part 3: the amount of sodium chloride in the original mixture can be determined directly by subtracting the mass of the empty beaker from the total mass of the beaker with the sodium chloride after evaporation. alternatively, the mass of sodium chloride can be determined indirectly by subtracting the masses of ammonium chloride and sand from the initial mass of the mixture.

Ammonia (NH[tex]_{3}[/tex]) is the gas that will diffuse faster as it has lower molecular weight than CO[tex]_{2}[/tex].

The rate of diffusion or effusion is explained by Graham's law. According to this law, lighter atoms and molecules will diffuse through the air more quickly than heavier atoms and molecules while a gas's temperature and pressure are kept constant.

The rate of effusion of a gas is the process by which material particles from the confined region gradually start to escape. Think about how a balloon would deflate from the inside out if we made a hole in it, allowing the gas inside to start escaping into the atmosphere. This is referred to as the effusion of gas into the atmosphere.

As ammonia has lower molecular weight than CO[tex]_{2}[/tex], it will diffuse faster.

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Majority of lithium atoms on earth are positively charged.

3 protons and 3 electrons respectively, make up a lithium atom. It might become an ion if one of its electrons is lost. It now has a net positive charge since there are more positive protons than negative electrons. It is a positive ion as a result.

An atom of the chemical element lithium is known as a lithium atom. Three electrons connected by the electromagnetic force to a nucleus with three protons and either three or four neutrons, depending on the isotope, are what make up stable lithium. The nucleus is held together by  strong force.

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The ratio of the constants for the two reactions is found to be 7.10 by using the Arrhenius equation.

The Arrhenius equation is [tex]k = A e^\frac{-Ea}{RT}[/tex], where A is the frequency or pre-exponential factor and [tex]e^\frac{-Ea}{RT}[/tex] is the proportion of collisions at temperature T that have enough energy to overcome the activation barrier (i.e., have energy higher than or equal to the activation energy Ea).

The exponential part in the Arrhenius equation means that when the activation energy diminishes, the rate constant of a reaction grows exponentially. Because the rate of a reaction is exactly proportional to its rate constant, the rate also grows exponentially. Because a reaction with a low activation energy requires less energy to reach the transition state, it should occur more quickly than a reaction with a higher activation energy.

Given:

T = 25℃ = 25 + 273 = 298K

[tex]Ea^B - Ea^A[/tex] = 28kJ/mol = 28000J/mol

R = 8.314J

To find:

kA / kB = ?

Formula:

[tex]k = A e^\frac{-Ea}{RT}[/tex]

Calculations:

From Arrhenius equation,

kA = [tex]A e^\frac{-Ea^A}{RT}[/tex]

kB = [tex]A e^\frac{-Ea^B}{RT}[/tex]

kA / kB = [tex]e^\frac{Ea^B - Ea^A}{RT}[/tex]

kA / kB = [tex]e^\frac{28000}{8.314 * 298}[/tex]

kA / kB = 7.10

Result:

The ratio of the constants is found to be 7.10

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The correct order for the kinetic energy of the drinks is hot chocolate, juice, milk, and water at their respective temperature ie. option b.

What is kinetic energy?

The energy that a body has because it is moving is called kinetic energy.

The kinetic energy is directly related to the temperature. Therefore, the temperature means more kinetic energy.

Since the hot chocolate has the highest temperature followed by juice and then milk and water.

Hence, the correct answer is option b

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The initial volume of the gas is obtained as 11.02 L.

The work done can be obtained from the use of the formula;

W = PΔV

W = work done on the gas

P = pressure of the gas

ΔV = Change in volume

Now we can see that;

Internal energy = 127.5 J or 1.26 Latm

Heat lost = 34.7 J or 0.34 Latm

We now have;

-1.26 = 0.34 -  0.900(12.80 - V1)

-1.26 = 0.34 - 11.52 + 0.9V1

-1.26 + 11.18 = 0.9V1

V1 = -1.26 + 11.18 / 0.9

V1 = 11.02 L

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The volume of oxygen required to react with 4.03g Mg at STP is found to be 1860mL by using the ideal gas equation.

An ideal gas is a theoretical gas comprised of numerous randomly moving particles that do not interact with one another. A true gas is the polar opposite; it takes up space (volume) and its molecules interact. As a result, PV is always equal to nRT.

The ideal gas law is a single equation that links an ideal gas's pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles. The combined gas law describes the relationship between a gas's pressure, volume, and temperature.

Reaction:

[tex]2Mg (s) + O_2 (g) \rightarrow 2MgO (s)[/tex]

Given:

Mass of Mg = 4.03g

STP

To find:

Volume of Oxygen = ?

