Naming and Writing Formulas Assignment.

Alcohols are produced via the two step hydroboration-oxidation process. In an Anti-Markovnikov process, the boron connects to the alkene bouble bond's least substituted carbon while the hydrogen (from BH3 or BHR2) attaches to the more substituted carbon.

A limiting reagent is one that is completely consumed during a reaction, hence restricting the product's yield. Compared to the limiting reagent, the other reactant(s) are present in excess. The amount of product that could be produced based on the molar ratios is known as the theoretical yield. The amount that was actually retrieved is divided by the theoretical yield to determine the percent yield. For this amount to be expressed as a percentage, multiply it by 100.

A chemical process called oxidation occurs. As a result of atoms or groups of atoms losing electrons, it is described as a process. The addition or loss of oxygen or hydrogen in a chemical species is another method to define oxidation. When these things happen, oxidation occurs.

When an atom, molecule, or ion loses one or more electrons during a chemical reaction, oxidation takes place. The chemical species' oxidation state increases while oxidation takes place. Oxygen is not always necessary for oxidation to occur. The phrase was initially used when oxygen produced an electron loss during a process.

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The bond order for any molecule having an equal number of bonding and antibonding electrons is zero.

The "degree" of the bond is best described by the bond order. For instance, the bond order of a triple bond is 3, while the bond order of double bond is 2. One can imagine that each electron contributes to the bonding or antibonding characteristic. Half of the bonding feature is contributed by each electron in a bonding molecular orbital. Half of the antibonding feature is contributed by each electron in an antibonding molecular orbital. Bond order is zero when bonding and antibonding character are equal. Therefore, the bond order is 0 when the number of bonding and antibonding electrons is equal.

Mathematical proof is also possible.

Bond Order: ½(Antibonding electrons - bonding electrons)

When both are equal. Suppose number of both electrons is x then,

Bond Order: ½(x – x) = 0

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The potential charge an atom would have if every one of its links to other atoms were fully ionic is known as the oxidation state, also known as the oxidation number. It describes how much an atom in a chemical molecule has been oxidized. The oxidation state can theoretically be positive, negative, or zero.

FeBr3

Br will remain in its normal oxidation state, which is -1, because it is more electronegative than Fe.

Let Fe's oxidation state now be "x."

x + (3*-1) = 0

=> x = +3

Answers: Fe : +3 & Br : -1

The total number of electrons that have been removed from an element (creating a positive oxidation state) or added to an element (creating a negative oxidation state) to get it to its current state is the oxidation state of an atom.

One of these oxidation laws states that a free, neutral element has an oxidation number of zero. A monoatomic ion's charge is the same as its oxidation number. For Group IA elements, the oxidation number is always 1. For Group IIA elements, the oxidation number is always +2.

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The most common form of kinetic energy that is released from chemical energy in chemical reactions is Thermal Energy.

What do you mean by Thermal energy in chemistry?

Thermal energy is also referred to as heat energy. It is produced when a rise in temperature which causes atoms and molecules to move faster and collide with each other. The energy that is generated due to the temperature of the heated substance is called thermal energy.

Examples of thermal energy include : Solar Energy. Solar radiation, Geothermal Energy ,Heat Energy From the Oceans and  Fuel Cell Energy.

There are three types of thermal energy transfer

Hence, the most common form of kinetic energy that is released from chemical energy in chemical reactions is Thermal Energy.

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The lenght multiply with the tall and the tichkness

Phenol and bromomethane are the major products obtained upon treatment of methyl phenyl ether with excess HBr.

What do you mean by Phenol and Bromomethane?

Phenols  are a class of chemical compounds which consist of a hydroxyl group (—OH) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. The simplest of the class is phenol, C6H5OH. Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge discovered Phenol in the year 1834. It was extracted from coal tar.

Bromomethane, commonly known as methyl bromide, is an organobromine compound with formula CH3Br. It is a colorless, odorless, nonflammable gas which is produced both industrially and biologically.  It consist of a  a tetrahedral shape and is  recognized as a ozone-depleting chemical.

