1. The Th cell detects the viral epitope presented by the b cell using its TCR.2. The Th cell's cytokines stimulate the B cell, which divides to form the memory and plasma cells.3. Antibodies produced by plasma cells can detect viruses.
What does clonal growth and selection mean?According to the hypothesis of clonal selection, random mutations that occurred during lymphocytes' initial maturation and proliferation led to unique antigen receptors developing on them before they were exposed to an antigen.Selected lymphocytes that have the required antigen receptor go through clonal proliferation after antigen presentation.
What causes clonal expansion to happen?The process through which daughter cells develop from a parent cell is known as clonal expansion.Many copies of the B cell that share affinity for and specificity for the same antigen are created during B cell clonal growth.
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name an organic molecule that carbon is found in
Answer:
Methane (CH4)
Explanation:
Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen, such as methane (CH4) described above.
PLSSS HELP IF YOU TURLY KNOW THISS
Which type of stem cell is able to differentiate into any cell type, including extraembryonic placental cells?(1 point)
Ο pluripotent cells
Ο multipotent cells
Ο embryonic cells
Ο totipotent cells
The totipotent cells type of stem cell is able to differentiate into any cell type, including extraembryonic placental cells.
What are totipotent cells?Totipotent stem cells are cells that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into the three primary germ cell layers of the early embryo and into extra-embryonic tissues such as the placenta.
Moreover, totipotent means having the ability to differentiate into all cell types. For example, the zygote and early embryonic cells are totipotent since they can differentiate into any cell type during development.
Therefore, totipotent stem cells have the capacity to produce all adult cell types, can enter the germ line (i.e. contribute genetic material to succeeding generations), and have proven ability to self-replicate (i.e. produce daughter cells that are identical to the parent).
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from an evolutionary perspective, why might monogamy be one of the most common forms of mating systems in humans?
Males could then defend their young from other males in their ancestors' communities who would murder them in order to mate with their moms.
Monogamy: Is it harmful?Unfortunately, if monogamy is practiced in an unhealthy way, it may turn poisonous. In a poisonous monogamous culture where relationships are prescribed by society, this is especially true.
Why is monogamy such a rarity?Genes are the last arbiter, according to evolution. And if genes desire anything, it's to spread as much as they can. Therefore, mammalian monogamy is uncommon. While men can travel and inseminate several other females at that time, females must wait a long gestation period before having a kid.
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write down one function of growth hormone and one function of insulin
One function of growth hormone (GH) is to stimulate growth and cell reproduction. This hormone is produced by the pituitary gland and plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of tissues and organs. It stimulates the uptake of amino acids by cells, promoting the synthesis of proteins, which are essential for growth and tissue repair. GH also stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which enhances the effects of GH on growth and metabolism.
One function of insulin is to regulate glucose metabolism and maintain blood sugar levels within a healthy range. This hormone is produced by the pancreas and plays a key role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose by cells, allowing them to use it as a source of energy. It also stimulates the synthesis of glycogen, a molecule that is used to store glucose in the liver and muscles. Insulin also inhibits the production of glucose by the liver, preventing the blood sugar levels from becoming too high.
Hey thanks for making my previous answer brainliest, happy to help :)
Answer:
Insulin: The main function of insulin is to allow glucose to enter the cells so that it can be used as energy. Insulin helps to maintain the normal level of glucose found in the bloodstream.
what is the most likely mechanism of inheritance for the rare genetic disorder represented in the pedigree?
X - linked recessive is the most likely mechanism of inheritance for the rare genetic disorder represented in the pedigree.