Formula:

PV = nRT

Calculations:

No. of moles of Mg = 4.03/24 = 0.168 mol

2 moles of MgO are obtained from 2 moles of Mg

1 mole of [tex]O_2[/tex] gives 2 moles of MgO

Therefore,

No. of moles of Oxygen = 0.168 / 2 = 0.084 mol

Volume of Oxygen = nRT/P

Volume of Oxygen = 0.084 x 0.082 x 273 / 1

Volume of Oxygen = 1.860L

Volume of Oxygen = 1860mL

Result:

1860mL of oxygen is required to react with 4.03g Mg at STP.

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The optical activity of the given enantiomer pairs is inactive, active, inactive, active, active, and inactive respectively.

Enantiomers have similar physical and chemical characteristics, making it difficult to identify and separate them. A chiral compound's right- and left-handed enantiomers cause different perturbations in plane-polarized light. It has been called optical activity and is specific to chiral compounds.

Optically active substances rotate the plane of polarized light. A stereoisomeric pair has two identical but sign-opposite enantiomers, each of which is optically active. Because they are scientifically established constants that describe and distinguish pure enantiomers, specific rotations are helpful.

a) 50% r enantiomer and 50% s enantiomer – Optically inactive because the plane-polarized light is moved in an equal but opposing direction by both the r and s enantiomers.

b) A pair of diastereomers – Optically active because these compounds have the same molecular formula but also have non-superimposable non-mirror images.

c) A meso compound – Optically inactive as they do not have enantiomers, because the mirror image of a meso compound is itself.

d) 40% r enantiomer and 60% s enantiomer – Optically active since the s enantiomer is in excess (60 – 40 = 20%).

e) Just the r enantiomer – Optically active because of the light's plane of polarization rotating.

f) A racemic mixture – Optically inactive because each component's rotatory impact completely balances out the other.

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Answer:

The rock helps smother unwanted plant growth, but some stubborn weeds find a way to thrive. Weed prevention starts before you put the rocks down and continues with regular maintenance to stop a large-scale weed invasion.

Explanation:

HOPE  IT HELPS YOU

Its is different because Iron-59 contains 33 neutrons. We also call it the same because it has 26 protons.

Due to its 33 neutrons, iron-59 differs from other iron isotopes. Due to the fact that all isotopes have 26 protons, they are all the same.

What are Isotopes?
Isotopes two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element.

Hence, Iron-59 is different form other isotopes of iron because it contains 33 neutrons. It is the same as other isotopes because they all contain 26 protons.

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If you choose the first value of R, which is 0.082057 L atm mol-1K-1, then your units for pressure, volume, and temperature must all be in atm, liters, and Kelvin respectively.

What is gas constant?
The physical constant known as the gas constant (abbreviated R) is measured in terms of units of energy per degree increase in temperature per mole. Other names for it include the universal gas constant, the ideal gas constant, and the molar gas constant.

The gas constant is the same as the Boltzmann constant in terms of value, but it is stated as the pressure-volume product rather than energy per particle per degree of temperature increase.

Hence, the value of gas constant is  0.082057 L atm mol-1K-1,.

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Answer:

reactants. product

Al(1) Al(1)

Cl(2) Cl(3)

2Al+3Cl2 ---> 2AlCl3

reactants. product

Al(2) Al(2)

Cl(6) Cl(6)

In a balanced chemical equation, the mass and the charge are both equal. Here the balanced equation is 2Al+3Cl₂ → 2AlCl₃. Here the number of Al and Cl on both sides of the equation are equal.

A balanced chemical equation, in which the masses of the reactants and products are equal, contains the same amount of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. In other words, both sides of the reaction have an equal balance of mass and charge.

Making both sides of the reaction, the reactants and the products, equal in the number of atoms per element is the ultimate goal of balancing chemical equations.

In order to balance the equation, Al+Cl₂ → AlCl₃, multiply 'Al' and 'AlCl₃' by 2 and Cl₂ by 3. So that the number of 'Al' atoms becomes 2 and 'Cl' atoms becomes 6.

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Using the balanced reaction equation, we can calculate that 0.399 moles of iodine reacted.

To solve this, we need to write the balanced reaction equation first:

H₂ + I₂ → 2HI

Now we can use the actual yield and the percent yield to calculate the theoretical yield:

0.590 mol / 0.740 = 0.797 mol of HI

From the reaction equation, we can see that 1 mole of iodine produces two moles HI. Using that information, we can set up the following proportion:

1 mol of I₂ : 2 mol of HI = X : 0.797 mol of HI

X = 1 mol of I₂ * 0.797 mol of HI / 2 mol of HI

X = 0.399 mol of I₂  

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The maximum kinetic energy of an ejected electron is  5.08 e⁻²⁰.

Total energy = threshold energy + kinetic energy.

