The Matchup of the transcendental authors to their works are:
“Nature”: Ralph Waldo EmersonWoman in the Nineteenth Century: Margaret FullerWalden: Henry David Thoreau“Orphic Sayings”: Amos Bronson AlcottWhat were the tenets of transcendentalist writers?Transcendentalists was boasted by the notion of having an individual ideal or knowledge of God and held that by getting spiritual insight might take place without the use of a middleperson. They supported idealism, emphasizing the natural world and rejecting materialism.
In the eastern United States, transcendentalism was a philosophical and literary movement that rose to prominence in the 1820s and 1830s. Transcendentalists hold that both nature and humanity are inherently good.
Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Amos Bronson Alcott were significant figures in the transcendentalist movement.
As a result, they tend to have a pessimistic view of society and its institutions since they contend that they have contributed to personal corruption. They also think that everyone has the capacity to develop their own moral truths through introspection and independence.
Learn more about transcendental authors from
https://brainly.com/question/17238624
#SPJ1
According to the correct information concerning the author of the books, matching the transcendental authors to their works, we have
Nature - written by Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Books and Authors.Generally, authors are the name given to the people or writers that are legally considered to be the true writer of a book.
Various authors in the world have written various books in their lifetime. However, considering these questions and the available information, matching the transcendental authors to their works, we have the following:
Nature - written by Ralph Waldo Emerson which was published by James Munroe and Company in the year 1836. Woman in the Nineteenth Century - written by Margaret Fuller was published as a book in 1845. However, the written work was initially published in July 1843 as "The Great Lawsuit. Man versus Men. Woman versus Women"Walden - written by Henry David Thoreau in published in 1854 and contained 18 series of essays.Orphic Sayings - written by Amos Alcott and was first published by Golden eagle Press, in the year 1939.Hence in these cases, it is concluded that these transcendental authors all have their written works published in the past.
Learn more about transcendental authors here: https://brainly.com/question/2028868
#SPJ1
How did the year 1877 mark a turning point in American history?
A. The Progressive Era began.
B. The Union and the Confederacy reunited.
OC. Reconstruction ended.
D. African Americans gained civil rights.
Which statement about the Federal Reserve System is true?
Responses
It is run by a board that is independent of political parties.
It is run by a board that is independent of political parties.
Its chairman is the Secretary of the Treasury.
Its chairman is the Secretary of the Treasury.
It is controlled by a congressional committee.
It is controlled by a congressional committee.
Its leaders are chosen by the political party that holds the White House.
Federal Reserve System is run by a board that is independent of political parties.
The American central bank is known as the Federal Reserve System. It carries out five general tasks to advance the well-being of the American economy and, more broadly, the public interest. The Federal Reserve manages the country's monetary policy to encourage maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates in the U.S. economy. It also works to maintain the stability of the financial system and actively monitors and engages in activities both domestically and abroad. It also promotes the safety and soundness of individual financial institutions and keeps track of how these institutions' actions affect the financial system as a whole. Moreover, it supports consumer protection and community development through consumer-focused supervision and examination, consumer-focused research and analysis, community economic development initiatives, and the enforcement of consumer laws and regulations.
These services are provided to the banking sector and the U.S. government to facilitate U.S.-dollar transactions and payments.
Learn more about Federal Reserve here: https://brainly.com/question/25843620
#SPJ1
What Were the Effects of the Industrial Revolution?:
Question 4
In the long term, industrialization allowed countries to be able to
Select one:
provide fair and equal opportunities for ALL workers
give every worker equal wages
restrict people's innovation and creativity
improve people's working and living conditions
Increased environmental issues is the effect of the industrial revolution.
What is industrial revolution?An agrarian economy gave way to an industrial economy during the Industrial Revolution, where things were no longer exclusively manufactured by hand but also by machines.
This resulted in an uptick in output and efficiency, as well as decreased prices, a growth in goods and services, higher earnings, and a migration of people from rural to urban regions.
The first Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain in the middle to late 1700s when invention allowed for the mass production of commodities using machines.
Globally, this led to the Second Industrial Revolution, which started in the United States in the late 1800s and witnessed new technological developments that increased productivity.
Therefore, Increased environmental issues is the effect of the industrial revolution.
To learn more about industrial revolution, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/855594
#SPJ1
The effects of the industrial revolution improve people's working and living conditions.
What is industrialization?It refers to the extensive expansion of industries in a nation or region.
A human community transitions from an agrarian culture to an industrial society during a time of social and economic change known as industrialization. This entails a significant reorganization of an economy for manufacturing.
This entails a significant reorganization of an economy for manufacturing. Historically, industrialization expansion in fossil fuel-dependent, polluting businesses. has been linked to an economy.
Therefore, the option D is correct.
