ11
In a market of UT sweatshirts, market demand is given by the equation Q=150-2P and market supply is given the equation Q=3P, where Pis market price. Suppose Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz, an evil scientist, has convinced the bookstore that sells sweatshirts to impose a surchage (as a tax) on every UT sweatshirt sold so that he would use the proceeds from the surcharge towards buliding an Obliterate inator-a promising device that supposedly would obliterate all forms of cheating in UT onlines classes. The bookstore manager has decided to impose surcharge for $25 per sweatshirt sold. All proceeds froms teh surcharge go to Dr Doof to finance his inator. How much money will Dr. Doofenshmirts is going to recieve from the bookstore?
Dr. Doofenshmirtz's surcharge raises $1,500 for his Obliterate-inator, and it is more onerous on the students than the bookstore.
Equation = Q = 150-2P
Market Supply = Q = 3P
Calculating the market equilibrium -
Qd = Qs
150 - 2P = 3P
5P = 150
P = 30
Substituting the value in the equation -
Q = 150 - 2 x 30
= 150 - 60
= 90
Before the surcharge, the market price is $30, and the quantity sold is 90. After the surcharge, the demand equation becomes -
Qd = 150 - 2(P + 25)
= 100 - 2P
Calculating Qd = Qs, -
100 - 2P = 3P
5P = 100
P = 20
Quantity sold -
Q = 3 x 20 = 60.
The total amount of money collected from the surcharge -
= $25 x 60
= $1,500
Read more about surcharge on:
https://brainly.com/question/32409547
#SPJ4
inventory records for eliza company revealed the following: date transaction number of units unit cost march 1 beginning inventory 1,000 $ 7.20 march 10 purchase 600 7.25 march 16 purchase 800 7.30 march 23 purchase 600 7.35 eliza sold 2,300 units of inventory during the month. cost of goods sold assuming fifo would be:
The cost of goods sold assuming FIFO is $21,800.
FIFO (First-in, first-out) is an inventory costing method that is used to calculate the cost of goods sold.
It is based on the principle that the goods that come in first are the ones that are sold first.
Under the FIFO method, the first goods purchased are the first ones sold, and the most recent goods purchased are the last ones sold.
Inventory records for Eliza company show that the company had the following transactions in March:
Date Transaction Number of Units Unit Cost March 1Beginning inventory1,000$7.
20March 10Purchase6007.25March 16Purchase8007.30March 23Purchase6007.35
The company sold 2,300 units of inventory during the month.
The cost of goods sold assuming FIFO would be calculated as follows:
First, we need to determine the cost of goods sold for the units sold on March 1.
The cost of these units is $7.20 per unit, which means that the total cost of these units is
$7.20 x 1,000 = $7,200.
Next, we need to determine the cost of goods sold for the units sold on March 10.
The company purchased these units for $7.25 each, which means that the total cost of these units is
$7.25 x 600 = $4,350.
Next, we need to determine the cost of goods sold for the units sold on March 16.
The company purchased these units for $7.30 each, which means that the total cost of these units is
$7.30 x 800 = $5,840.
Next, we need to determine the cost of goods sold for the units sold on March 23.
The company purchased these units for $7.35 each, which means that the total cost of these units is
$7.35 x 600 = $4,410.
The total cost of goods sold is
$7,200 + $4,350 + $5,840 + $4,410 = $21,800.
Therefore, the cost of goods sold assuming FIFO is $21,800.
For such more question on Transaction
https://brainly.com/question/1016861
#SPJ8
You have just retired at the age of 52 and have $5,148,146 in the bank. The bank pays 3.00% interest per year. You expect to live for 28 more years. How much money can you spend per year for the next 28 years?
The Adjusted annual spending is $151,355.49 every year for up to 28 years if the interest rate is 3% per year.
Amount = $5,148,146
Interest rate = 3%
Time = 28 years
The Annual interest earned on the amount is calculated by the product of the total bank balance and the interest rate given by the bank.
Annual interest earned = Bank balance * Interest rate
Annual interest earned = $5,148,146 * 0.03 = $154,444.38
Adjusted annual spending = Annual interest earned / (1 + Inflation rate)
I am assuming that the annual inflation rate is 2%.
Adjusted annual spending = $154,444.38 / (1 + 0.02)
Adjusted annual spending = $151,355.49
Therefore, we can conclude that the Adjusted annual spending is $151,355.49 per every year up to 28 years.
