Post 10: Synthesis of t-Butyl Chloride
Why are rearrangements rare with tertiary alcohols but not with secondary or primary
alcohols?

The data provided is incomplete as neither the concentration of NaOH nor the volume of HCl used is given,

However, to determine the concentration of HCl, the formula below is used:

Ca = CbVb/Va

The concentration of HCl determined in the titration experiment can be determined using the equation of the reaction and the formula below:

Equation of reaction: HCl + NaOH ---> NaCl + H₂O

Formula: Ca = CbVb/Va

Where;

Ca is the concentration of HCl

Cb is the concentration of NaOH

Vb is the volume of NaOH used

Va is the volume of HCl used.

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The carbonyl carbon in a carboxylic acid gives a 13C signal in the same region as a carbonyl carbon from a ketone or aldehyde in the range of 200 ppm.

The given statement is True.

An organic molecule known as an aldehyde is one in which the carbonyl group is joined to a carbon atom at the end of a carbon chain. A carbonyl group is linked to a carbon atom in the carbon chain to form an organic molecule known as a ketone. The 13C NMR peaks of aldehydes and ketones are easily distinguished and can be found in the 190 to 215 ppm range.

The carbon skeleton itself, not merely the proton bonded to it, is what the 13C NMR is directly about. We can determine how many different carbons or sets of equivalent carbons by counting the signals. We can determine how many hydrogen atoms are linked to each carbon by counting the signals that split.

A C-13 nucleus can be either aligned with or opposed to an external magnetic field because it behaves like a tiny magnet. Once more, with greater energies, the alignment that is in opposition to the field is less stable.

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100 ppm of hydrogen sulfide exposure can be fatal. As a result, option a is correct.

There are several death causing symptoms are seen in people who were exposed in front of Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). OSHA, a safety organization made a statement that said that about 10 ppm of hydrogen sulfide during an 8-hour workday were not a matter of concern. However, concentrations of 100 ppm or more have the potential to be instantly hazardous to life and health (IDLH), which means they have the potential to result in immediate death or major health damage.

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Electron transitions can release energy as light, and the energy difference between two orbits determines the wavelength and frequency of the emitted or absorbed light are the options that correctly relate electron transitions. Options C, D, and E are the correct answers.

Options A and B are incorrect because they misinterpret the relationship between electron transitions and light emission. Option C is correct because when an electron moves from a higher-energy orbit to a lower-energy orbit, energy is released as light.

Option D is correct because the energy difference between two orbits determines the frequency and wavelength of the light absorbed or emitted during the transition. Option E is correct because when an electron moves from a higher-energy to a lower-energy orbit, it loses energy, which can be released in the form of light.

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The question is -

Select all the options that correctly relate electron transitions to light released or absorbed.

A. All electron transitions release the same wavelength of light.

B. The energy of an electron in any given orbit equals the energy of the light emitted by that electron.

C. An electron that moves from n = 2 to n = 4 releases light in the process.

D. If ΔE between two orbits is known, λ and ν of the light absorbed or released for the relevant electron transition can be calculated.

E. An electron that moves from a higher-energy orbit to a lower-energy orbit can release energy as light.

The stage of the aldolase mechanism captured in the molecular structure, considering the amino acid side chain flanked by a leucine residue and a proline residue,is: c. the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

Based on the information provided, the terms "aldolase", "leucine", and "acetone" suggest that the question is referring to the enzyme aldolase, which catalyzes the conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The presence of a leucine residue and a proline residue flanking the side chain of interest suggests that the question is asking about a specific lysine residue in the enzyme's active site.
Upon examining the provided molecular structure, it appears that the dihydroxyacetone phosphate molecule is covalently bound to the lysine side chain in question, which suggests that the correct answer is b. the dihydroxyacetone phosphate is covalently bound to a lysine side chain.

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There are several factors that contribute to the increased frequency of fog in urban areas. One of the main reasons is the high concentration of air pollution in cities, which can lead to the formation of fog.

Additionally, the urban heat island effect, where cities are generally warmer than surrounding rural areas, can create temperature inversions that trap moisture and increase the likelihood of fog formation.  air pollution, which is more common in urban areas and high concentration, provides particles that act as nuclei for fog droplet formation, thereby increasing the frequency of fog events. Lastly, the presence of tall buildings and other structures in urban areas can disrupt the natural flow of air, causing moisture to accumulate and form fog.

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A schematic of a lithium atom may be seen in the picture. It has three protons in its nucleus, four neutrons on average, and three electrons circling in two shells.