        Kinetic energy = Total energy - threshold energy

                                  = hc/λ - hc/λ₀

                                 = 6.64 × 10⁻³⁴ × 3 × 10⁸( 1/312 - 1/339) × 10⁹ J

                                 = 0.00508  × 10⁻¹⁷ J    

Into three significant figures = 5.08 × 10⁻²⁰

 or                                             5.08 e⁻²⁰.

The threshold wavelength is the most wavelength that the incident radiation should have so that the photoelectric effect takes region. The painting's characteristic is defined as the minimal electricity had to take away an electron from the strong to a degree in vacuum immediately outdoors the surface of the stable.

The threshold frequency is defined because the minimum frequency of incident radiation underneath which the photoelectric emission is not feasible absolutely. regardless of the depth of incident radiation.

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As ′y′ is the energy of molecular orbitals, then for bonding molecular orbital, it is [tex]\frac{y}{2} - x[/tex] and for antibonding molecular orbital, it is [tex]\frac{y}{2} + x[/tex] according to the molecular orbital theory.

Different electron affinities cause the phenomena of different molecular orbital distributions in bonds. Atoms with a high electron affinity tend to control the filled molecular orbitals because they have a strong inclination to attract electrons inward and toward their centers. The vacant molecular orbitals are often dominated by those with weak electron affinities.

According to the molecular orbital theory, a bonding and antibonding molecular orbital pair's differing energies are accompanied by the fact that the energy by which a bond is reduced is less than the energy by which a bond is increased, i.e., the stabilizing energy of each bonding interaction is smaller than the destabilizing energy of antibonding.

Therefore, if ‘y’ is the molecular orbital energy, the antibonding molecular orbital has [tex]\frac{y}{2} + x[/tex] and the bonding molecular orbital has [tex]\frac{y}{2} - x[/tex].

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Answer:Mirrors

Explanation:

Therefore, the independent variable was cause and the dependent

variable was effect.

An independent variable is a variable that you manipulate or change in an experimental study to study its effects. It is called "independent" because it is not influenced by  other variables in the study.

Independent variables are also called:

These terms are especially used in statistics, where you can assess the extent to which a change in the independent variable  can explain or predict changes in the dependent variable.

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Answer:

the whole answer for everything is

temperature

solubility

temperature

solubility

clearly supported

Explanation:

hop this helped ong

Answer:

So, total number of atoms = 6 + 12 + 6 = 24.

Explanation:

A polar covalent bond will exist in HBr if the electronegativity of hydrogen is 2. 20 and the electronegativity of bromine is 2.96

In HBr, a covalent bond is present which is formed as a result of a small electronegativity difference between the two atoms.

It is also formed when two atoms share electrons mutually to form a bond.

For example, in the HBr case, both Bromine and hydrogen share their pair of electrons and form a covalent bond.

In general, a covalent bond forms between atoms when the forces of attraction and repulsion are balanced and in a stable condition.

In covalent bonding, shared pair of electrons is called bonding pair.

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You can increase the thermal energy of a substance by heating it. When you apply heat, you are transferring energy from one source to another.

The state of matter of a substance is an extrinsic property, which means that its surroundings can alter it. The state of matter is influenced by physical factors like pressure and temperature. A substance’s temperature rises when thermal energy is applied, changing the substance’s state from solid to liquid (melting), liquid to gas (vaporization), or solid to gas (sublimation).

Sublimation is defined as the property of a substance when it directly converts to a gaseous state from a solid state. Condensation can occur when a substance is subjected to increasing pressure. It may evaporate as a result of a decrease in pressure. Decreased pressure can also cause some forms of rock to melt.

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If a  circuit is arranged so that the current may take two or more different paths then it is a parallel circuit .

What is circuit.

circuit is a completely circular path where electricity flow.

A circuit consists a current source , conductor and a load.

It is a close path or a line forming boundary.

A parallel circuit comprises branches so that the current divided .

The rule of parallel circuit is all components share the same voltage .

It is simple safe and reliable it's allowed for additional components .

The application of parallel circuit is the electrical wiring to the power point in every household is in the form of parallel circuit.

That's why it's called parallel circuit.

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Answer:

Parallel circuit

Explanation:

Penn Foster

From the balanced equation, 8 moles of ammonia are formed when 4 moles of nitrogen react.

                           N₂ + 3H₂ ⇒ 2NH₃

That's the balanced equation in the question. A mole in a chemical equation is usually denoted by the coefficient of each substance. From the equation, one mole of Nitrogen reacted with three moles of hydrogen to produce 2 moles of ammonia. Using this information, we can produce a mole ratio. A mole ratio is the ratio of the number of moles of one reactant required to completely react with another reactant or the ratio of the number of moles of one product produced to another product.

The mole ratio in the above equation is

                                        1 : 3 : 2

To easily find how many moles of ammonia are formed when 4 moles of nitrogen react:

                 1 mole of Nitrogen = 2 moles of ammonia

                 4 moles of nitrogen = x moles of ammonia

Therefore, x = 4 x 2/1 = 8 moles of ammonia.

