Selecting a Microbicidal Chemical (cont'd)
•Noncorrosive or nonstaining properties
•Sanitizing and deodorizing properties
•Affordability and ready availability
•___ ____ can completely fulfill all of these requirements:
-Glutaraldehyde and _____ ____ approach this ideal.
a. No single microbicidal chemical can completely fulfill all of these requirements.
b. Glutaraldehyde and hydrogen peroxide approach this ideal.
To answer your question about selecting a microbicidal chemical that fulfills certain requirements, such as noncorrosive or nonstaining properties, sanitizing and deodorizing properties, and affordability and ready availability:
No single chemical can completely fulfill all of these requirements. However, glutaraldehyde and hydrogen peroxide approach this ideal.Both of these chemicals possess strong microbicidal properties and are relatively affordable and readily available. Additionally, they exhibit some sanitizing and deodorizing properties. It's important to note, however, that no perfect microbicidal chemical exists that meets every requirement completely.
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Consider a solution initially containing 0. 50 mol ammonia (nh3) and 0. 30 mol of ammonium ion (nh4 ). What is the ph after addition of 0. 20 mol of hcl to this solution? (nh4 , ka = 5. 6 × 10–10 )?
The pH value after addition of 0.20 mol of HCl to this solution is found to be 9.03.
We can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to calculate the pH of the solution after the addition of HCl,
pH = pKa + log([NH₃]/[NH₄⁺])
Initially, the concentration of NH₃ is 0.50 mol and the concentration of NH₄⁺ is 0.30 mol. After adding 0.20 mol of HCl, the concentration of NH₄⁺ increases by 0.20 mol, while the concentration of NH₃ decreases by the same amount. Therefore, the new concentrations are,
[NH₃] = 0.50 - 0.20 = 0.30 mol
[NH₄⁺] = 0.30 + 0.20 = 0.50 mol
The dissociation constant, Ka, for NH₄⁺ is 5.6 × 10⁻¹⁰.
The pKa for this system is determined from the expression,
Ka = [NH₃][H₃O⁺] / [NH₄⁺]
pKa = - log Ka
Using the given Ka value, we can calculate the pKa,
pKa = -log (5.6 × 10⁻¹⁰) = 9.25
Now, we can substitute the values for [NH₃], [NH₄⁺], and pKa into the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation,
pH = 9.25 + log(0.30/0.50)
Simplifying,
pH = 9.25 - 0.22
Therefore, the pH of the solution after the addition of HCl is approximately 9.03.
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Question 65
The highest home radon concentration levels are most likely to be found in:
a. Upstairs halls
b. Dining areas
c. Basements
d. Near windows
The highest home radon concentration levels are most likely to be found in: c. Basements
Radon is a radioactive gas that comes from the natural decay of uranium in soil, rock, and water. It typically moves up through the ground and into homes through cracks and other holes in the foundation. Basements are closest to the ground and have more direct contact with the soil, which leads to higher radon concentration levels compared to other areas of the home.Radon gas enters homes through the foundation and accumulates in damp, low-lying areas such as basements, crawl spaces, and other areas with poor ventilation. Upstairs halls, dining areas, and near windows are not typically areas where radon gas concentrations are high.
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Question 63
At the top of the US Environmental Protection Agencies list of the 18 top cancer risks is:
a. Indoor air pollution
b. Sulfur dioxide
c. Carbon monoxide
d. Nitrogen dioxide
Indoor air pollution is at the top of the US Environmental Protection Agency's list of the 18 top cancer risks.
Indoor air pollution is at the top of the US Environmental Protection Agency's list of the 18 top cancer risks. Indoor air pollution can come from a variety of sources, including tobacco smoke, radon, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and combustion byproducts from gas-fired appliances, wood-burning stoves, and fireplaces.
Exposure to these indoor air pollutants has been linked to a variety of health problems, including cancer, respiratory problems, and other chronic diseases. As a result, the EPA has identified indoor air pollution as a significant public health risk and has developed guidelines and regulations to help reduce exposure to indoor air pollutants.
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Which type of pressure sensor uses a wire fastened to a diaphragm?
a.) Bellows sensor
b.) Strain gauge
c.) Helical sensor
d.) Diaphragm element
Strain gauge is the type of pressure sensor uses a wire fastened to a diaphragm. Hence, option B is correct.