Lithium, for example, has isotopes with 3 and 4 neutrons, but neither an isotope with 2 nor an isotope with 5 neutrons occurs.

Lithium-7 is a stable isotope of lithium that is not radioactive. Both naturally occuring and produced by fission. One of the more than 250 stable metallic isotopes produced by American Elements for target materials, biological and biomedical labelling, and other uses is lithium 7 metal.

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The molarity of the original HF solution is 1.00 M.  Moles of NaOH = Molarity of NaOH x Volume of NaOH used (in L)

We are given the molarity of NaOH (0.1500 M) and the volume of NaOH used (13.51 ml or 0.01351 L), so we can calculate the number of moles of NaOH used:

moles of NaOH = 0.1500 M x 0.01351 L = 0.0020275 moles

Next, we can use the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between NaOH and HF to determine the number of moles of HF that were present in the 20.00 ml sample:

NaOH + HF → NaF + H₂O

From the equation, we can see that 1 mole of NaOH reacts with 1 mole of HF. Therefore, the number of moles of HF in the 20.00 ml sample is also 0.0020275 moles.

Now we need to calculate the molarity of the original HF solution. We know that the 10.00 ml sample was diluted to 500.00 ml, which means the dilution factor is 500.00 ml / 10.00 ml = 50. Therefore, the concentration of the diluted solution is 1/50th (or 0.02) of the concentration of the original solution.

Let x be the molarity of the original HF solution. Then, we can use the formula for dilution to set up an equation:

M₁V₁ = M₂V₂

where M1 is the molarity of the original solution (x), V₁ is the volume of the original solution (10.00 ml), M₂ is the molarity of the diluted solution (0.02), and V₂ is the final volume of the diluted solution (500.00 ml).

Plugging in the values and solving for x, we get:

x = M₁ = (M₂V₂) / V1 = (0.02 x 500.00 ml) / 10.00 ml = 1.00 M

Therefore, the molarity of the original HF solution is 1.00 M.

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When conducting a reaction involving sodium borohydride (NaBH4), the reaction mixture is often placed in an ice bath before adding NaBH4.

When conducting a reaction involving sodium borohydride (NaBH4), the reaction mixture is often placed in an ice bath before adding NaBH4 so that to control the reaction temperature and ensure a slow, controlled release of hydrogen gas. Sodium borohydride is a powerful reducing agent and can react vigorously with water or other protic solvents, generating heat and hydrogen gas. By cooling the reaction mixture in an ice bath, the reaction rate is decreased, making it safer and easier to control. The reaction is often carried out in an ice bath before adding Sodium Borohydride (NaBH4) because NaBH4 is highly reactive and can decompose rapidly in the presence of water. By placing the reaction mixture in an ice bath, the temperature is lowered which slows down the reaction and reduces the risk of premature decomposition of NaBH4. Additionally, the ice bath helps to maintain the stability of the reaction mixture by preventing excessive heating that could result from the exothermic nature of the reaction. Therefore, the use of an ice bath helps to ensure that the reaction proceeds smoothly and that the desired product is obtained.

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Answer:

Row 2 "As the earth revolves around the sun, its nighttime view of space keeps changing."

Explanation:

The balanced chemical equation for the oxidation of chlorine gas (Cl₂) by the copper(III) ion (Cu³⁺) to form the chlorate ion (ClO₃⁻) and copper(II) ion (Cu²⁺) in an acidic aqueous solution is:

2 Cl₂ + 2 Cu³⁺ + 6 H₂O → 2 ClO₃⁻ + 2 Cu²⁺ + 12 H⁺

The balanced chemical equation is obtained by ensuring that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation. In this case, chlorine gas (Cl₂) is oxidized by the copper(III) ion (Cu³⁺) in an acidic aqueous solution, resulting in the formation of the chlorate ion (ClO₃⁻) and copper(II) ion (Cu²⁺).

To balance the equation, we need to make sure that the number of chlorine atoms, copper atoms, and hydrogen atoms is the same on both sides of the equation.

In this case, the coefficients of the reactants and products are multiplied to achieve a balanced equation. The smallest whole-number coefficients possible are used to obtain the simplest and most balanced equation.

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The hazard class for an item with the proper shipping name of Corrosive solids, n.o.s. is Class 8 - Corrosive.

This means that the item poses a hazard to people and the environment due to its corrosive properties and requires special handling and shipping precautions to ensure safety.

Based on the 49 CFR HAZMAT Table, the hazard class for an item with the proper shipping name "Corrosive solids, n.o.s." (not otherwise specified) is Hazard Class 8. This class indicates that the substance is corrosive and poses a hazard during shipping due to its potential to cause damage to living tissues or other materials it comes into contact with.