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The correct answer is B and C only.

Nonlinear arrows with barbs on one-stop are used to signify electron waft. A double-barbed arrow suggests the motion of an electron pair, while an unmarried-barbed arrow indicates the movement of an unmarried electron. A full head on the arrow indicates the movement or shift of an electron pair A partial head at the arrow indicates the shift of an unmarried electron.

The factor of the curved double-headed arrow is to expose the movement of an electron pair. They start on the tail and end up at the pinnacle. Arrows are universally acknowledged for indicating guidelines. they may be broadly used on signage and for wayfinding, and are frequently used in avenue surface markings. Upward arrows are frequently used to indicate a growth in a numerical fee and downward arrows suggest a decrease.

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The number of moles of He atoms present in 5.55 g of He is 1.3 moles

Mole is the SI unit of amount of substance of a specified elementary entity and the the helium is the chemical element and inert gas element

Here given data is

He =  5.55 g

Molar mass of He = 4.0g/mol

So number of moles =  5.55 g of He × 1 mol/4.0g/mol

Number of moles = 1.3 mole

The number of moles of He atoms present in 5.55 g of He is 1.3 mole

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The final temperature of the solution based on the heat change is 21.1

°C.

The final temperature of the solution formed when 50.0 mL of 0.800 M calcium nitrate are added to 50.0 mL of 1.600 M sodium fluoride is calculated as follows:

moles of Ca⁺ = 50 * 1/1000 * 0.8

moles of Ca⁺ = 0.04 moles

moles of F⁻ = 50 * 1/1000 * 1.6

moles of F⁻ = 0.08 moles

Equation of precipitation reaction:

Amount of heat released by 0.04 moles of Ca²⁺ = -11.5 * 0.04

Amount of heat released by 0.04 moles of Ca²⁺ = 0.46 kJ or 460 kJ

mass of solution = volume * density

mass of solution = 100 * 1 g/mL

mass of solution = 100 g

Temperature change = 460 / (100 * 4.18)

Temperature change = 1.1 °C

Final temperature = 20.00 + 1.100 °C

Final temperature = 21.1 °C

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Complete question:

When 50.0 mL of 0.400 M Ca(NO3)2 is added to 50.0 mL of 0.800 M NaF, CaF2 precipitates, as shown in the net ionic equation below. The initial temperature of both solutions is 30.00°C. Assuming that the reaction goes to completion and that the resulting solution has a mass of 100.00 g and a specific heat of 4.18 J/(g ∙ °C), calculate the final temperature of the solution.

Ca²⁺ (aq) + 2 F⁻ (aq) → CaF₂(s)  ΔH° = -11.5 kJ

In a bcc unit cell, there is one atom in the body's center and eight others in each of the cell's eight corners. The unit cell is entirely made up of the atom at the center of the body. Each corner atom contributes one eight to the unit cell. Therefore, 818+1=2 atoms make up the entire number of atoms in the unit cell.

the body-centered cubic is named after the central atom. However, there are eight corners, each of which has a shared atom with seven unit cells nearby. As a result, each corner of the unit cell contains 1/8 of an atom, which adds up to 1 whole atom.

A unit cell is the smallest repeating arrangement of atoms found in a crystal. The body-centered cubic (BCC) unit cell, a third typical metal packing arrangement, includes one atom in the cube's core in addition to atoms at each of its eight corners. The corner atoms in each unit cell will be divided among eight unit cells because each corner atom is the corner of another cube. The central atom and the eight eighths from the corners make up the BCC unit cell's total of two atoms.

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The vaporization of liquid water to steam at a pressure of 1 atm is given. then a) endothermic; b) above 100 °C; c) below 100 °C ; d)100 °C.

Phase transition from the liquid phase to vapor is called Vaporization. Types of vaporization are as : evaporation and boiling, in which evaporation is a surface phenomenon and boiling is a bulk phenomenon.

a)The vaporization of water requires addition of the heat of vaporization for the given mass of water and also the heat required to raise the water to the boiling point.

b)The boiling of water is a spontaneous process above the boiling point for water that is 100 °C.

c)It is a non-spontaneous process below the boiling point of water that we know is 100 °C.

d) The two phases are in equilibrium at 100 °C.