Naturally, resistive pressure sensors utilize the change produced in electrical resistance of a strain gauge that is bonded to the diaphragm that's exposed to the pressure medium.
Resistive or piezoresistive effect is the effect that is defined as the resistive pressure measurement sensors utilize the change in electrical resistance of a strain gauge bonded to the diaphragm (which is also known as a flexure element) which is exposed to the pressure medium.
Generally a diaphragm pressure transducer is defined as a mechanical device which is used in the conversion of pressure changes into an electric signal, that is generally measured to gauge changes in pressure. Hence, option B is correct.
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What is the minimum chlorine residual that must be maintained in a potable water distribution system?
a) 0.2 mg/l
b) 0.5 mg/l
c) 1.0 mg/l
d) 2.0 mg/l
The minimum chlorine residual that must be maintained in a potable water distribution system is option (b) 0.5 mg/l.
A water distribution system is a portion of the water supply network that consists of elements that deliver potable water from a centralised treatment plant or wells to users to meet their needs for residential, commercial, industrial, and fire fighting purposes.
The phrase "water distribution network" refers to the section of a water distribution system that runs up to the service points of bulk water users or demand nodes, which group together many consumers.
Pipelines, storage spaces, pumps, and other accessories make up a water distribution system.
Hence, The minimum chlorine residual that must be maintained in a potable water distribution system is option (b) 0.5 mg/l.
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A saturated solution is made by dissolving a 36.8 of a solid in 200 ML of water. A second solution is made by dissolving 19.1 g of the same solid in 100 ML of water. How would this solution be classified?
Answer:
To determine the classification of the second solution, we need to compare the amount of solid dissolved in it to the amount that can be dissolved in water at that temperature.
From the first solution, we know that 36.8 g of the solid can dissolve in 200 mL of water. To convert this to g/mL, we divide 36.8 g by 200 mL to get 0.184 g/mL.
Using this value, we can calculate the maximum amount of solid that can dissolve in 100 mL of water:
0.184 g/mL x 100 mL = 18.4 g
Since the second solution was made by dissolving 19.1 g of the solid in 100 mL of water, it is a supersaturated solution.
What is the reason a false positive may occur is you use too much alkyl halide in the nucleophilic substitution reaction?
The reason a false positive may occur if you use too much alkyl halide in the nucleophilic substitution reaction is that excess alkyl halide can react with the nucleophile, leading to the formation of a side product.
This side product can then be mistakenly identified as the desired product, resulting in a false positive. Therefore, it is important to use the correct stoichiometry of alkyl halide and nucleophile in order to minimize the formation of side products and avoid false positives in the reaction.
A functional group within one electron-deficient molecule (referred to as the electrophile) is replaced by an electron-rich chemical species (referred to as a nucleophile) in a nucleophilic substitution, a class of chemical processes. The electrophile and the leaving functional group are found in a molecule that is referred to as the substrate.
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Mario is taking a math test. A special strategy he should use would be to:
Mario can use his scratch paper to jot down important information or intermediate calculations. This will help him to keep track of his work and ensure that he doesn't lose any important information along the way. By using these strategies, Mario can improve his performance on the math test and increase his chances of success.
One special strategy that Mario can use while taking a math test is to read the instructions and questions carefully. This will help him to understand the requirements of each question and avoid making careless mistakes. In addition, it will help him to identify any important information or key terms that may be necessary for solving the problem.
Another strategy that Mario can use is to work through the test systematically, starting with the easiest questions and moving on to the more difficult ones. This will help him to build confidence and momentum as he progresses through the test. He can also use this strategy to manage his time effectively, making sure to allocate enough time for each question based on its difficulty level.
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Red water problems are due primary to?
a. Hardness
b. Hydrogen sulfide
c. Iron
d. Turbidity
The correct answer is c. Iron. Red water problems are primarily caused by the presence of iron in the water, which can cause discoloration and an unpleasant taste and odor.
Iron Red water problems are primarily due to the presence of iron in the water. When iron is oxidized, it forms insoluble reddish-brown particles that can cause staining and other issues. Hardness refers to the concentration of dissolved minerals like calcium and magnesium in water, while turbidity refers to the cloudiness or haziness of water caused by suspended particles. Hydrogen sulfide is a gas that can cause a rotten egg odor in water.