To learn more about Interest rates
https://brainly.com/question/31518705
#SPJ4
Describe why marginal revenue is always less than price for a monopolist.
Marginal revenue is defined as the increase in total revenue resulting from a one-unit increase in output.
A monopolist, on the other hand, is a market participant who has the ability to influence prices by adjusting the amount of output supplied. Marginal revenue is always less than price for a monopolist because the latter has control over the market and can, therefore, charge a higher price for their products.
:In a monopoly, the monopolist has complete control over the price at which he sells his goods.
As a result, they can increase their product's price by lowering their output. This is why the marginal revenue curve for a monopolist is downward sloping, as opposed to the horizontal MR curve of a perfect competition firm.
Learn more about marginal revenue at:
https://brainly.com/question/30359792
#SPJ11
PERFECT-SUBSTITUTES (a) Suppose we have preferences U(X,Y)= X + ½Y. Graph/sketch the indifference curve through X = 10 and Y = 10. What is the utility and explain why it looks the way it does. (b) What is the Marginal Rate of Substitution for these preferences? Explain and interpret the value. (c) Suppose the consumer wanted to maximize utility subject to their budget constraint. State the consumer's maximization problem and express this in words. (d) Let U(X,Y)= X + ½ Y. with Px = $8, Py = $3 and income M = $200. Find optimal X, Y and the resulting Utility. Draw a sketch of your solution. (e) Now suppose we offered a discount so that good X was prices at $5 for the first 10 units but rise to $8 for any quantity above that. Draw the new budget line (f) Find the optimal X, Y and the resulting Utility given the availability of the discount. Compare to the non-discounted case and discuss why it is different/the same.
(a) The graph of indifference curve through X=10 and Y=10 for the given preferences U(X, Y) = X + ½ Y would be a straight line with a slope of -1/2. The utility of this indifference curve is 15. The slope of the indifference curve represents the marginal rate of substitution (MRS). (b) The marginal rate of substitution (MRS) of X for Y is the ratio of marginal utility of X to marginal utility of Y i.e. MRS = MUx/MUy. The MRS for the given preferences is 1/2.
This means that the consumer is willing to trade 1 unit of X for 2 units of Y to remain at the same level of utility.(c) The consumer's maximization problem is to maximize utility subject to the budget constraint. The consumer's problem can be represented as Maximize U(X, Y) subject to Px X + Py Y ≤ M. In words, the consumer wants to buy the optimal combination of goods X and Y that maximizes their utility and is within their budget constraint.(d) With Px = $8, Py = $3 and M = $200, the optimal values of X and Y can be calculated using the Lagrangian method. The optimal values are X = 16 and Y = 32, with a resulting utility of 32.
The optimal bundle is where the budget line is tangent to the highest indifference curve. (e) The new budget line with the discount can be calculated as Px X + Py Y = M' where M' = $200 - (5 × 10) = $150. For the first 10 units of X, the price is $5, and for any quantity above that, the price is $8. This gives a kink in the budget line at X = 10. (f) With the discounted price, the optimal values of X and Y are X = 30 and Y = 20, with a resulting utility of 35. This is different from the non-discounted case because the consumer can buy more of X with the same budget.
Know more about indifference curve, here:
https://brainly.com/question/20297472
#SPJ11
TRUE / FALSE. Sandbagging is a tactic used to develop a budget that is highly accurate and is grounded in research from marketing departments and field managers based on market conditions.
The given statement is false. Sandbagging is not a tactic used to develop a budget that is highly accurate and grounded in research from marketing departments and field managers based on market conditions.
Sandbagging is a tactic that refers to the practice of artificially reducing expectations or results in order to gain an advantage or achieve a more favorable outcome. This is often done in a business setting to make it easier to exceed expectations and appear more successful than anticipated.
Sandbagging can be accomplished through various means, such as understating revenue projections, downplaying the potential impact of new products or services, or setting low targets for sales or profits.
Overall, sandbagging is not a recommended practice in budget development, as it can lead to unrealistic expectations, misallocation of resources, and overall negative consequences for a business.
Rather, businesses should strive to develop budgets that are based on accurate data and research from relevant departments, as well as market conditions and trends. This will lead to more realistic expectations and better outcomes for the business.