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The types of intermolecular forces (IMFs) present in Carbon dioxide are London dispersion forces and dipole-dipole forces. At standard temperature and pressure (STP), which is defined as 0°C and 1 atm, carbon dioxide will sublime.

There are several types of intermolecular forces, including London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding.

(1) Carbon dioxide :

Type of IMFs : London dispersion forces.

Sublime at STP : Yes

(2) Hydrogen fluoride :

Type of IMFs : Dipole- Dipole

Sublime at STP : No

(3) Calcium chloride :

Type of IMFs : Ionic

Sublime at STP : No

(4) Naphthalene :

Type of IMFs : London dispersion forces

Sublime at STP : Yes

(5) Iodine :

Type of IMFs : Dipole induced dipole

Sublime at STP : Yes

(6) Sodium chloride :

Type of IMFs : Ionic

Sublime at STP : No

(6) Water :

Type of IMFs : Hydrogen Bonding

Sublime at STP : No

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Answer:

your answe would be a oil removal

To determine the coefficient for O2 in the balanced combustion reaction of the fatty acid C18H36O2, So, the coefficient for O2 in the balanced combustion reaction of C18H36O2 is 26 (option D).

we first need to balance the equation:

C18H36O2 + __ O2 → __ CO2 + __ H2O

By balancing the carbon atoms. There are 18 carbon atoms in C18H36O2, so you need 18 CO2 molecules to balance them:

C18H36O2 + __ O2 → 18 CO2 + __ H2O

Next, balance the hydrogen atoms. There are 36 hydrogen atoms in C18H36O2, and you need 18 H2O molecules to balance them:

C18H36O2 + __ O2 → 18 CO2 + 18 H2O

Balance the oxygen atoms. There are 2 oxygen atoms in C18H36O2, 36 in 18 CO2 molecules, and 18 in 18 H2O molecules. Thus, you need a total of 52 oxygen atoms on the left side. Since O2 has 2 oxygen atoms, you need 26 O2 molecules to balance the equation:

C18H36O2 + 26 O2 → 18 CO2 + 18 H2O

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The total pressure exerted by the gases on the container is 1.593 atm when a non-expandable container, with a volume of 1500 ml, is filled with a mixture of gases at 30°C.

To find the total pressure exerted by the gases in the container, you need to add up the partial pressures of each gas. The given partial pressures are in different units, so you need to convert them to a common unit before adding them. Let's use atmospheres (atm) as the common unit.
1. Convert the partial pressure of helium gas (He) from torr to atm:
1 atm = 760 torr
510 torr × (1 atm / 760 torr) = 0.671 atm
2. Convert the partial pressure of medical gas ([tex]X_2[/tex]) from torr to atm:
291 torr × (1 atm / 760 torr) = 0.383 atm
3. The partial pressure of elizium gas ([tex]O_2[/tex]) is already given in atm: 0.539 atm
4. Add the partial pressures of all three gases to find the total pressure:
Total pressure = P(He) + P([tex]X_2[/tex]) + P([tex]O_2[/tex])
Total pressure = 0.671 atm + 0.383 atm + 0.539 atm
Total pressure = 1.593 atm

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Answer: ≡60⋅mL

Explanation:

B. They are essential elements for human life on earth is likely true about nitrogen, neon, and helium

In this instance, neon's valence shell is fully populated with 8 electrons. As a result, helium and neon atoms share the fact that they both belong to the same group and have fully filled valence shells.

The most prevalent element in the universe, hydrogen, which makes up around 75% of all ordinary stuff, was produced during the Big Bang. A two protons and two neutrons, surrounded by two electrons, nucleus makes up the element helium, which is often found as a gas.

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The sign of ΔS plays an important role in determining the spontaneity of a chemical reaction. If ΔS is positive, the reaction is more likely to occur spontaneously, while if ΔS is negative, the reaction may require external energy input to occur.

In thermodynamics, ΔS represents the change in entropy of a system during a chemical reaction. Entropy is a measure of the degree of disorder or randomness in a system. When a chemical reaction occurs, the entropy of the products and the reactants may change. The sign of ΔS determines whether a reaction is exothermic or endothermic.

Among the reactions listed, the one that has a positive value for ΔS is

[tex]N_2(g) + 3H_2(g) --> 2NH_3(g).[/tex]

This reaction involves the synthesis of ammonia, which is an endothermic process. The reactants have lower entropy than the products, meaning that the system becomes more disordered during the reaction. The entropy of the products is greater than the entropy of the reactants, so the ΔS is positive.