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It is not likely that a person gives off any nonalcoholic organics vapors or is it?
It is possible for a person to give off nonalcoholic organic vapors, as the human body produces a variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through various metabolic processes.
However, the amount and type of VOCs emitted by an individual can vary based on factors such as diet, activity level, and genetics.
Additionally, the presence of nonalcoholic organic vapors in a person's breath or sweat does not necessarily indicate any health concerns or problems.
It is not likely that a person gives off nonalcoholic organic vapors, as the human body typically does not produce or emit such substances in significant amounts.
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In drinking water regulations, the abbreviation "MCL" stands for?
a) Maximum contaminant level
b) Multiple constituent levels
c) Most common level
d) Minimum considered legal
The abbreviation "MCL" in drinking water regulations stands for A) Maximum contaminant level. It refers to the highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in public water systems under the Safe Drinking Water Act.
MCLs are set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) based on health considerations and the ability of treatment technologies to remove the contaminant from drinking water.
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is a federal law in the United States that regulates the quality of public drinking water. The law requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish national drinking water standards, including Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for certain contaminants in public water systems.
An MCL is the highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water, as determined by the EPA. MCLs are established based on health considerations and the ability of treatment technologies to remove the contaminant from drinking water. MCLs are enforceable standards that all public water systems must comply with.
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2,2-demethyl-1-bromopropane, a primary alkyl halide, reacts 100,000 times slower than ethyl bromide in an SN2 reaction. Why?
2,2-dimethyl-1-bromopropane, a primary alkyl halide, reacts 100,000 times slower than ethyl bromide in an SN2 reaction because the former compound even though a primary alkyl halide has more stearic hindrance than the latter.
In SN2 reaction refers to a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which new bonds are formed and old bond gets broken simultaneously. It is a bimolecular reaction.
The reactivity of an alkyl halide SN2 reaction is as per the following pattern -methyl > 1° halide > 2° halide > 3° halide. This rule is due to an increase in stearic hindrance.
The reactivity of an alkyl halide SN2 reaction is as per the following pattern RF > RCl > RBr > RI. This rule is due to more electronegativity and hence easy addition of the halide ion.
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How many moles of C are in 1.22 moles of C6H12O6?A) 7.32 moles C D) 14.7 moles CB) 87.9 moles C E) 2.44 moles CC) 1.22 moles C
The number of moles of C in 1.22 moles of C₆H₁₂O₆ you need to multiply the moles of C₆H₁₂O₆ by the number of carbon atoms in the molecule: [tex](1.22 moles) C_6H_{12}O_6* 6 moles C/moleC_6H_{12}O_6 = 7.32 moles[/tex]
The correct answer is A) 7.32 moles C.
The molecular formula of C₆H₁₂O₆ represents one molecule of glucose, which contains six carbon atoms (C), twelve hydrogen atoms (H), and six oxygen atoms (O).
Given that the number of moles of C₆H₁₂O₆ is 1.22 moles, we can determine the number of moles of carbon (C) atoms in 1.22 moles of C₆H₁₂O₆ by multiplying the number of moles of C₆H₁₂O₆ by the ratio of carbon atoms to molecules of C₆H₁₂O₆.
The ratio of carbon atoms to molecules of C₆H₁₂O₆is 6:1, as there are six carbon atoms in one molecule of C₆H₁₂O₆
So, the number of moles of C atoms in 1.22 moles of C₆H₁₂O₆ is:
[tex](1.22 moles) C_6H_{12}O_6* 6 moles C/moleC_6H_{12}O_6 = 7.32 moles[/tex]
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a sample of chlorine gas starting at 684 mm hg is placed under a pressure of 996 mm hg and reduced to a volume of 520.1 ml. what was the initial volume, in ml, of the chlorine gas container if the process was performed at constant temperature?
The initial volume of the chlorine gas container was approximately 753.03 mL. Therefore, the initial volume of the chlorine gas container was approximately 760.6 ml.
To solve this problem, we can use Boyle's law which states that at constant temperature, the product of pressure and volume is constant. This can be written as P1V1 = P2V2, where P1 and V1 are the initial pressure and volume, and P2 and V2 are the final pressure and volume.
