The correct answer is A) Facial nerve.The parasympathetic nervous system has a craniosacral outflow, meaning that its preganglionic fibers originate from the brainstem or sacral regions of the spinal cord.
In the head, parasympathetic preganglionic fibers travel with various cranial nerves to reach their target organs.The parasympathetic postganglionic fibers of the head that innervate the lacrimal gland, nasal glands, and salivary glands (except the parotid gland) travel within the facial nerve (CN VII). These fibers synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion or submandibular ganglion, which are located near the target glands.The parasympathetic postganglionic fibers that innervate the parotid gland travel within the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX). These fibers synapse in the otic ganglion, which is also located near the target gland.
The vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) is responsible for transmitting auditory and vestibular information from the inner ear to the brainstem. It does not contain any parasympathetic fibers.
The trigeminal nerve (CN V) is a mixed nerve that contains both sensory and motor fibers. It does not contain any parasympathetic fibers.
The accessory nerve (CN XI) is responsible for controlling certain neck muscles, such as the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. It does not contain any parasympathetic fibers.
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Another name for a chain ganglion is ________ ganglion.A) paravertebral B) collateral C) intramural D) prevertebral
Another name for a chain ganglion is the paravertebral ganglion. So, the correct answer to the question is A) paravertebral ganglion.
A ganglion is a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system. The paravertebral ganglia are a series of sympathetic ganglia that are located along either side of the vertebral column. These ganglia are connected by nerve fibers and form the sympathetic chain, which runs from the base of the skull to the coccyx.
The paravertebral ganglia are responsible for the regulation of various physiological functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. They receive input from the central nervous system and then send signals to various organs and tissues in the body. The other options, collateral, and intramural ganglia, are not associated with the sympathetic chain ganglia.
Collateral ganglia are found in the abdomen and pelvis, while intramural ganglia are found within the walls of various organs. Prevertebral ganglia are located anterior to the vertebral column and are involved in the regulation of digestive functions.
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Cytotoxic T cells bind to MHC ________ and ________ the target cell.a.I / killb.I / signalc.8 / killd.8 / signal
Cytotoxic T cells bind to MHC I and kill the target cell. Therefore, the correct answer is (a) I / kill.
Cytotoxic T cells, also known as CD8+ T cells, recognize and bind to antigens presented on major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules on the surface of infected or abnormal cells. Once bound to the target cell, cytotoxic T cells release toxic molecules, such as perforin and granzyme, that induce apoptosis (cell death) in the target cell. This process is known as cell-mediated cytotoxicity and is a critical component of the adaptive immune response to viral infections, cancer, and other diseases. Therefore, the correct answer to the question "Cytotoxic T cells bind to MHC II and kill the target cell. True or False?" is False. The correct statement is that cytotoxic T cells bind to MHC-I and kill the target cell, making answer choice a. "I / kill" the correct option.
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Which are the properties of water? (Choose all that apply).
High specific heat
O Low specific heat
high boiling point
Olow boiling point
cohesion
Odissolvability
neutral pH
high heat of vaporization
Olow heat of vaporization
high melting point
Ohas all states of matter
polar
non-polar
Omixture
atom
O molecule
Olow surface tension
Answer:
High specific heat, high boiling point, cohesion, dissolvability, neutral pH, high heat of vaporization, high melting point, has all states of matter, polar, molecule
Explanation:
Water is a weird and wonderful substance that has many amazing properties. Here are some of them in a nutshell:
Water is like a clingy partner who doesn't want to let go of their lover. It takes a lot of effort to break up the hydrogen bonds that hold water molecules together. That's why water has a high specific heat and can store a lot of energy.Water is also like a loyal friend who sticks with their buddies through thick and thin. It has a high boiling point and a high heat of vaporization because the water molecules are strongly attracted to each other and don't want to escape as gas.Water is like a team player who works well with others. It has cohesion because the water molecules stick together like glue due to hydrogen bonding. It also has dissolvability because it can surround and dissolve many different substances by forming hydration shells around them.Water is like a balanced person who can adapt to different situations. It has a neutral pH because it can act as both an acid and a base and self-ionize into equal amounts of hydronium and hydroxide ions. It also has a high melting point because it forms a lattice structure when it freezes that needs a lot of energy to break apart.Water is like a versatile actor who can play different roles. It has all states of matter because it can exist as solid (ice), liquid (water), or gas (steam) depending on the temperature and pressure. It also has polarity because it has a bent shape and an unequal distribution of charge due to the difference in electronegativity between oxygen and hydrogen atoms.Water is like a living thing that is made of smaller parts. It is a molecule because it is composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded together.Water is truly an amazing substance that we should appreciate and protect!