For more question on revenue
https://brainly.com/question/28390284
#SPJ11
One very important skill for every leader to master is the ability to lead change. In this management scenario, you own and operate a large company with 150 employees. Recent changes in national laws and regulations regarding health care for employees have brought about cost concerns in many organizations. According to your CFO, in order to afford to pay the new mandated health care costs, you will have to lay off 25% of your current employees or reduce the work hours to fewer than 35 of most every employee. In an effort to maintain the jobs of all of your employees, your business’ Advisory Board has advised you to cut back the weekly work hours from 40 to under 35 for all but your key employees. After reviewing all related course and resource materials, and conducting your own research, complete the following discussion question:
Leading change in this scenario requires open communication, and strategic decision-making to ensure the company adapts to the new healthcare cost regulations minimizing job losses and maintaining employee morale.
Leading change requires effective communication, empathy, and strategic decision-making skills. In the given management scenario, the recent changes in national laws and regulations regarding healthcare costs pose a challenge for the company. The CFO suggests either laying off 25% of the employees or reducing work hours to under 35 for most employees. However, the Advisory Board recommends reducing the weekly work hours for all but key employees to retain jobs.
To successfully lead this change, I would adopt a proactive and transparent communication approach. I would explain the reasons behind the decision, emphasizing the company's commitment to preserving jobs. Clear communication would address employees' concerns and alleviate anxiety, fostering a sense of trust and support.
Strategic decision-making is vital to implement the change effectively. I would analyze the company's current structure and workflow to identify non-core activities or potential areas for efficiency improvement.
For more such questions on communication
https://brainly.com/question/25793182
#SPJ11
Consider a market with two firms, A and B. The market demand is p = 150 - Q, where Q = 9A + 9B, që is the quantity of firm A, and ¶³ is the quantity of firm B. Assume both firms have the same marginal cost MC-30. How much will each firm choose to produce in Cournot equilibrium?
Each firm will produce 33.33 units and 38.89 units of output respectively in Cournot equilibrium.
According to the Cournot Model, the optimal amount produced by each firm is given by:
qi = a - bqi
where a = (α + β) / 2β and b = 1 / 2β
In this case, we have two firms, A and B. So the output of each firm is given by:
qa = (α + βqb)/2β and
qb = (α + βqa)/2β
Substituting values in the above two equations, we getqa = (150-3qa - 3qb)/6 and
qb = (150-3qa - 3qb)/6
Simplifying the above two equations, we get
qa = (150 - qb)/3 ---------(1)
qb = (150 - qa)/3 ---------(2)
To find the equilibrium output, we need to substitute equation (2) into (1)
qa = (150 - (150 - qa)/3)/3
qa = 300/9
qa = 33.33
and qb = (150 - qa)/3
qb = (150 - 33.33)/3
qb = 38.89
Learn more about Equilibrium of Cournot at;
https://brainly.com/question/30547623
#SPJ11
Panademic of 2020 has lots of effects in the buisness
and how they operate it. How could businesses use project
management can help to solve all the challenges and respond to new
ways of working? 300
Businesses can use project management to effectively address the challenges brought about by the pandemic and adapt to new ways of working by providing structure, coordination, and efficient management of resources.
The pandemic of 2020 has significantly disrupted businesses worldwide, requiring them to navigate through unprecedented challenges. Project management offers a systematic approach to tackle these obstacles and respond to the new ways of working that have emerged. By implementing project management methodologies, businesses can establish clear objectives, define project scopes, allocate resources effectively, and develop strategic plans to address the changing landscape.
Project management provides businesses with a structured framework to prioritize and execute tasks, ensuring efficient coordination and collaboration among teams. It enables businesses to adapt quickly, identify risks, and implement mitigation strategies to minimize disruptions. Project management also facilitates effective communication, allowing teams to stay connected, share information, and make informed decisions in real-time.
Furthermore, project management helps businesses optimize resource allocation, budgeting, and scheduling, enabling them to maximize productivity and meet changing demands. It allows businesses to monitor progress, track key performance indicators, and make data-driven decisions to stay agile in uncertain times.
In summary, project management empowers businesses to navigate the challenges posed by the pandemic and embrace new ways of working. It provides a structured approach to manage projects, coordinate resources, and adapt to evolving circumstances. By leveraging project management principles, businesses can enhance their ability to respond effectively, drive innovation, and ensure long-term success in the face of uncertainty.