The pedigree reveals that all girls and 50% of sons with normal parents are unaffected, indicating that the disease's allele should be present in the recessive condition. The condition is present in the mother on her X-chromosome, who acts as the carrier mother and conveys the trait to 50% of sons. The father exhibits all recessive traits because he has one copy of both the X and Y chromosomes. The kids would have displayed it equally frequently in both sexes had it been an autosomal feature. Additionally, the offspring of the sick father and unaffected mother are normal, indicating that the disorder is an X-linked recessive one.The condition does not manifest in a heterozygous daughter since the diseased father has passed the affected X-chromosome on to daughters who inherit the second copy of the X-chromosome from the healthy mother. However, these daughters will act as the disease's carriers. The illness known as Duchenne muscular dystrophy causes the muscles to gradually deteriorate. It is a sex-related condition. Only homozygous genotypes can express the disorder's allele; heterozygous genotypes cannot. Recessive alleles are those that can express themselves in homozygous genotypes but not in heterozygotes, as is well known.To know more about Heterozygous check the below link:
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How would you expect the rate of speciation of an allopatric case to compare to the rate of speciation of a sympatric case involving formation of allopolyploid offspring?
A) The allopatric case would occur at a much slower rate than the sympatric case involving allopolyploid offspring.
B) More information would be needed to make a prediction.
C) The allopatric case would occur at a much faster rate than the sympatric case involving allopolyploid offspring.
D) Both would occur at the same slow rate.
A) The allopatric case would occur at a much slower rate than the sympatric case involving allopolyploid offspring.
A rate of speciation is a measurement about the number of new species appear that can appear in an interval of time within a given taxon and a given habitat or ecosystem. A rate of speciation can also be a comparative measure, not time dependent , relating to how one taxon seems to diversify relative to another.
Allopatric speciation, is considered as the most common form of speciation, when populations of a species are geographically isolated. Or in other case when populations become separated, gene flow between them ceases.
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what does it mean when 30% of the phenotypic variation in a quantitative trait is due to environmental variation
acts on quantitative qualities controlled by several genes, often known as expanding the options Favors at least two phenotypes Specific genotype fitness values are higher inside one environment & lower in another.
Which are the two forms of variation in phenotypes?Phenotypic variation in populations is a result of three nongenetic factors, including stochastic developmental variation or environmentally induced variability (EIV) (SDV).
What do phenotypic and genotypic variation mean?The genotype, which is the actual DNA code, is the combination of alleles in a particular gene.Phenotypic variation—the difference in phenotypes across individuals—can be caused by genetic variation.A genotype's physical expression is called a phenotype.
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What was found in the trap of the miller–urey apparatus that supports a hypothesis for the beginning of early life?.
Miller and Urey demonstrated that a variety of chemical compounds, including amino acids, are created when methane, ammonia.
They discovered that the volcano-like experiment had generated the greatest amount of organic molecules, including 22 amino acids, 5 amines, and numerous hydroxylated molecules. which may have been made by hydroxyl radicals produced by the electrified steam.
The well-known Miller-Urey experiment showed that amino acids, crucial components of biological proteins, may be produced under simulated primordial terrestrial settings from basic starting elements.
The first proof that organic molecules required for life might be created from inorganic elements was supplied by the Miller-Urey experiment. The RNA world hypothesis, which contends that RNA was the primordial form of life, is backed by certain scientists.
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What is the name of the scientist that developed the classification system we use today?.
Answer:
Carl Linnaeus
Explanation:
All modern classification systems have their roots in the Linnaean classification system. It was developed by Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus in the 1700s. He tried to classify all living things that were known at his time.
the species of finches that charles darwin found on different galápagos islands varied in certain structural adaptations. one of the most significant adaptations that darwin noted was the:______.
The species of finches that Charles Darwin found on different Galápagos islands varied in certain structural adaptations. One of the most significant adaptations that Darwin noted was the: difference in the beaks of the finches.
Adaptation is defined as the change or modification that an organism makes upon itself or its lifestyle in order to survive in its surroundings in amore better and efficient manner. Adaptations once established are passed on from one generation to another.
Beaks are the external structure present at the mouth of the birds. It is also called bill. The different shape and structure of beaks enables the bird to have a better intake of their food. Beaks were the distinguishing factor of the Darwin's finches.
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Write a short note on how Forest influence the quality of Air, soil and water resources.