Explain how scientists used evidence to disprove the idea that living things grow from nonliving things.
Scientists used evidence from experiments to demonstrate that living things do not arise spontaneously from non-living matter, but instead come from pre-existing living organisms.
How did scientists use evidence to disprove the idea?The idea that living things could arise spontaneously from non-living matter, also known as spontaneous generation.
One of the most famous experiments to disprove spontaneous generation was conducted by Louis Pasteur.
Pasteur designed an experiment to test whether microorganisms could arise spontaneously from broth, or whether they were introduced from outside sources.
His experiment demonstrated that microorganisms did not arise spontaneously from the broth, but were instead introduced from the outside environment.
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Identify which of the following statements is true. Group of answer choices Moss and lycophytes have leaves Leaves of lycophytes and pterophytes have different origins Leaves were a chlorophyte innovation Leaves were a bryophyte innovation
The statement that is true is: Moss and lycophytes have leaves.
Leaves are a fundamental plant organ that are specialized for photosynthesis and gas exchange. Mosses and lycophytes are two groups of non-vascular plants that have simple leaves, which are not as complex as those of ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. The leaves of mosses and lycophytes are typically small and simple, lacking the vascular tissue and complex structure found in higher plants. Despite their simplicity, these leaves are still important for the survival of these plants, as they help them to capture light energy and perform photosynthesis.
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Meristic traits are characterized by having phenotypes that are described by ________. irrational numbers prime numbers whole numbers imaginary numbers complex numbers
Meristic traits are characterized by having phenotypes that are described by whole numbers.
These traits involve features that can be counted and expressed as discrete units, such as the number of petals on a flower, seeds in a fruit, or the number of vertebrae in an animal. Whole numbers are appropriate for describing meristic traits because they represent complete units without fractions or decimals.
Unlike whole numbers, irrational numbers, imaginary numbers, complex numbers, and prime numbers are not suitable for describing meristic traits. Irrational numbers are numbers that cannot be expressed as simple fractions, such as pi, while imaginary and complex numbers involve the square root of a negative number. Prime numbers are whole numbers greater than 1 with only two factors: themselves and 1. These other types of numbers do not accurately represent countable and discrete units like whole numbers do.
In summary, meristic traits are best described using whole numbers as they represent complete, countable units that accurately depict the distinct features of an organism's phenotype.
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List two common narcotics and describe how it affects the body
Opioids and opium derivatives are two popular drugs. Opioids are potent painkillers that work by attaching to opioid receptors in the body and brain to reduce pain and induce happiness.
Opium derivatives, like heroin, are made from the opium poplar plant and act on the body similarly to opioids. Opioids can reduce pain perception and bring on sensations of relaxation and euphoria when they bind to receptors in the brain.
They may also slow breathing, lower heart rate, and lower blood pressure by depressing the central nervous system. Physical dependency, tolerance, and addiction can all develop after using opioids.
Opioid usage over an extended period of time can result in significant changes to the brain's structure and function, which can alter cognition, judgment, and behavior. Opioid use carries a significant risk of overdose, which can cause unconsciousness or death from respiratory failure.
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Interaction:House sparrows (1) house finches (2) require similar food and nest sites
The interaction between house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus) can be one of competition, as both species require similar resources, such as food and nest sites.
House sparrows and house finches are both seed-eating birds that feed on a variety of seeds, grains, and fruits. They also prefer to nest in similar sites, such as cavities in buildings or trees, or in birdhouses.
Competition for food can occur when these species share the same feeding area, such as a bird feeder or a garden with a plentiful supply of seeds. House sparrows are known to be aggressive and can dominate food resources, potentially limiting the food available for house finches.
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Question 8 Marks: 1 When two pollutants are combined, the effects are greater than the sum of the individual effects. This is calledChoose one answer. a. commensalism b. synergism c. magnification d. multiplication
The correct answer is b. synergism. When two pollutants are combined, their effects can be amplified and become greater than the sum of their individual effects. This is known as synergism.