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Fermentation can be defined as an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even if oxygen is not available.

Explain the above process.

1.Sucrose in presence of yeast gives Ethanol + CO2

The evolution of CO2 is the reason of inflation, if sugar is not present in the any of the flask reaction doesn't occur and no inflation.

2.The optimum temperature range for yeast fermentation is 32-35 degree Celsius.

Optimum pH range is 4.0-8.5

Carbohydrates containing food are best for fermentation.

Products of fermentation are alcohol and CO2. Type of alcohol depends on the type of food used for fermentation.

3. Litmus paper turns red because the product is alcohol.

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Answer:

tellurium

Explanation:

Thus, elements under the same group share similar chemical properties. Among the given elements, only tellurium belongs to group 16, and is, hence, the only element among the choices that is similar chemically to sulfur.

Sprinkling a sieved powder into the vortex created by slowly stirring the medium can decrease the presence of air bubbles in carbomers

To simulate ebullition from lake sediments, air bubbles are injected into a Carbopol column that has a water cap on top. When the first bubble rises through the carbopol, it creates an invisible path. In contrast to the original bubble, subsequent bubbles rise along this path and split into two distinct bubbles. The smaller breakdown bubble separates and is confined inside the carbopol as the larger leading bubble rises through the water column.

Water from the upper layer progressively fills a conduit that forms above this breakup bubble.

This conduit grows until it reaches an equilibrium depth, at which point it begins to contract. The rising bubbles in the conduit resemble Taylor bubbles but are moving at speeds that are 5-7 times greater than their maximum speed.

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Ice water used to cool the distillate in the E1 experiment because the distillate is volatile in nature and present in vapour form.

Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation.

Unsaturated compounds are produced during elimination processes. An alkene is created during the removal of alcohol. Alkyl halides also go through elimination processes. We will do an acid-catalyzed elimination using a secondary alcohol that is second order (E1), meaning that the rate of reaction depends on how quickly the intermediate carbocation may be produced.

Ice water helps in condensing or cooling down the vapours coming to the condensing tube (i.e. distillate).

Because the resulting alkene has a low boiling point, the receiver flask is put in an ice water bath to keep it cool throughout the reaction and distillation.

Hence, Ice water used to cool the distillate in the E1 experiment because the distillate is volatile in nature and present in vapour form.

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Crust and mantle are the layers made up of rock whereas the inner core and outer core are not made up of rock.

The mantle is present below the crust which is about 2900 km thick. It comprises hot, dense rocks made up of iron and magnesium. The crust and the upper portion of the mantle make up the lithosphere which is divided into plates that is large and small.

Earth has three layers i.e. the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is made of solid rocks as well as minerals. The mantle layer is present beneath the crust layer which is also mostly made up of solid rocks and minerals as well as semi-solid magma.

So we can conclude that Crust and mantle are rocky layers whereas the inner core and outer core are not.

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Answer:

Use a school

Explanation:

You could use a building like a school then you could use the lights as thermal energy then you make up an example of potential energy and when is this assignment due?

The enthalpy of solution per mole NaOH (s) is 0.075 J.

Enthalpy, belonging to a thermodynamic gadget, is the sum of the machine's inner strength and the made of its stress and volume. it's far a state function used in many measurements in chemical, organic, and bodily systems at a steady pressure, which is without problems furnished by way of the massive ambient environment.

Calculation:-

H = mΔHf

ΔHf = H/m

       = 3.90/52

      = 0.075

Enthalpy is the quantity of inner electricity contained in a compound while entropy is the amount of intrinsic disorder inside the compound. Enthalpy is zero for elemental compounds consisting of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas; consequently, enthalpy is nonzero for water (no matter segment.