Forest influences the quality of Air, soil, and water resources in many ways. It helps in maintaining the temperature of the earth.
Forest is an ecological system that includes many life forms. It helps in controlling various climatic changes. Forest protects biodiversity by helping many plants and animals.
The role of forest in influencing air, water, and soil involves the following:
Air: The forest helps in maintaining various gases in the atmosphere like oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc. It purifies the air and in turn, reduces the greenhouse effect.
Soil: The forest adds nutrients to the soil. Forest helps in firmly binding the soil by absorbing nutrients and water using trees. This, in turn, helps in reducing soil erosion.
Water: The forest helps increase the level of underground water through the rain. Eventually helping in water conservation. It balances and regulates the water cycle.
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Answer:
(i) Forests protect the soil from erosion. (ii) Plants and animals in a forest are not dependent on one another. (iii) Forests influence the climate and water cycle. (iv) Soil helps forests to grow and regenerate.
Explanation:
what is the correct order in which inhaled air sequentially moves through the structures of the respiratory passageways starting from the mouth ?
Correct order in which inhaled air sequentially moves through the structures of the respiratory passageways starting from the mouth is : Nostrils →pharynx →larynx →trachea →alveoli.
How is inhaled air moves through the structures of the respiratory passageways?The process of taking air into the lungs is known as inhalation, and process of breathing it out is exhalation and air is inhaled through the mouth or the nose. The sequence of air passage during inhalation is: Nostrils →pharynx →larynx →trachea →alveoli.
Organ system that helps in the breathing process is called respiratory system. It includes nasal airway (Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, and Trachea), Lungs and blood vessels for the gaseous exchange.
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micro bio antibodies present across individuals from different but related species are known as
When antibodies against a disease are given to a person rather than the individual making them naturally through their immune system, passive immunity is created.
Why do antibodies exist?Proteins called antibodies serve as your body's defense against foreign substances. Your immune system creates antibodies, which bind to these foreign molecules and transport them out of your body. Immunoglobulin is a different term for antibody.
What are immunogenicity and antigen?Antigenicity is the capacity of a substance to be specifically recognized by the antibodies produced as a result of the immunological response to the given substance, whereas immunogenicity refers to a substance's capacity to cause cellular and humoral immune response.
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why is the blood-testis barrier , formed by systentocyte cells, important? group of answer choices to prevent immune cells to attack sperm cells. because immature sperm cells lose their motility when they encounter any blood component actually, the blood-testis barrier has no function. because some blood contents are toxic to the spermatozoa
The blood-testis barrier, formed by systentocyte cells, important beacuse it prevent immune cells to attack sperm cells.
The blood testis barrier prevents nutrients and leukocytes from passing through the Sertoli cells and into the seminiferous tubules, shielding developing spermatogenetic cells from contact with immune cells and antibodies.
It stops the basal lamina from being breached by the membrane antigens of differentiating sperm, which would otherwise enter the circulation and trigger the immune system.
Neurons are outnumbered by astrocytes, specialised glial cells, by a factor of roughly five. They continuously tile the entire central nervous system (CNS) and carry out numerous significant, complex activities in a healthy CNS.
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c. how do the thermodynamic contributions involved in establishing the equilibrium of the folded to unfolded state of proteins? (proteinfolded
When a protein's structural changes are being tracked by spectroscopic or calorimetric methods in the presence of a denaturing agent, this is referred to as thermodynamics of protein folding.
What thermodynamic variables affect the folding of proteins?Protein folding is a very delicate process that is regulated by a variety of external stimuli, such as temperature, pH, chemicals, molecule crowding, electric and magnetic fields, and temperature. These elements affect a protein's capacity to fold into the appropriate functional forms.
The hydrophobic effect and traditional hydrogen bonding, coupled with Coulombic interactions and van der Waals interactions, are the main causes of protein folding.
The research revealed that several ideas concur that protein folding is a subject to thermodynamic regulation.