Synergistic effects can be particularly dangerous to human health and the environment because they can result in unexpected and potentially harmful outcomes. It is important to understand how different pollutants interact with each other in order to develop effective strategies for reducing their negative impacts.
Synergism occurs when the interaction between pollutants results in a more significant impact than if they were acting independently. This can lead to greater harm to the environment or living organisms exposed to these combined pollutants.
To summarize:
- Two pollutants combine
- The combined effects are greater than the sum of the individual effects
- This phenomenon is called synergism
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The presence of an uncompetitive inhibitor in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction will alter which of the following in a Lineweaver-Burk plot?
A.) Intercept on the y-axis
B.) Slope of the plot
C.) Intercept on the x-axis
D.) Shape of the plot
E.) The intercept on both axes
The presence of an uncompetitive inhibitor in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction will alter intercept on the x-axis in a Lineweaver-Burk plot
In a Lineweaver-Burk plot, the reciprocal of the initial velocity (1/V) is plotted against the reciprocal of the substrate concentration (1/[S]). The slope of the plot is equal to Km/Vmax, while the y-intercept is equal to 1/Vmax.
In the presence of an uncompetitive inhibitor, the inhibitor binds to the enzyme-substrate complex, causing a decrease in the amount of product formed and a decrease in the apparent Vmax.
This results in a change in the y-intercept of the Lineweaver-Burk plot, but does not affect the slope of the plot. However, it causes an increase in the apparent Km, which leads to a change in the x-intercept of the Lineweaver-Burk plot.
Therefore, the presence of an uncompetitive inhibitor in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction alters the intercept on the x-axis in a Lineweaver-Burk plot.
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Question 34 Marks: 1 The microbe primarily responsible for skin infections in whirlpoolsChoose one answer. a. escherichia coli b. pseudomonas aeruginosa c. shigella sonnei d. salmonella typhimurium
Answer: b. pseudomonas aeruginosa ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common bacterium found in soil, water, and moist environments such as whirlpools.
It is a leading cause of skin infections in people who use public or private swimming pools and hot tubs. The bacteria can enter the skin through cuts, scrapes, or other wounds, causing a range of skin infections, including folliculitis, hot tub rash, and swimmer's ear. Pseudomonas aeruginosa can also cause serious infections in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV or cancer. To prevent skin infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, it is essential to maintain proper hygiene and disinfect swimming pools and hot tubs regularly.
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4. What did Morgan conclude from his research on fruit flies?
Morgan's research on fruit flies provided evidence for the chromosomal theory of inheritance, which suggests that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis can account for patterns of inheritance.
Through his experiments, Morgan observed that certain traits in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), such as eye color, were linked to specific chromosomes. He also observed that some traits were sex-linked, meaning they were located on the X or Y sex chromosomes.
Morgan's most significant contribution to genetics was the discovery of a mutant white-eyed male fly in 1910. This fly had a white eye instead of the normal red eye, and Morgan was able to breed this trait into a new population. He found that the white eye trait was always passed down to male offspring and not to female offspring, suggesting that the gene responsible for eye color was located on the X chromosome.
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State the different paths an amino acid can take once it is in a cell
Once an amino acid enters a cell, it can take several different paths depending on the needs of the cell. One possible path is for the amino acid to be incorporated into a protein through the process of translation.
During translation, the amino acid is joined with other amino acids in a specific order determined by the mRNA sequence.
Another path is for the amino acid to be used for energy production through the process of cellular respiration. The amino acid can be broken down into molecules that can enter the citric acid cycle and produce ATP.
Alternatively, the amino acid can be used to synthesize other molecules such as nucleotides, hormones, and neurotransmitters.
Amino acids can also be converted into glucose through the process of gluconeogenesis, which occurs when glucose levels are low in the body.
In summary, the different paths an amino acid can take once it is in a cell include protein synthesis, energy production, synthesis of other molecules, and gluconeogenesis.
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When a person runs for an extended period of time, the main source of glucose for muscle cells comes from the breakdown of glycogen in the
The liver's breakdown of glycogen is the primary source of glucose for muscle cells when a person runs for an extended period of time.