We are given P1 = 684 mmHg, P2 = 996 mmHg, V2 = 520.1 ml. We need to find V1.
Using Boyle's law, we can write:
P1V1 = P2V2
Substituting the given values, we get:
684 V1 = 996 × 520.1
Solving for V1, we get:
V1 = (996 × 520.1) / 684
V1 ≈ 760.6 ml
Therefore, the initial volume of the chlorine gas container was approximately 760.6 ml.
To solve this problem, you can use Boyle's Law, which states that for a gas at constant temperature, the product of the initial pressure (P1) and initial volume (V1) is equal to the product of the final pressure (P2) and final volume (V2). In formula form: P1V1 = P2V2.
Given the information in the problem:
P1 = 684 mm Hg
P2 = 996 mm Hg
V2 = 520.1 mL
You need to find the initial volume, V1. Rearrange the formula to solve for V1:
V1 = (P2 * V2) / P1
Substitute the given values:
V1 = (996 mm Hg * 520.1 mL) / 684 mm Hg
V1 ≈ 753.03 mL
So, the initial volume of the chlorine gas container was approximately 753.03 mL.
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the density of pure water is 1 g/ml. when doing ppm and ppb calculations, we assume 1 l of solution weighs 1 kg. this means that we assume that the density of the solution is 1 g/ml. why are we allowed to make this assumption?
Answer:
A 5.0-g sample of spinal fluid contains 3.75 mg (0.00375 g) of glucose. What is the percent by mass of glucose in spinal fluid?
Solution
The spinal fluid sample contains roughly 4 mg of glucose in 5000 mg of fluid, so the mass fraction of glucose should be a bit less than one part in 1000, or about 0.1%. Substituting the given masses into the equation defining mass percentage yields:
%glucose=3.75mgglucose×1g1000mg5.0gspinalfluid=0.075%(8.3.2)
The computed mass percentage agrees with our rough estimate (it’s a bit less than 0.1%).
Explanation:
Why do the Br- and Cl- not attack the alkyl iodides that form in the SN2 reaction carried out?
This results in a greater tendency for [tex]SN2[/tex] reactions to occur with alkyl iodides, as compared to alkyl bromides or chlorides.
How will be [tex]Br-[/tex] and [tex]Cl-[/tex] not attack the alkyl iodides?In an [tex]SN2[/tex] (substitution nucleophilic bimolecular) reaction, a nucleophile attacks the substrate, which is typically an alkyl halide, at the same time as a leaving group departs.
In the case of the reaction between an alkyl iodide and a nucleophile, such as [tex]Br-[/tex] or [tex]Cl-[/tex], the nucleophile may not attack the newly formed alkyl iodide because of the large size difference between iodine and bromine or chlorine.
Iodine is a much larger atom than both bromine and chlorine, and it has a weaker bond with carbon.
This makes the C-I bond more polarizable, meaning it is easier to distort the electron density around the iodine atom.
When the leaving group departs from the carbon atom, it leaves behind a positively charged carbon atom, which is highly reactive and susceptible to attack by nucleophiles.
At the same time, the large size of the iodine atom makes it more difficult for the nucleophile to approach the carbon atom and attack it.
On the other hand, bromine and chlorine are much smaller atoms, which makes them less polarizable and less likely to distort the electron density around the carbon atom.
Additionally, the smaller size of these atoms allows them to approach the carbon atom more closely, which increases the likelihood of steric hindrance from the alkyl groups present around the carbon atom.
This steric hindrance makes it difficult for the nucleophile to attack the carbon atom, further reducing the likelihood of reaction.
Therefore, due to the large size difference between iodine and bromine or chlorine, the newly formed alkyl iodide is much more reactive and susceptible to attack by nucleophiles than alkyl bromides or chlorides, which have smaller halogens.
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Question 25
Which one of the following has not been associated with slowing or halting respiratory tract cilia movement?
a. Ozone
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Nitrogen dioxide
d. Sulfur dioxide
Respiratory tract cilia play an important role in protecting the lungs from inhaled particles and pathogens by moving mucus and other substances out of the airways. The answer is b. Carbon dioxide
Ozone is a highly reactive gas that can damage lung tissue and impair ciliary function. Nitrogen dioxide is a toxic gas produced by burning fossil fuels that can cause inflammation and damage to the respiratory tract. Sulfur dioxide is also a byproduct of burning fossil fuels and can cause respiratory problems by irritating the lungs and impairing ciliary function. Carbon dioxide is a normal component of the atmosphere and is not known to have any negative effects on ciliary function.