You can learn more about Project management at
https://brainly.com/question/16927451
#SPJ11
The following ad appeared in the Daily Sun Press:
For Sale: Stolen black diamond earrings, rare, beautiful, retail value: $600, Asking price is $10. First come, first served. Contact Tate at 555-5599.
Kate was the first to contact Tate, and show up to buy the earrings. Kate tendered $10 to Tate, who gave her the earrings.
Is there an enforceable contract between Tate and Kate? Fully explain your decision and your reasoning.
No, there is not an enforceable contract between Tate and Kate.
In this scenario, the advertisement offers stolen black diamond earrings for sale at a significantly lower price than their retail value. However, the sale of stolen goods is illegal and against public policy. Since the earrings are stolen, the ownership of the earrings does not legally belong to Tate, the seller.
Therefore, Tate cannot transfer valid ownership of the earrings to Kate, the buyer, through the transaction. Additionally, the advertisement does not provide any legal basis or framework for the sale of stolen goods, making the contract unenforceable. Engaging in illegal activities, such as buying and selling stolen goods, does not create a valid and enforceable contract.
To know more about contract , click here.
https://brainly.com/question/32254040
#SPJ4
3. You have just purchased a new house. To finance the purchase, you've arranged for a 30year mortgage loan for 75 percent of the $400,000 purchase price. The monthly payment on this loan will be $1,500. What is the APR on this loan? EAR? 4. You want to buy a new sports car from Muscle Motors for $128,000. The contract is in the form of a 60-month annuity due at a 4.25 percent APR. What will your monthly payment be?
The APR on the mortgage loan is 7.19%, the EAR is 7.63%, and the monthly payment on the car loan is $2,262.50.
How to calculate the APRAPR = (1 + i)ⁿ - 1
Where:
APR is the annual percentage rate
i is the interest rate
n is the number of years
Plugging in the values from the problem, we get:
APR = (1 + 0.0719)³⁰ - 1
= 7.19%
In order to calculate the EAR, we can use the following formula:
EAR = (1 + i)ⁿ * (1 + j/12)¹² - 1
Plugging in the values from the problem, we get:
EAR = (1 + 0.0719)³⁰ * (1 + 0.0059)¹² - 1 = 7.63%
Loan amount: $128,000
Interest rate: 4.25%
Term: 60 months
Monthly payment: $2,262.50
In order to calculate the monthly payment, we can use the following formula:
Monthly payment = [P * (r / 12) / (1 - (1 + r / 12)⁻ⁿ))]
Monthly payment = [128,000 * (0.0425 / 12) / (1 - (1 + 0.0425 / 12)⁻⁶⁰))
= $2,262.50
Learn more about APR on
https://brainly.com/question/2772156
#SPJ4
Politicians have incentive to support special-interest groups at the expense of unorganized, widely dispersed groups (for example, taxpayers or consumers) Oa. only when the benefits that accrue to the special-interest group exceed the costs imposed on others. Ob. when non-special-interest voters are unconcerned or uninformed about the issue, and campaign funds are readily available from the special-interest group.
Oc. only if the government action is efficient. Od. only if the government action reduces the size of the budget deficit.
Option b is correct. Politicians have incentive to support non-special-interest voters are unconcerned or uninformed about the issue, and campaign funds are readily available from the special-interest group.
This is because special interest organizations frequently donate substantial sums of money in exchange for supportive policies, and politicians sometimes rely on campaign donations to finance their reelection campaigns.
Politicians can also more readily pander to the interests of special-interest groups without suffering major backlash or political consequences if non-special-interest people are misinformed or indifferent about a particular topic.
Even if benefits to the special interest group and the effectiveness of government action may have an impact on politicians' decisions, they do not serve as the main incentives to support these organizations.
Learn more about Politicians
https://brainly.com/question/28977186
#SPJ4
Complete question
Politicians have incentive to support special-interest groups at the expense of unorganized, widely dispersed groups (for example, taxpayers or consumers)
a. only when the benefits that accrue to the special-interest group exceed the costs imposed on others.
b. when non-special-interest voters are unconcerned or uninformed about the issue, and campaign funds are readily available from the special-interest group.
c. only if the government action is efficient.
d. only if the government action reduces the size of the budget deficit.