The circulating blood glucose is the other major source of carbohydrates during exercise. During exercise, the precise regulatory mechanism that controls blood glucose concentrations is the liver, which is the primary source of the circulating glucose.
The biochemical process by which glycogen is broken down into glucose and glucose is known as glycogenolysis. The response happens in the hepatocytes and the myocytes. Two important enzymes are in charge of controlling the process: glycogen phosphorylase and phosphorylase kinase.
According to the Cori cycle, when adrenaline is stimulated, glycogen in the skeletal muscles is broken down, and released as lactate, and the liver converts this lactate into glucose.
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Question 35
When aerobic synthesis occurs in a landfill, it is expected that the refuse is:
a. in the early stages of decomposition
b. biologically stable
c. chemically inert
d. near the final stage of decomposition
a. in the early stages of decomposition. Aerobic decomposition, also known as aerobic digestion, requires oxygen to break down organic matter.
Landfills are designed to be anaerobic, meaning they lack oxygen. When oxygen is present in a landfill, it can facilitate the growth of aerobic microorganisms, leading to aerobic decomposition. Therefore, if aerobic synthesis occurs in a landfill, it suggests that the waste is in the early stages of decomposition and has not yet become biologically stable or chemically inert. In contrast, when waste reaches the final stages of decomposition, it becomes more stable and inert, and anaerobic digestion dominates. The aerobic decomposition phase is often followed by the anaerobic phase in the landfill, where methanogenic bacteria break down the remaining organic matter, leading to the production of methane.
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The ovarian cycle describes the monthly events of a post-pubescent ovary that causes a small number of primary follicles to grow, mature, and ovulate each month. What is the order of the events in one ovarian cycle
The order of events in one ovarian cycle is follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase, and menstruation.
During the follicular phase, several primary follicles grow and develop into secondary follicles, followed by one dominant follicle which continues to mature. Ovulation occurs when the mature follicle ruptures and releases the secondary oocyte into the fallopian tube. The luteal phase begins after ovulation when the ruptured follicle forms the corpus luteum, which secretes estrogen and progesterone to prepare the uterus for possible implantation. Finally, if fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, hormone levels drop, and the endometrium is shed, leading to menstruation.
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9. What is a tumor suppressor gene?In general, how do they function? What is apoptosis? Can you give examples of tumor suppressor genes?
A tumor suppressor gene is a type of gene that helps regulate cell growth and division. These genes are also referred to as anti-oncogenes because their normal function is to prevent the development of cancer.
Tumor suppressor genes function to inhibit the uncontrolled growth of cells, which can lead to the formation of tumors. When a tumor suppressor gene is mutated or deleted, it can no longer perform its function, which can result in uncontrolled cell growth and the development of cancer. Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. Apoptosis is important for regulating cell growth and eliminating damaged or abnormal cells. Tumor suppressor genes can trigger apoptosis if they detect that a cell has suffered irreparable DNA damage or if a cell is growing uncontrollably.
Tumor suppressor genes function in several ways, including:
Regulating the cell cycle: Tumor suppressor genes help regulate the cell cycle by promoting the repair of damaged DNA or triggering cell death (apoptosis) if the DNA damage cannot be repaired.
Inhibiting cell proliferation: Tumor suppressor genes can also inhibit cell proliferation by preventing cells from dividing too rapidly or inappropriately.
Examples of tumor suppressor genes include:
TP53: This is one of the most well-known tumor suppressor genes. It encodes the p53 protein, which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle and triggering apoptosis in cells with DNA damage.
RB1: This gene encodes the retinoblastoma protein, which helps regulate the progression of cells through the cell cycle. Mutations in this gene can lead to the development of retinoblastoma and other types of cancer.
BRCA1 and BRCA2: These genes are involved in DNA repair and help prevent the development of breast and ovarian cancer. Mutations in these genes can lead to an increased risk of developing these types of cancer.
PTEN: This gene helps regulate cell growth and division by inhibiting a signaling pathway called the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Mutations in this gene can lead to the development of several types of cancer, including prostate, breast, and colorectal cancer.
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Detail one difference between base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair
the emg records the action potentials in the nerves, which reflects how much force the muscle is producing.
The action potentials of the muscle fibres that are innervated are captured by the EMG.