Sulfur dioxide is also a byproduct of burning fossil fuels and can cause respiratory problems by irritating the lungs and impairing ciliary function. On the other hand, carbon dioxide is a normal component of the atmosphere and is not known to have any negative effects on ciliary function.
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Why don't vinyl or aryl halides undergo Sn2?
Vinyl and aryl halides do not undergo Sn2 reactions due to their respective electronic configurations. Both vinyl and aryl halides have a significant degree of pi-bonding character in their molecular orbitals, which causes the carbon-halogen bond to be highly polarized.
As a result, the carbon-halogen bond becomes highly reactive toward nucleophilic attack, which can lead to the formation of carbocation intermediates. These carbocation intermediates are highly unstable and reactive, and they can quickly react with solvent molecules, rendering them incapable of undergoing Sn2 reactions. Additionally, the steric hindrance of the aryl group in aryl halides can also inhibit Sn2 reactions by making it difficult for a nucleophile to approach the carbon atom. Overall, the electronic and steric properties of vinyl and aryl halides prevent them from undergoing Sn2 reactions.
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A student mixes 40.mL of 0.10MHBr(aq) with 60.mL of 0.10MKOH(aq) at 25°C. What is the [OH−] of the resulting solution?
A
[OH−]=0.060M
B
[OH−]=0.033M
C
[OH−]=0.020M
D
[OH−]=0.00000010M
The [[tex]OH^-[/tex]] of the resulting solution is C) [[tex]OH^-[/tex]]=0.020M.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between HBr and KOH is:
[tex]HBr + KOH[/tex] → [tex]KBr + H_2O[/tex]
From the balanced equation, we can see that one mole of KOH reacts with one mole of HBr to produce one mole of water and one mole of KBr.
First, we need to determine the number of moles of HBr and KOH in the solution:
moles of HBr = (0.10 M) x (0.040 L) = 0.0040 moles
moles of KOH = (0.10 M) x (0.060 L) = 0.0060 moles
Since KOH and HBr react in a 1:1 ratio, the number of moles of HBr that react with KOH is 0.0040 moles.
This means that there are 0.0060 - 0.0040 = 0.0020 moles of KOH remaining after the reaction.
The total volume of the solution is 40 mL + 60 mL = 100 mL = 0.100 L.
The concentration of [tex]OH^-[/tex] in the remaining KOH solution is:
[[tex]OH^-[/tex]] = moles of KOH remaining / total volume of the solution
[[tex]OH^-[/tex]] = 0.0020 moles / 0.100 L
[[tex]OH^-[/tex]] = 0.020 M
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separating methods
1. water, oil and milk
2. blood
3. a mixture of iron pellets, sand, dirt and rocks
-why are you using that method
-what are you separating with that method
1. To separate water, oil and milk we use centrifugation. This is because of the different density that each component has. It will separate all there according to their density.
2. For blood we use centrifugation. We spin the blood at high speed to separate various component of the blood.
3. The mixture of iron pellets, sand, dirt and rocks separated using Magnetic separation, sieve and evaporation. Magnet will be used to pick out all the iron pellets. Sieve to separate rocks from smaller particles. flotation to separat dirt from sand.
What is the purpose of a centrifugation?Centrifugation is a very effective method for separating water, oil, and milk due to their differing densities.
It is done By spinning the mixture at high speeds. When that happens the different components will seprate based on their density, with the denser components settling to the bottom and the lighter one rising to the top.
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What physical state of matter is associated the particles having least amount of thermal energy?
gas
solid
liquid
All phases of matter contain the same measure of thermal energy.
The physical state of matter associated with particles having the least amount of thermal energy is solid.