Learn more about Industrialization, here:
https://brainly.com/question/851637
#SPJ1
I’m October of 1950 UN troops pushed far into North Korea which
One of the key engagements of the UN attack during the Korean War was the Battle of Pyongyang (17–19 October 1950). After the Battle of Inchon, the UN troops retook Seoul, the South Korean capital, and moved on to North Korea.
What is 1950 UN troops?Generally, On June 27, 1950, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution (UNSCR) 83, which deemed North Korean actions a breach of the peace and urged UN members to aid South Korea in fending off the attack and reestablishing peace on the Korean Peninsula.
On June 25, 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, and MacArthur was chosen to lead the U.S.-led U.N. force sent to assist the South.
North Korean forces had been driven back across the 38th parallel by the end of October after he orchestrated a risky but incredibly successful landing at Inchon in September.
In conclusion, During the Korean War, one of the most important engagements of the United Nations' advance was the Battle of Pyongyang, which took place from October 17-19, 1950.
After winning the Battle of Inchon, the United Nations troops went on to retake Seoul, which is the capital of South Korea, and then continued their march into North Korea.
Read more about 1950 UN troops
https://brainly.com/question/3894757
#SPJ1
based on what you have read what do you think Adams's view of France was?
Answer: positive
Explanation:
What was the purpose of Compromise of 1850?
Answer:
to seek a compromise and avert a crisis between North and South.
An effort to settle several outstanding slavery issues and to avert the threat of dissolution of the Union.
What is constitution?A country or state's government is governed by a set of fundamental laws known as its constitution.The term "codified" merely refers to the fact that almost all constitutions are explicitly spelled out in a document known as "the constitution."However, several nations, including Israel, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, have "un-codified" constitutions that aren't properly recorded in a single location. Typically, constitutions contain the following fundamental components:A prologue is a passionate introduction that outlines the constitution's goal.A thorough explanation of the power split that should occur between the national and state levels of government, as well as the three branches of government (legislature, executive, and judiciary).a promise of certain fundamental rights that people can exercise.hence,An effort to settle several outstanding slavery issues and to avert the threat of dissolution of the Union.
learn more about constitution click here:
brainly.com/question/453546
#SPJ4
What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act upset?
Answer:
raised the possibility that slavery could be extended into territories where it had once been banned.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act, a contentious measure, opened the prospect of slavery being expanded into regions where it had previously been prohibited. Its ratification heightened the heated debate in the United States over slavery, which would ultimately erupt into the Civil War.
What is Kansas-Nebraska Act?The Kansas-Nebraska Act, a contentious measure, opened the prospect of slavery being expanded into regions where it had previously been prohibited. Its ratification heightened the heated debate in the United States over slavery, which would ultimately erupt into the Civil War.
On May 30, 1854, it became legislation. The Kansas-Nebraska Act abolished the Missouri Compromise, established two new territories, and permitted popular sovereignty.
To learn more about Kansas-Nebraska Act, click
https://brainly.com/question/21577804
#SPJ4
Use the article Founding Father to answer this question. Founding Father Which detail from the article explains why Ben Franklin drew a cartoon of a snake?
Answer:
The 8 colonies that were not yet fully united, Join or die.
Explanation:
This was a representation of the colonies and how if they are not united they would not be strong as becoming one whole, they will be able to fight whatever comes their way, to show the importance of colonial unity, symbol of freedom during the American revolution.
Answer:
He knew the colonists would understand it as a warning
Describe the impact the Bill of Rights had on the ratification (passing) of the Constitution. (PLEASE BE DETAILED I WILL MARK BRAINLIEST!)
The impact that the Bill of rights had on the passing of the constitution is that the anti Federalists disagreed on the constitution placing a strong federal government till the Bill was in the constitution.
What was the Bill of rights?The first ten Amendments to the Constitution are known as the Bill of Rights. It outlines the rights of Americans in regard to their government. Individuals are given civil rights and liberties like freedom of speech, of the press, and of religion.
The American people needed strong assurances that the new government would not violate their recently earned freedoms of speech, press, and religion, as well as their right to be free from warrantless searches and seizures, after being recently liberated from the oppressive English monarchy.
Read more on the Bill of rights here: https://brainly.com/question/493206
#SPJ1
You’ve read about what the Dalai Lama believes and how his beliefs reflect Buddhist teachings. Now you’re going to read about the Dalai Lama's daily routine. As you read, pick three of his daily activities and explain how his actions reflect his commitment to Buddhism. You can write your answers in bullet form.
He encourages the development of human virtues including compassion, forgiveness, tolerance, contentment, and self-control. He asserts that we are all the same as humans. All of us desire happiness and do not desire pain.
What is desire?Real desires for peace exist on both sides. His thirst for land, money, power, and change influences his decisions. They said they wanted to come with us. They are eager to start a family. a strong desire to tour the world; a burning or agonizing yearning.