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micro how is it that we are not in a state of continuous infection from the microbes we encounter every day?
We are not in a state of continuous infection from microbes we encounter every day as : the immune system provides an overlapping network of host defenses.
What is meant by immune system?The immune system protects your body from outside invaders that may include germs such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and toxins (chemicals made by microbes). A healthy immune system protects by creating a barrier that stops those invaders or antigens from entering the body.
The immune system's job is to defend against disease-causing microorganisms and it's goal is to keep us healthy. The immune system is a vast and complex interconnected network of different organs, cells and proteins that work together to protect the body from illness.
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do antibiotics create resistant strains of bacteria? choose one: a. yes, overexposure to antibiotics causes the proteins on the surface of the bacteria to change. b. no, to become resistant to antibiotics, individual(s) in a population must randomly mutate, and that mutation, if heritable, causes the bacterial population to become resistant to antibiotics. c. no, antibiotics can work only on the strain they were tested for. d. yes, overuse of antibiotics causes the dna of bacteria to mutate and the bacteria becomes resistant.
No, to become resistant to antibiotics, individual(s) in the population must randomly mutate and that mutation, if heritable, will cause the bacterial population resistant to antibiotics.
Antibiotics are drug treatments that combat infections resulting from bacteria in humans and animals by using both killing the microorganism and making it difficult for the bacteria to develop and multiply.
An antibiotic is a sort of antimicrobial substance lively towards microorganisms. It's miles the most important sort of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medicinal drugs are widely used in the remedy and prevention of such infections.
Antibiotics are used to deal with or save you from some forms of bacterial contamination.
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what is the fill-in endoskeleton or exoskeleton
Answer: An exoskeleton is a hard external skeleton that protects the outer surface of an organism. An endoskeleton is an internal skeleton composed of hard, mineralized tissue that also enables movement by attachment to muscles.
Explanation: An endoskeleton is a skeleton found within the interior of the body; it provides structural support and protection for the internal organs and tissues of an organism.
Endoskeletons can take several forms, and can differ in complexity, shape and function, depending on the requirements of the animal. Most vertebrates have an endoskeleton, which is comprised of mineralized tissue in the form of bone and cartilage. This ‘true skeleton’ is formed from the mesoderm during embryogenesis.
Examples :
humans
horses
monkeys
dogs
sharks
An exoskeleton is defined as a stiff outer covering made of chitin and calcium carbonate located on the exterior of some creatures. It covers, supports, and protects the main body of many organisms, for example, invertebrates and crustaceans. Oftentimes, exoskeletons include multiple segments linked by flexible joints that allow for mobility. Exoskeletons are not a living structure and act as the main structural component of creatures who possess them.
Examples :
Grasshoppers
Bees
Cicadas
Scorpions
Crabs
Lobsters
Shrimp
Snails
Clams
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How would you expect the rate of speciation of an allopatric case to compare to the rate of speciation of a sympatric case involving formation of allopolyploid offspring?
A) The allopatric case would occur at a much slower rate than the sympatric case involving allopolyploid offspring.
A rate of speciation is a measurement about the number of new species appear that can appear in an interval of time within a given taxon and a given habitat or ecosystem. A rate of speciation can also be a comparative measure, not time dependent , relating to how one taxon seems to diversify relative to another.
Allopatric speciation, is considered as the most common form of speciation, when populations of a species are geographically isolated. Or in other case when populations become separated, gene flow between them ceases.
The above question is incomplete
How would you expect the rate of speciation of an allopatric case to compare to the rate of speciation of a sympatric case involving formation of allopolyploid offspring?
A) The allopatric case would occur at a much slower rate than the sympatric case involving allopolyploid offspring.
B) More information would be needed to make a prediction.
C) The allopatric case would occur at a much faster rate than the sympatric case involving allopolyploid offspring.
D) Both would occur at the same slow rate.
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Facilitated diffusion requires
enzymes.
carrier proteins.
lipid carriers.
carbohydrate carriers.
lipid or carbohydrate carriers.