Answer - The physical state of matter that is associated with particles having the least amount of thermal energy is a solid. In a solid, the particles are tightly packed together and have very little kinetic energy, making it the state with the lowest thermal energy. In contrast, gases have the highest thermal energy as the particles are spread out and have the most kinetic energy. Liquids fall in between solids and gases in terms of thermal energy. It should be noted, however, that different substances have different amounts of thermal energy at the same state of matter. Finally, the statement "All phases of matter contain the same measure of thermal energy" is incorrect.
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How do you get an acyl halide from a carboxylic acid?
To obtain an acyl halide from a carboxylic acid, you can use a reagent called thionyl chloride (SOCl[tex]^{2}[/tex]) or phosphorus pentachloride (PCl[tex]^{5}[/tex]). These reagents react with the carboxylic acid to form an intermediate called an acyl chloride or acyl halide, along with the corresponding hydrogen halide (HCl or HBr).
To obtain an acyl halide from a carboxylic acid:
1. Start with a carboxylic acid molecule, which has the general formula R-COOH, where R represents an alkyl or aryl group.
2. Choose an appropriate halogenating agent, such as thionyl chloride (SOCl[tex]^{2}[/tex]) for converting the carboxylic acid into an acyl chloride, or phosphorus tribromide (PBr[tex]_{3}[/tex]) for converting it into an acyl bromide.
3. Combine the carboxylic acid and the halogenating agent in a suitable reaction vessel, typically under anhydrous conditions to prevent unwanted side reactions with water.
4. Allow the reaction to proceed, during which the -OH group in the carboxylic acid will be replaced by a halogen atom (e.g., -Cl or -Br), resulting in the formation of the desired acyl halide.
5. After the reaction is complete, separate the acyl halide product from the reaction mixture using appropriate purification techniques, such as distillation or chromatography.
The final product will be an acyl halide with the general formula R-COX, where R is the same alkyl or aryl group from the starting carboxylic acid, and X is the halogen atom (e.g., Cl or Br).
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what is nitrogen containing compound is found in the urine of mammals and is widely used in fertilizer?
Answer: Urea (Chemical Formula:CH₄N₂O) is found in the urine of animals - kind of like the name suggests! It's also used in fertilizers to provide plants with nitrogen for healthy growth.
Consider the following elementary steps that make up the mechanism of a certain reaction:
2A→B+C
B+D→E+C
Q1. Which species is a reaction intermediate?
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. E
The intermediate species in the reaction is B. Hence, the correct option is 2.
Generally a reactive intermediate is defined as a short-lived, high-energy, highly reactive molecule. When it is generated in a chemical reaction, reaction intermediate gets quickly converted into a more stable molecule. For example : carbocation, carboanion, free radicals etc.
The overall chemical reaction can be obtained by the addition of both steps:
2A + B + D —> B + 2C + E
remove common species B
2A + D —> 2C + E
Answer:
2A + D —> 2C + E
Intermediate is present in product of 1st step and reactant of 2nd step
B is such an element
So, B is an intermediates
Answer: B Hence, the correct option is 2.
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Which one of the following atoms has the largest radius?
A) Ne
B) Cl
C) F
D) S
E) O
The answer is A) Ne. This is because as you move down a group (vertical column) on the periodic table, the atomic radius tends to increase.
Neon (Ne) is located in the last row of the noble gases, and therefore has the largest atomic radius among the given options. Chlorine (Cl), fluorine (F), sulfur (S), and oxygen (O) are all located in the nonmetal group, but they are higher up in the periodic table and therefore have smaller radii. Atomic radius is the distance from the center of an atom to the outermost energy level of its electrons. Atomic radius is determined by several factors, including the number of protons and electrons in the atom, the number of electron shells, and the size of the nucleus. Since Neon has 10 protons, 10 electrons, and two electron shells, it has a larger radius than the other atoms listed.
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an aqueous solution of gold nitrate, au(no3)3 undergoes electrolysis in order to plate on a necklace, requiring 0.50 hours using 4.50 amperes of current. what mass of gold in grams is plated on the necklace? faraday's const
5.52 grams mass of gold will be plated on the necklace.
What is mass?
Faraday's constant is 96,485 Coulombs per mole.