In contrast, the reactions of

[tex]C_{10}H_8(g) --> C_{10}H_8(s), F_3BNH_3(g) --> BF_3(g) + NH_3(g),\\ and\  CS_2(g) + 4H_2(g) --> CH_4(g) + 2H_2S(g)[/tex]

have negative values for ΔS. These reactions involve the formation of solids or liquids, and the system becomes more ordered during the reaction. The entropy of the products is lower than the entropy of the reactants, so the ΔS is negative.

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Titrations of amino acids are commonly used in biochemistry to determine the concentration of amino acids in a solution or to determine the pKa values of the ionizable groups in the amino acid molecule.

Here are some key things to know about titration of amino acids:

Overall, titration of amino acids is a powerful tool for understanding the chemistry of these important biomolecules and can be used in a variety of biochemical applications.

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Rosalind Franklin completed X-ray diffraction studies and discovered that DNA is a helix that repeats every 3.4 nm.

The X-ray diffraction studies on DNA were completed by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins in the early 1950s. Their work led to the discovery that DNA is a helix that repeats every 3.4 nm. However, it was James Watson and Francis Crick who ultimately used this information to propose the double helix structure of DNA.

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins conducted the DNA X-ray diffraction research in the early 1950s. They discovered that DNA is a helix that repeats every 3.4 nm as a result of their investigation. To propose the double helix structure of DNA, James Watson and Francis Crick finally exploited this knowledge.

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If you have 5.0 g of material that needs to be purified, I would recommend using column chromatography to purify your material.

Column chromatography is more suitable for larger quantities and can separate complex mixtures more efficiently than TLC (thin-layer chromatography), which is typically used for smaller-scale analysis and preliminary identification of components.

It is a precursory method for purifying substances based on how hydrophobic or polar they are. The molecular mixture in this chromatography procedure is divided based on how differently it partitions between a stationary phase and a mobile phase.

The compound mixture is transported by a mobile phase through a stationary phase in a separation that is comparable to that of TLC.

Elution is a chromatographic process that involves utilising a solvent to remove an adsorbate from a solid adsorbing substrate.

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The molarity of the partially evaporated solution is 0.75 M.

A chemist accidentally leaves an open beaker containing 300.0 mL of a 0.125 M NaCl(aq) solution on a lab bench. They return a few weeks later to find that the volume of the solution has decreased to 50.0 mL. What is the molarity of this partially evaporated solution, assuming the solute does not evaporate?

To solve this problem, we will follow these steps:

1. Calculate the moles of solute (NaCl) in the initial solution
2. Assume the moles of solute remain constant after evaporation
3. Calculate the molarity of the partially evaporated solution

Step 1: Calculate the moles of solute in the initial solution
moles of solute = Molarity × Volume
moles of NaCl = 0.125 M × 300.0 mL = 0.125 M × (300.0 mL ÷ 1000 mL/L) = 0.0375 moles

Step 2: Assume the moles of solute remain constant after evaporation
As stated in the question, the solute (NaCl) does not evaporate. Therefore, the moles of NaCl remain the same at 0.0375 moles.

Step 3: Calculate the molarity of the partially evaporated solution
Molarity = moles of solute ÷ Volume
Molarity of NaCl = 0.0375 moles ÷ (50.0 mL ÷ 1000 mL/L) = 0.0375 moles ÷ 0.050 L = 0.75 M

So, the molarity of the partially evaporated solution is 0.75 M.

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The expression for the equilibrium constant, K, for the reaction represented above is:

K = [CaSO4] / ([CaSO4] + [H2O]^2)

Where [CaSO4] and [H2O] are the concentrations of the anhydrous salt and water vapor, respectively.

Given that K is 6.4x10^-4 at 298 K, we can use this value to determine the partial pressure of water vapor in the cylinder at equilibrium at 298 K.

K = [CaSO4] / ([CaSO4] + [H2O]^2)
6.4x10^-4 = [CaSO4] / ([CaSO4] + [P(H2O)]^2)
Where P(H2O) is the partial pressure of water vapor.

Assuming the pressure of CaSO4 is negligible compared to the pressure of water vapor, we can simplify the equation to:

6.4x10^-4 = 1 / (1 + [P(H2O)]^2)
Solving for P(H2O), we get:

P(H2O) = 0.025 atm

So the partial pressure of water vapor at equilibrium at 298 K is 0.025 atm.

Now, if the volume of the system is reduced to one-half of its original volume and the system is allowed to reestablish equilibrium at 298 K, we can use the new volume and the ideal gas law to determine the new pressure of water vapor.