Facilitated diffusion requires carrier proteins. The membrane transport proteins known as carriers and channels fall into two categories.
What is carrier proteins ?In contrast to channel proteins, another type of membrane transport protein, which is less selective in transporting molecules, a carrier protein is a type of protein that moves a particular substance through intracellular compartments, into the extracellular fluid, or across cells.It is similar to an enzyme-substrate reaction in how a carrier protein moves a solute molecule across the lipid bilayer, and in many respects, carriers work like enzymes. However, unlike regular enzyme-substrate reactions, the carrier protein does not covalently modify the transported solute before delivering it to the other side of the membrane.There are one or more distinct binding sites for a solute in each type of carrier protein. By undergoing reversible conformational changes that alternately expose the solute-binding site on each side of the membrane, it moves the solute across the lipid bilayer.To learn more about carrier proteins refer :
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After an mrna molecule is constructed from a dna template, which two statements explain what happens next?.
The elongation period of transcription creates.
DNA is double-stranded, however best one strand serves as a template for transcription at any given time. This template strand is known as the noncoding strand. The nontemplate strand is referred to as the coding strand because its collection may be the same as that of the new RNA molecule.
The ability of every strand of a DNA molecule to behave as a template for producing a complementary strand allows a mobile to copy, or replicate, its genes earlier than passing them directly to its descendants.
One of the strands of the DNA double helix then acts as a template for the synthesis of an RNA molecule. As in DNA replication, the nucleotide sequence of the RNA chain is decided via the complementary base pairing between incoming nucleotides and the DNA template.
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which finding provides evidence that opioid drugs enhance the brain reward system in animal models?
Answer:
Opioids are currently the most effective pain relieving pharmaceuticals. However, they are also rewarding and their repeated use can lead to dependence and addiction. In fact, addiction to opioid analgesics is a growing socioeconomic and health problem with potentially serious consequences documented by a rise in deaths due to overdose [1, 2]. A critical CNS locus for opioid reward is the ventral tegmental area (VTA, glossary, vide infra). Recent work indicates that there is great anatomical and pharmacological heterogeneity in VTA neurons and that there are numerous opioid
why can't the results shown here be used as proof that the two different forms of the enhancer are important in determining dark versus blond hair?
An enhancer's DNA sequence that differs by a single nucleotide and is located more than 350,000 base pairs from the gene's coding region.
Explain about the enhancer?Enhancers are DNA-regulatory components that increase the transcription of a gene or genes more than it would be the case without them. These elements act remotely by generating chromatin loops that put the enhancer and target gene close together23.
The regulatory mechanisms by which cells develop patterns of gene expression are supported by enhancer function. According to recent research, enhancers are defined by specific chromatin marks in pluripotent cells. These chromatin marks can be changed later in development to change patterns of gene expression and cell differentiation options.
Enhancer sequences are regulatory DNA sequences that promote the transcription of a related gene when they are bound by particular proteins known as transcription factors.
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what type of pollution is at a research lab, a scientist carelessly pours cultures of living microbes down the drain.
A scientist who carelessly spills living microbe cultures down the drain is an example of bacterial pollution.
Which factors lead to bacterial pollution?The two main potential sources of fecal bacteria are (1) animal feces from home pets, waterfowl, and urban animals, and (2) human sewage from broken onsite sewage systems (septics), dripping sewers, or cross-connections.
What effects does bacterial contamination have?They are known as pathogens, and if consumed by people, they can emit chemicals that can result in illness or even death. Waterborne illnesses can cause gastrointestinal problems such severe diarrhea, nausea, and potentially jaundice in addition to headaches and exhaustion.
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air pollution can influence a person’s quality of life. which best identifies the influence of air pollution?
Air pollution can be recognized as the influence of a bad environment.
Air pollution is a condition in which the air contains harmful molecules, either caused by human activities or due to natural occurrences from the Earth. The main cause of air pollution today is the burning of fossil fuels, such as oil and coal. Combustion of these fuels is usually used to produce energy for electricity generation or transportation.