To calculate the mass of gold plated on the necklace, we need to know the amount of charge that has passed through the electrolytic cell during the electrolysis process. We can calculate the charge using the equation:
charge = current x time
charge = 4.50 A x 0.50 h x 3600 s/h = 8100 C
Next, we need to calculate the moles of electrons involved in the electrolysis process. Each mole of [tex]Au(NO_{3})_{3}[/tex] requires 3 moles of electrons to reduce [tex]Au_{3}^{+}[/tex] to metallic gold. So, the moles of electrons is:
moles of electrons = charge / Faraday's constant / 3
moles of electrons = 8100 C / (96,485 C/mol) / 3 = 0.0280 mol
Finally, we can calculate the mass of gold using the molar mass of gold, which is 196.97 g/mol:
mass of gold = moles of electrons x molar mass of gold
mass of gold = 0.0280 mol x 196.97 g/mol = 5.52 g
Therefore, 5.52 grams of gold will be plated on the necklace.
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Complete question is: an aqueous solution of gold nitrate, [tex]Au(NO_{3})_{3}[/tex]undergoes electrolysis in order to plate on a necklace, requiring 0.50 hours using 4.50 amperes of current. 5.52 grams mass of gold is plated on the necklace.
What is the average mass, in grams, of one Rb atomA) 6.02 x 1023 g D) 85.47 gB) 1.42 x 10-22g E) 85.47 amuC) 5.15 x 1025 g
The average mass, in grams, of one Rb atom is 85.47. Hence, the correct option is D.
Generally the average atomic mass which is (sometimes called atomic weight) of an element is generally the weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of the element. Basically, average masses are expressed in unified atomic mass units (u), where 1 u is equal to exactly one-twelfth the mass of a neutral atom of carbon-12.
Natural abundances of isotopes of Rb are as follows:
72.2 % of ⁸⁵Rb and 27.8 % of ⁸⁷Rb
Therefore, the average atomic mass of Rb is calculated as,
(0.722 × 85) + (0.278 × 87) = 85.47
Hence, option D is correct.
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Indicate the element that has been oxidized and the one that has been reduced.2Na + FeCl2 --> 2NaCl + Fe
In this reaction, the element that has been oxidized is Fe (iron) because it has lost electrons to form Fe²⁺ ions. The element that has been reduced is Na (sodium) because it has gained electrons to form Na+ ions.
Oxidation is the process of losing electrons, while reduction is the process of gaining electrons. In this case, sodium (Na) is oxidized because it loses electrons, going from its elemental state (Na) to forming Na+ ions (NaCl). Sodium loses one electron to become a Na+ ion. On the other hand, iron (Fe) is reduced because it gains electrons, going from a compound FeCl₂ (where iron is in the +2 oxidation state) to its elemental state (Fe). Iron gains two electrons to become neutral iron atoms.
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Indicate the element that has been oxidized and the one that has been reduced:2C2H2 + 5O2 --> 4CO4 + 2H2O
In the reaction, the element that has been oxidized is carbon (C) from C₂H₂, as it increases its oxidation state from +2 in C₂H₂ to +4 in CO₂. The element that has been reduced is oxygen (O) from O₂, as it decreases its oxidation state from 0 in O₂ to -2 in CO₂ and H₂O.
In the reaction 2C₂H₂ + 5O₂ → 4CO₂ + 2H₂O, carbon (C) undergoes oxidation as it gains oxygen atoms and increases its oxidation state from -1 in C₂H₂ to +4 in CO₂. This represents a loss of electrons by carbon, which is characteristic of oxidation. On the other hand, oxygen (O) undergoes reduction as it loses oxygen atoms and decreases its oxidation state from 0 in O₂ to -2 in CO₂ and H₂O. This represents a gain of electrons by oxygen, which is characteristic of reduction.
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In the given equation, the element that has been oxidized is carbon, and the one that has been reduced is oxygen. This can be determined by looking at the changes in oxidation numbers of the elements involved.
In the equation reactants, each carbon atom in C2H2 has an oxidation number of -1, while each oxygen atom in O2 has an oxidation number of 0. In the products, each carbon atom in CO has an oxidation number of +2, while each oxygen atom in H2O has an oxidation number of -2. This means that the carbon atoms have gained electrons (reduced) and the oxygen atoms have lost electrons (oxidized).
To summarize, the element that has been oxidized is oxygen, and the one that has been reduced is carbon. It is important to understand the concept of oxidation-reduction reactions as they play a vital role in various chemical processes.
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