Assuming the temperature and the amount of CaSO4 are constant, the number of moles of water vapor remains the same, so the new pressure can be calculated using the equation:

P1V1 = P2V2

Where P1 and V1 are the initial pressure and volume, and P2 and V2 are the new pressure and volume.

If we reduce the volume to one-half of its original volume, then V2 = V1/2. Plugging in the values, we get:

P2 = 2P1 = 2(0.025 atm) = 0.05 atm

So the pressure of water vapor at the new volume is 0.05 atm. This is because when the volume is reduced, the system tries to reestablish equilibrium by shifting the reaction towards the side with fewer moles of gas (the anhydrous salt). This increases the pressure of water vapor, as predicted by Le Chatelier's principle.

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Based on the lab values provided, the answer would be D. The patient has been immunized against hepatitis B as indicated by the presence of HBsAB.

The absence of HBsAg and HBcAb suggest that the patient has not had a recent or current infection with hepatitis B. It is important to note that these lab values should be interpreted by a health care provider in the context of the patient's medical history and any additional lab or clinical findings.

HBcAb (-) means the patient does not have antibodies for the hepatitis B core antigen, suggesting no past infection. These results suggest that the patient has been immunized against hepatitis B.

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Interpreting these lab values for a 40-year-old patient with the given terms:

HBsAg (-), HBsAB(+), HBcAb(-)

a. the pt had hepatitis
b. the pt has hepatitis
c. the pt should consider immunization
d. the pt has been immunized

Your answer: d. the pt has been immunized.

HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen) is negative, which indicates the patient does not have an active Hepatitis B infection.
HBsAB (Hepatitis B surface antibody) is positive, which suggests that the patient has developed immunity to Hepatitis B, either from previous exposure or immunization.
HBcAb (Hepatitis B core antibody) is negative, which means the patient has never been exposed to Hepatitis B.

Therefore, the interpretation of these lab values suggests that the patient has been immunized against Hepatitis B.

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After analyzing the given values for two different liquid, the physical quantity where both liquids differ is viscosity.

The viscosity of a liquid is a proportion of its protection from distortion at a given rate. For fluids, it compares to the casual idea of "viscosity": for instance, syrup has a higher consistency than water.

Viscosity evaluates the inside frictional power between adjoining layers of liquid that are in relative movement. For example, when a thick liquid is constrained through a cylinder, it streams more rapidly close to the cylinder's pivot than close to its walls. Tests show that some pressure (like a strain contrast between the two finishes of the cylinder) is expected to support the stream. This is on the grounds that a power is expected to conquer the rubbing between the layers of the liquid which are in relative movement. For a cylinder with a steady pace of stream, the strength of the remunerating force is corresponding to the liquid's consistency.

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Full Question ;

ml. or two different liquids are poured through a funnel with a narrow exit tube, and the time for all of the liquid to flow through is recorded. Here are some results: time to flow through funnel trial Liquid X Liquid Y 1 2 1.90 1.81 1.94 9.36 9.69 10.15 3 Note: the two liquids have the same density What's different about liquids X and Y? Your answer should be the one or two-word name of a physical property ?

The rate of appearance of NH3(Δ[NH3]Δt) was determined to be 2.5 x 10-4 atm/s in a particular experiment

With the help of balanced chemical equation
N2(g)+3H2(g)→2NH3(g)
The molar ratio between N2 and NH3 is 1:2. Therefore, for every 1 mole of N2 that disappears, 2 moles of NH3 are formed.

To find the rate of disappearance of N2, we need to use the stoichiometry of the reaction.
Rate of appearance of NH3 is equal to 2.5 x 10-4 atm/s
With the help of given chemical equation, we know that the rate of disappearance of N2 is 1/3 of the rate of appearance of NH3.

Rate of disappearance of N2 = (1/3) x 2.5 x 10^-4 atm/s

Rate of disappearance of N2 = 8.33 x 10^-5 atm/s

Hence, the rate of disappearance of nitrogen is 8.33 x 10^-5 atm/s.

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The final product in biochemical oxidation of ammonia is c. nitrate.

The final product in biochemical oxidation of ammonia is nitrate. This is because ammonia (NH3) is oxidized by bacteria to form nitrite (NO2-) which is then further oxidized to nitrate (NO3-). Nitride (N3-) is not a product of this reaction, nor is nitrogen (N2).The theoretical yield of ammonia from a given amount of nitrogen and hydrogen is determined by the stoichiometric equation for the Haber process, which states that 4 moles of hydrogen react with 1 mole of nitrogen to form 2 moles of ammonia.

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