What is the body's weakest muscle?It is possible to lift large objects or give birth while using muscles, which also support movement and pump blood. To move an object, a muscle must either contract or relax. This movement could be unconscious (involuntary) or voluntary (when the movement is made purposefully). Muscles of the skeletal, smooth, and cardiac types make up the muscular system, an organ system. The blood is circulated throughout the body, allowing for mobility and maintaining posture. However, some muscles can function entirely independently. Vertebrate muscular systems are controlled by the neurological system. The Stapedius, which measures just 1 mm in length and is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body, is thought to be the weakest muscle.To learn more about muscle, refer to:
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which choice describes a scenario in which hodick and sievers model predicts that a venus flytrap will not close around an insect
The Hodick and Sievers model predicts that a Venus flytrap will not close around an insect if the sensory hairs on the trap are only stimulated once or if the stimulation does not meet the threshold required for trap closure.
According to Hodick and Sievers' model, the Venus flytrap is a mechanical-electrical-chemical system. When an insect meets the trigger hairs on the trap's surface, an electrical signal is generated that spreads throughout the trap.
If the stimulation is strong enough and lasts long enough, it causes a hormone to be released, which causes the trap to close.
The trap remains open if the stimulation is too faint or does not endure long enough, and the insect escapes.
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Question 17 Marks: 1 Glazing, silvering, or bronzing on the underside of a leaf is evidence that injury has occurred byChoose one answer. a. ozone b. peroxyacyl nitrates c. sulfur dioxide d. hydrogen fluoride
Based on the terms provided, evidence of glazing, silvering, or bronzing on the underside of a leaf indicates that injury has occurred due to sulfur dioxide (c).
Glazing refers to a shiny, smooth surface on the underside of a leaf caused by exposure to air pollution, such as sulfur dioxide. Silvering is a similar effect but with a silver or gray appearance. Both glazing and silvering are evidence of injury to the leaf caused by air pollution. Bronzing, on the other hand, refers to a reddish-brown discoloration on the upper surface of a leaf caused by exposure to ozone or peroxyacetyl nitrates.
Sulfur dioxide (IUPAC approved letter) or sulfur dioxide (regular Commonwealth of Nations) is a compound with the chemical formula SO2. It is a poisonous substance that smells like burnt matches. It is naturally released by volcanic activity from equipment for copper extraction and burning of sulfur-containing fossil fuels.
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The region where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the spleen is called the _____.
The region where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the spleen is called the hilum.
The hilum is a tiny depression or fissure on the surface of the spleen that serves as the entry and exit site for the splenic artery, vein, and nerves. The hilum is the area where blood arteries and nerves enter and exit the spleen.
The blood arteries and nerves that enter and exit the spleen at the hilum branch out into smaller vessels and nerves that penetrate deep into splenic tissue, providing for efficient material exchange between the spleen and the circulatory system.
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if a person was born with only one x chromosome and no y chromosome, would you expect that person to be male or female?
A person that was born with only one X chromosome and no Y chromosome, that person would typically be female.
This condition is known as Turner syndrome, and it affects individuals with a single X chromosome (45,X). This is because the presence of a Y chromosome is necessary for the development of male sex characteristics. Without a Y chromosome, the individual's body would develop as female. However, there are rare genetic disorders such as Turner syndrome where individuals may be born with only one X chromosome and present with some male characteristics.
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Both cilia and flagella are constructed of a ring of nine pairs of microtubules surrounding two central microtubules. TrueFalse
Answer:True.
Explanation:
a native wolf species has been reintroduced into yellowstone national park and grows according to the law of exponential growth. originally 200 wolves were transplanted. after 3 years, the population had grown to 270 wolves. what is the growth rate?
On January 12, 1995, wolves were transported into Yellowstone's national park via truck. The westward migration of the 1800s placed their livestock into close proximity with local predators and prey species.
What is the wolf's history?History. Although the wolf's evolutionary past is not entirely clear, many biologists think that it sprang from early predators called miacids. Miacids, which had animal sizes ranging from gophers to dogs, emerged for the first time in the Early Tertiary around 52 millennia ago.
The original wolf man was who?Universal The 1941–1948 Monsters film series Seven films made up the original series, all of which featured legendary horror artist Lon Naughton Jr. as Harry Talbot. The film series is a component of the broader Universal Pictures.