In thermochemistry, the enthalpy of solution is the enthalpy exchange related to the dissolution of a substance in a solvent at regular strain resulting in limitless dilution. The enthalpy of the answer is most usually expressed in kJ/mol at a steady temperature.

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Any material such as in this case the gummy bear’s “skin” acts as a selectively permeable membrane if it allows the passage of certain substances from both sides of the barrier.

A selectively permeable membrane is any barrier that allows the movement of substances to both sides in regard to concentration gradients or the presence of certain structures such as channel proteins in the case of the cell membrane.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that a selectively permeable membrane such as the cell membrane allows the movement of substances between both sides of the barrier in a selective way.

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The two options are forms of kinetic energy are : the sound energy and the thermal energy.

The two forms of kinetic energy are : the sounds energy and the thermal energy. The kinetic energy is the type of energy that an object posses because of its motion. The five forms of the kinetic energy are : The mechanical energy , the electrical energy , the light energy , the thermal energy and the sound energy. so, the kinetic energy is the energy due to the motion of object.

Thus, The two options are forms of kinetic energy are : the sound energy and the thermal energy.

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Simmons citrate agar includes other nutrients, the pH indicator bromthymol blue, sodium citrate as the only source of carbon, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate as the only source of nitrogen. This test, which is a component of the IMViC assays, is useful for identifying various Enterobacteriaceae.

The primary source of nitrogen in atmospheric deposition is the combustion of fossil fuels like coal and oil. Nitrogen may be deposited in the atmosphere as dry particulates, gases, and droplets or as a wet form such as rain, snow, hail, fog, and freezing rain.

For life, the elements carbon and nitrogen are crucial. All living organisms depend on them for the molecular building blocks of their cells and tissues.

A widespread genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family is called Enterobacter. It belongs to the type genus of the Enterobacterales order.

Animal intestines serve as the organisms' primary natural habitat, hence the name Enterobacter (from the Greek enteron, which means "intestine"). Enterobacter are omnipresent in nature and are widely dispersed in sewage, water, and soil as a result of their presence in animal intestinal tracts.

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Answer:

In a chemical reaction, the number of atoms of each element involved must remain the same. This can be observed when baking soda and vinegar are mixed together in a dry bottle. The atoms of each element are rearranged to form new compounds, but the total number of atoms does not change.

Acetone is avoided because can harm the nervous system. Symptoms include headache nausea dizziness lightheadedness and confusion. Severe exposure may result in unconsciousness. Skin Contact May cause slight irritation.

Do not breathe vapors. Avoid contact with eyes skin and cloth. Keep the container tightly closed when not in use. The storage area should be cool, well-ventilated, and away from sources of ignition and heat. Breathing or swallowing large amounts of acetone in a short period of time can cause headaches confusion nausea increased heart rate changes in blood cell size and count and unconsciousness or coma.

Inhalation of acetone may irritate the nose throat lungs and eyes. Acetone occurs in humans as a byproduct of fat metabolism. Excessive accumulation of acetone to levels that the liver has difficulty breaking down results in severe acetone toxicity. Volumes of 10-20 liters have no serious effects. However, volumes over 50 L are considered toxic.

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Ocean acidification refers to a reduction in the pH of the ocean over an extended period of time, caused primarily by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere.

Because of human-driven increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, there is more CO2 dissolving into the ocean. The ocean's average pH is now around 8.1, which is basic (or alkaline), but as the sea continues to absorb more CO2, the pH decreases and the ocean becomes more acidic.

How does ocean acidification affect us?

Ocean acidification can modify the abundance and chemical composition of harmful algal blooms in such a way that shellfish toxicity increases and, therefore, human health are negatively affected.

How we can reduce ocean acidification?

The most effective way to limit ocean acidification is to act on climate change, implementing solutions to dramatically reduce the use of fossil fuels. If we dramatically cut our global warming emissions, and we limit future warming, we can significantly reduce the harm to marine ecosystems.

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9.577  is the ph of a buffer system prepared by dissolving 10. 70 grams of nh4cl and 35. 00 ml of 12 mol l-1 nh3 in enough water to make 1. 000 l of solution.