Poor environmental conditions due to the many activities that use fossil fuels in motorized vehicles or industrial factories around us, are the main cause of air pollution. The content of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels traps heat in the atmosphere which will result in poor air quality. Air pollution will affect a person's quality of life by having a different adverse impact on each person depending on each person's immunity. A person can suffer from various kinds of diseases ranging from eye irritation, dizziness and even bronchitis and pneumonia due to the content of harmful substances in the air.
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what is love for and why?
Answer:
Being there for someone is what a real relationship needs. When we neglect to put in the effort is when things don't work out with someone that could have been perfect for us.
Love is considered to be both positive and negative, with its virtue representing human kindness, compassion, and affection, as "the unselfish loyal and benevolent concern for the good of another.
Explanation:
Which of the following correctly describes the differences in organelles found in plant cells compared to animal cells.
Question 3 options:
Chloroplasts and Endoplasmic Reticulum are found only in plant cells and the nucleus is only in animal cells.
Cell membranes and mitochondria are found only in plants. Ribosomes are much larger in plant cells.
Cell walls and chloroplasts are found only in plants. Vacuoles are much larger in plant cells.
Mitochondria are found in animal cells and chloroplasts are found in plant cells.
"Cell walls and chloroplasts are found only in plants. Vacuoles are much larger in plant cells", is the correct answer.
Why Chloroplast is only present in plant cells?Chloroplasts, a type of organelle found in plant cells, convert light energy into chemical energy that is relatively stable through the photosynthetic process. They do this to keep life on Earth going. Chloroplasts also aid in the synthesis of hormones, fatty acids, membrane lipids, isoprenoids, and tetrapyrroles in plant cells, among other metabolic processes.
The green pigment chlorophyll, which is found in chloroplasts, helps with photosynthesis, which is how food is made. Animals don't make their own food, hence they don't need chloroplast. Thus, chloroplast is only found in plant cells.
Why do plant cells possess large sized vacuole?Plant cells are known to have larger vacuoles than animal cells because they need to store food and water. This is because plants are unable to move as freely as mammals can. They have large vacuoles as a reserve for when things become tough.
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The __________ is an oblong area of the hindbrain involved in regulation of heartbeat, blood pressure, movement, and respiration.
The medulla is an oblong area of the hindbrain involved in regulation of heartbeat, blood pressure, movement, and respiration.
What is medulla ?The foramen magnum, an aperture at the base of your skull, allows the medulla, the portion of your brain that is closest to the ground, to communicate with your spinal cord. Your pons, which is immediately underneath the central brain structures, is located just above your medulla.The region at the base of the brain known as the medulla oblongata serves as a link between the brain and spinal cord. It relays commands for vital bodily processes including breathing, circulation, swallowing, and digestion from the brain to the rest of the body.Wallenberg disease This condition, also known as lateral medullary syndrome, develops when the blood supply to a side region of your medulla is cut off, causing damage to that region. Your medulla is most commonly affected by this kind of stroke.To learn more about medulla refer :
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Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes produce:
- Class II MHCs
- Self proteins
- Antibodies, which make holes in cell membrane of infected cells
- Perforin, which makes holes in cell membrane of infected cells
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes produce Perforin, which makes holes in cell membrane of infected cells.
What is Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes?It is possible to extract cytotoxic T cells from healthy blood cells, develop them in the lab, and then provide them to a patient to eradicate cancer cells. A cytotoxic T cell is a specific kind of lymphocyte and white blood cell. additionally known as killer T cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes.In order to kill their prey, cytotoxic T cells induce apoptosis in them (Fig. 8.35). Centrifugation can quickly bring target cells and cytotoxic T cells into contact, causing antigen-specific target cells to be programmed to die within five minutes, albeit the death may not be fully apparent for many hours.To learn more about cytotoxic T lymphocytes refer to:
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