The current Dalai Lama is the 14th, also known as Gyalwa Rinpoche among Tibetans. He is the former head of the state of Tibet and the highest spiritual authority in the country. On July 6, 1935, which corresponds to the Wood-Pig Year, Fifth Month, Fifth Day in the Tibetan calendar, he was born. desire happiness and do not desire pain.
Therefore, All of us desire happiness and do not desire pain.
Learn more about desire here:
https://brainly.com/question/13033776
#SPJ1
why were victory gardens important?
American residents had the chance to contribute to the war effort by participating in the victory gardens, war gardening, or victory gardens that were encouraged during World War I and hence it was important. By establishing vegetable gardens in private backyards, churchyards, city parks, and playgrounds, Americans were encouraged to grow their own food.
Why did individuals plant victory gardens during World War 1?Fruit and vegetable harvesting and shipping to markets were challenging due to labor and transportation shortages during the first world war. In order to stimulate the planting of "Victory Gardens," the government resorted to its people. People were expected to bring their own fruits and vegetables. A whopping 20 million Americans picked up the phone. In order to ensure that people and soldiers had access to enough food during the wars, victory gardens were created.
To learn more about victory gardens, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/1953995
#SPJ4
How did industrialization spread to the continent of Europe?
Answer:
1) The United States shared its expertise in exchange for resources. 2) British workers secretly brought in textile machinery plans. 3) Britain shared its secrets to get support from allies.
Explanation:
Answer: 2) British workers secretly brought in textile machinery plans.
Hope this helps! <3 Please mark Brainliest!! :D
Which three topics became a major focus of the Enlightenment?
astronomy, mathematics, physics
classicism, humanism, individualism
rights and responsibilities, politics, reason
spirituality, religion, chivalry
The three topics that became a major focus of the Enlightenment was rights and responsibilities, politics, reason.
The Enlightenment was a great time in history during the 17th and 18th centuries, in which thinkers and philosophers proposed innovative ideas of freedom, rights, politics, and science. They used logic and reason to present a different view of the world, so different than the view of the Church. The ideas of philosophers such as John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Montesquiou, and Jean-Jaques Rosseau, influenced many revolutionary movements in the following years.
During the 17th and 18th century, the Enlightenment was a period in world history when thinkers and philosophers proposed various novel ideas about freedom, rights, politics, and science.
Therefore the answer is option C.
To know more about Enlightenment, click below-
https://brainly.com/question/14368168
#SPJ1
Answer:
C) rights and responsibilities, politics, reason
Explanation:
edge 2023
List and discuss the four primary problems confronting the lower courts in the United States
The four major problems confronting the lower courts in the United States includes:
inadequate financinginadequate facilitieslax court proceduresunbalanced caseloads.What role do lower courts play in Judiciary?In the judiciary system, the lower court is also known as an inferior court, which is a court from which an appeal may be taken, usually referring to courts other than supreme court.
When we have appeal from one court to another, the lower court is the court whose decision is being reviewed which may be the original trial court or some of appellate court lower in rank than the supreme court which is hearing the appeal.
In conclusion, the lower courts are lower in hierarchical chain of appellate procedure than other higher appellate courts, so, it is usually an obligation of a lower court to follow the decision of higher appellate court.
Read more about lower courts
brainly.com/question/9248204
#SPJ1
What element is not necessary in a historical essay?
A. objective facts
B. subjective claims
C. interpretive arguments
D. argumentative thesis statement
E. poetic language
A poetic language element is not necessary for a historical essay. The correct option is E. In a history essay, a claim or argument about one or more historical events will be described, and the claim will be supported by examples, arguments, and sources.
Why is poetic language different from the scientific language?Because the poet creates his language as he goes and establishes his own rules, Brooks emphasizes in this passage that poetic language is fundamentally different from scientific language. Therefore, the poet has control over language and must actively contribute to the development of literature's meaning.
History essays typically call for both primary and secondary sources. The resources that were produced during the historical era being studied are called primary sources. Secondary sources are those written on the subject by historians and academics.
Thus, the ideal selection is option E.
Learn more about historical events here:
https://brainly.com/question/11344213
#SPJ2
In what two ways did Reconstruction see success?
Equality for Black citizens.
An improved Southern economy.
An increase in colleges and universities.
Black citizens were guaranteed citizenship.
The two ways did Reconstruction see success-
Significant political, economic, and social changes occurred in the United States during the Civil War and Reconstruction period, but for African Americans the changes had, at best, mixed effects.