     Thus, 8 moles of ammonia are formed when 4 moles of nitrogen react.

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Answer:

5.12x10+5 lbs

2.32E+9 g

Explanation:

Density = 732.22 kg/m^3

Volume = 12 gal

Conversion Factor:  0.00378541 gal/m^3 or 264.1721769 m^3/gal

Convert 12 gallons to m^3:  (12 gal)*(264.2 m^3/gal) = 3170 m^3 in 12 gal

Determine total mass from volume:  (3170 m^3/12 gal)(732.2 kg/m^3) = 2321186 kg in 12 gal.

Conversion Factor:  1000 g/kg

Mass of gasoline:  (2321186 kg)*(1000g/kg) = 2.32E+9 g

Conversion Factor:  0.453592 kg/lb or 2.20462442 lb/kg

Yotal wieght = 231186 kg)*(2.205 lb/kg = 511734 lbs (5.12E+5 lbs)

The frequency of the wave is found to be 7.05×10¹⁴hertz.

The relation between speed of light, frequency and wavelength is given by,

C= fλ

f=c/λ

f= 3×10⁸/425×10⁻⁹

f=7.05×10¹⁴.

Thus, the frequency of the wave is found to be 7.05×10¹⁴ hertz.

The number of waves that pass a specific place in a given period of time is known as the wave frequency. The hertz (Hz) is the SI unit for wave frequency, and 1 hertz is equivalent to 1 wave crossing a fixed point in 1 second. A wave with a higher frequency has more energy than a wave with a lower frequency of the same amplitude.

A wave’s wavelength is the separation between two adjacent waves’ corresponding points. The Greek letter lambda () is typically used to represent a wave’s length. Wavelength is defined as the product of a wave train’s frequency (f) and speed (v) in a medium.

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Using the law of the conservation of mass, we can see that the aluminum metal would precipitate out of the solution as aluminum oxide.

Let us recall that the law of the conservation of mass states that mass can not be created nor destroyed but the mass can be converted from one form to another. In this case, we can see that the mass of the system would remain a constant. The mass of the system does not change this is in accordance with the law of the conservation of mass.

Hence, When performing the last step in the reaction, aluminum metal is added in excess to the solution. It reacts and dissolves, there would be a recovery of the aluminum as the oxide of the aluminum and by  doing the mass of the system would remain the same but before and after the reaction.

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The  balanced chemical equation for the formation of sodium fluoride, NaF is given below:

2 Na (s) + F₂ (g) ----> 2 NaF (s)

The formation of sodium fluoride, NaF is an example of a synthesis reaction.

In a synthesis reaction, two or more elements or compounds react together to form a single compound.

The formation of sodium fluoride is given in the chemical equation below:

2 Na (s) + F₂ (g) ----> 2 NaF (s)

The reaction is a highly exothermic reaction. The compound formed, NaF is an ionic compound.

During the reaction, two moles of sodium atoms lose an electron each to fluorine gas atom which readily accepts the electrons to fluoride ions.

electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely-charges ions keep the compound in a crystal lattice form.

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Ionization energies provide evidence for the quantization of the energies of electrons by taking a specific amount of energy to remove exactly one electron from an atom.

Quantization of energy:

An electron can radiate or absorb energy as radiations only in limited amounts or bundles called quanta. This is known as quantization energy

The formula for quantization of energy:

E = hf

E = energy

f frequency

h = plank's constant

As we know the motion of the electron in the hydrogen atom is not free. The electron is bound to the atom by the attractive force of the nucleus and consequently, quantum mechanics predicts that the total energy of the electron is quantized. There is an approximate amount of energy that is needed to overcome the attractive force between the electrons and the nucleus.

If less than the required ionization energy then the electrons can not be removed.

Therefore Ionization energies provide evidence for the quantization of the energies of electrons by taking a specific amount of energy to remove exactly one electron from an atom.

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A separation process is a method that divides a mixture or solution of chemical compounds into two or more different product mixtures. It is a scientific approach of separating two or more substances in order to achieve purity.

How are chemical brews divided?

Mixtures can be separated using a variety of techniques. Chromatography on a solid medium necessitates solvent separation. Distillation involves the use of several boiling points. Evaporation removes a liquid from a solution, leaving a solid behind.

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Conduction is the process through which heat is transferred from an object's hotter end to its cooler end. A hotter body naturally transfers heat to a cooler body.

Convection is single- or multiphase fluid flow that develops on its own as a result of the interaction between a fluid's body forces—most frequently gravity and density—and material property heterogeneity.

Thermal radiation is electromagnetic energy released when matter particles move thermally. When heat from the movement of charges in the material is converted to electromagnetic radiation, thermal radiation is produced. Thermal radiation is emitted by all matter that has a temperature higher than absolute zero.

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