Mass ,NH4Cl = 10.7 g

Volume ,NH3 = 35 mL = 0.035 L

Molarity NH3 = 12 M

no. moles of NH4Cl = mass/molar mass

Molar mass, NH3 = 53.49 g/mol

no. moles  NH4Cl = 10.7/53.49

no. moles NH4Cl; n_acid = 0.2 mol

no. moles NH3 = Volume × molarity

no. moles of NH3 = 0.035 × 12

no. moles NH3;  base = 0.42 mol

kb = 1.8 × 10^(-5)

Pkb = -log kb

Pkb = -log(1.8 × 10^(-5))

Pkb = 4.745

Pka = 14 - Pkb

Pka = 14 - 4.745

Pka = 9.255

PH = Pka + log(n_base/n_acid)

PH = 9.255 + log(0.42/0.2)

PH = 9.577

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Answer:

Valence Electron

Explanation:

Valence electron

The outermost electrons that are free to move between atoms in metals is called as Electro positivity.

What do you mean by electropositivity?

"Electropositivity is the propensity of an atom to donate electrons and generate positively charged cations," says the definition. The majority of metallic elements, especially the alkali metals and the alkaline earth metals, exhibit electropositivity.

Example: A strongly electropositive element like sodium, for instance, rapidly gives up an electron to achieve a stable electronic state. Contrarily, chlorine is a very electronegative element that rapidly receives an electron to form a stable octet. In order to produce sodium chloride, sodium and chlorine can thus create an ionic connection (an ionic salt with the chemical formula NaCl).

Hence, the outermost electrons that are free to move between atoms in metals are termed Electro positivity.

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The partial pressure of C₂HBrClF₃ and O₂ are 84 torr and 778 torr respectively.

Given,

Mass of C₂HBrClF₃ = 15.0 g

Mass of O₂ = 22.6 g

Molar mass of C₂HBrClF₃ = 197.4 g/mole

Molar mass of O₂ = 32 g/mole

Raoult's Law:

Psolution = ΧsolventP0solvent

Psolution = vapour pressure of the solution

Χsolvent  = mole fraction of the solvent

P0solvent = vapour pressure of the pure solvent

What is Raoult's Law?

According to Raoult's law, a solvent's partial vapour pressure in a solution (or mixture) is equal to or identical to the pure solvent's vapour pressure multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution.

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Measuring the change in molarity after adding the KI, the heat generated by adding the KI, or the time it takes the I2 precipitate to form would not provide information about the limiting reactant, as they are not directly related to the amount of iodine that can be formed.

What is Precipitation?

Precipitation is a chemical reaction that results in the formation of a solid product from a homogeneous solution. The solid product is called a precipitate and is formed when the dissolved ions or molecules in a solution react chemically with each other to form a compound that is insoluble in the solvent.

To determine the limiting reactant in the given reaction, the student could measure the weight of iodine (I2) precipitate that forms at the end of the reaction. This is because the limiting reactant is the reactant that is completely consumed during the reaction, and in this case, the reactant that limits the amount of iodine that can be formed.

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The balanced equation is CH4(g)+2O2(g)→CO2(g)+2H2O(g) In the burning reaction, methane (CH₄) reacts with oxygen (O₂) to produce carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O): CH₄ + 2 O₂ → CO₂ + 2 H₂O

This reaction obeys the law of conservation of mass because nothing was created or destroyed just rearranged.

This means that the total mass of reactants and products involved in the equation must be the same. A balanced chemical equation always obeys the law of conservation of mass. According to this law, the mass of the product must equal the mass of the reactants. A chemical reaction is said to be balanced when the total mass of the atoms on both sides of the chemical reaction is equal.

According to this law, both physical and chemical changes follow the law of conservation of mass. Nuclear reactions are the only ones that do not obey the law of conservation of mass. In chemical reactions, atoms are neither created nor destroyed. Reactant atoms simply rearrange to form products. Therefore, there is no mass change in chemical reactions.

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