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The diagram shows a plant root. Which sentence is true? A B C Root cap Apical meristem at root tip
A. Cell division takes place in section C, at the tip of the root.
OB. Cell division takes place in section B, just above the tip of the root.
OC. Cell division takes place in section A, far above the tip of the root.
OD. Cell division takes place in all parts of the root.
A. Cell division takes place in section C, at the tip of the root. The apical meristem, which is found at the tip of the root, is in charge of cell division and root growth.
Does the root cap comprise the apical meristem?Dicotyledonous Angiosperm Plants' Root Apical Meristem Type Affects the Development and Release of Live Root Cap Border Cells - PMC.
Is the apical meristem on the plant's upper side?The developing tips of stems and roots contain the apical meristem. The primary role of the apical meristem in early seedlings is to stimulate the formation of new cells at the terminals of roots and shoots and in developing buds.
What does a plant's root tip look like?The growing tip of the root is shielded as it passes through the earth by a thimble-shaped root cap. Just behind the root cap is the apical meristem, a zone of actively dividing cells.
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Complete question;-
The diagram shows a plant root. Which sentence is true? A B C Root cap Apical meristem at root tip
A. Cell division takes place in section C, at the tip of the root.
OB. Cell division takes place in section B, just above the tip of the root.
OC. Cell division takes place in section A, far above the tip of the root.
OD. Cell division takes place in all parts of the root.
A - Cortex
B - Protoderm
C - Root cap
True or false: Replication, transcription and translation take place in the bacterial cytoplasm.
In the cytoplasm of bacteria, replication, transcription, and translation take place. Translation and transcription both take place in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. True.
Transcription and translation can happen concurrently in prokaryotes. This is not conceivable in eukaryotes because translation takes place in the cytoplasm outside of the nucleus, whilst transcription takes place in a membrane-bound nucleus. While transcription and translation can both happen at the same time in bacteria, in eukaryotes, transcription takes place in the nucleus while translation happens in the cytoplasm.
In contrast to the three varieties seen in eukaryotes, bacteria have just one type of RNA polymerase. In eukaryotic species, translation takes place in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum whereas transcription takes place in the nucleus. Prokaryotes carry out both activities in their cytoplasm. The transcription process' regulating element is RNA polymerase.
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In what way is a decomposing log in a forest a microhabitat?
Need help
Because it offers a distinctive environment that supports a diversity of living creatures, a decomposing wood in a forest might be regarded as a microhabitat.
Why is a log in decay a good illustration of a microecosystem?The decaying log in this instance would represent a little ecosystem. Food, housing, and interactions between animals and the environment would all be provided by the log, forming an ecosystem. Any ecosystem depends on these interactions between abiotic and biotic components.
What does a forest microhabitat look like?The small-scale physical needs of a specific creature or a population of organisms are known as microhabitats. For instance, a decomposing log in a forest harbours the log itself, but it also sustains a diverse population of insects, plants, and decomposers.
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What are the three molecules that are inputs of the Calvin cycle?
The three molecules that are inputs of the Calvin cycle are: Carbon dioxide (CO2), ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate).
The Calvin cycle requires three molecules as inputs:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the Calvin cycle's major input molecule. Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the environment and enters the chloroplast stroma, where it is fixed into organic molecules.ATP (adenosine triphosphate): This is an energy-rich molecule formed during photosynthesis's light-dependent reactions. ATP provides the energy required to power the Calvin cycle processes.NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate): This is an electron carrier molecule created during photosynthesis's light-dependent processes. During the Calvin cycle, NADPH provides the electrons and hydrogen ions required to reduce carbon dioxide and synthesise organic compounds.For such more question on molecules:
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Microtubules are composed of protein subunits known as: tubulin. myosin. actin. keratin.
Microtubules are composed of protein subunits known as tubulin (Option A).
What are microtubules?Microtubule is a narrow, hollow tube-like structure found in the cytoplasm (the fluid inside a cell) of plant and animal cells. Microtubules help support the shape of a cell. They also help chromosomes move during cell division and help small structures called cell organelles to move inside the cell.
Microtubules are formed by the polymerization of alpha and beta tubulin dimers, which then combine to form protofilaments. These protofilaments then associate laterally to form the hollow tube-like structure of the microtubule. Myosin, actin, and keratin are all types of proteins, but they are not components of microtubules.
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