The basic question of what emancipation meant beyond the abolition of the institution of slavery was one of the Civil War's lasting effects. Students will study historical primary documents from the Reconstruction era in this lesson, as well as the arguments put forth by two historians regarding how it affected the lives of African Americans. Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of
Happiness: A History of the American Experiment, a U.S. History resource from the Bill of Rights Institute, served as the inspiration for this lesson. This free online tool is aligned with the College Board's AP U.S. history curriculum and covers the years 1491 to the present.
Learn more about Civil War https://brainly.com/question/11874600
#SPJ9
Which of the following is a true statement about the Compromise of 1808 (an amendment to the South Carolina Constitution)?
Responses
The compromise gave more power to the Lowcountry in S.C.
The compromise decided how slaves would be counted in the population of S.c
The compromise decided if counties in S.C. would be free or allow the practice of slavery.
The compromise created a more equal balance of power in S.C. between the Upcountry and the Lowcountry.
The statement that is a true statement about the Compromise of 1808 (an amendment to the South Carolina Constitution) is that The compromise created a more equal balance of power in S.C. between the Upcountry and the Low country.
What was the Compromise of 1808?It should be noted that the General Assembly was able to pass some of the constitutional amendments in the year 1808 which was the one that brought about the apportions of the the S.C. House of Representatives following the white population as well as the taxation.
However one of the representatives is able to represent 1/62 of the state's population.
In conclusion, The compromise that was able to bring more equal balance of power in S.C. and this can be found in the Upcountry and the Lowcountry.
Therefore, the last option is correct.
Read more about Constitution at:
https://brainly.com/question/453546
#SPJ1
Which describes natural features of the Cascade Mountains region? Check all that apply.
arid deserts
O active volcanoes
O glaciers
high peaks
O river valleys
O rugged seacoasts
Active volcanoes describes natural features of the Cascade Mountains region.
The Cascade Range is comprised of a band of thousands of tiny, brief volcanoes that have constructed a foundation of magma and volcanic trash. Transcending this volcanic stage are a couple of strikingly enormous volcanoes, similar to Mount Hood and Mount St. Helens, that overwhelm the scene.
What kind of volcanoes are the Outpouring Mountains?
The Outpouring Curve incorporates almost 20 significant volcanoes, among a sum of more than 4,000 separate volcanic vents including various stratovolcanoes, safeguard volcanoes, magma vaults, and soot cones, alongside a couple of detached instances of more extraordinary volcanic structures, for example, tuyas.
Are the Outpouring Mountains volcanic?
Overflow Reach Volcanoes (Public space.) The natural snow-clad pinnacles of the Fountain Reach are essential for a 1,300 km (800 mi) chain of volcanoes, which stretches out from northern California to southern English Columbia.
What makes the Outpouring Mountains exceptional?
It is very tough, with large numbers of the lesser pinnacles steep and glaciated. While a large portion of the pinnacles are under 3,000 meters (10,000 feet) in rise, the low valleys give extraordinary nearby help, frequently more than 1,800 meters (6,000 feet).
Learn more about Cascade Range here:
https://brainly.com/question/29370734
#SPJ1
Which of the following best summarizes the circumstances Chief Red Cloud and his people were facing before they were placed on reservations?
Red Cloud claims that before moving to the reserve, he and the Lakota people had much more apprehensive interactions with the American authorities.
What happened to chief Red Cloud?In his later years, Red Cloud lost his sight and became less engaged with the issues facing his people. He passed dead in Pine Ridge in 1909. He had seen the West change throughout the course of his life, from the nearly total eradication of Native Americans to the height of the Plains horse culture.
Red Cloud, chief of the Oglala Sioux, was a powerful political figure and a strong warrior who fought bravely but ineffectively to defend his people and their territory from white intruders.
Thus, Red Cloud claims that before moving to the reserve.
For more information about happened to chief Red Cloud, click here
https://brainly.com/question/28724872
#SPJ1
King James I came into conflict with Parliament because he:
believed in the divine right of kings.
had Catholic sympathies.
All of the choices are correct.
agreed to heavy war reparations to Spain.
King James, I came into conflict with Parliament because he believed in the divine right of kings. The correct option is A.
He believed in kings' absolute power. It gave Parliament essential powers that were not subject to the monarchy.
What problems did James have?As Europe was at war, he faced complex foreign policy issues soon after becoming King of England. During his reign, he reached an agreement with Spain but later went to war with Bohemia. Again, the King's extravagant spending is highlighted in several sources, as are his Secretary of State, Robert Cecil's, attempts to control it.
James believed that it was his responsibility to interpret the law and that he was not accountable to parliament. As a result, Parliament feared that England would follow Spain and France into absolutist rule and that any gains made under Elizabeth I to make the constitution permanent would be lost.
Thus, the ideal selection is option A.
Learn more about King James I here:
https://brainly.com/question/17882130
#SPJ1
How did geography impact early human migration?
Answer:
It negatively impacted early human migration
Explanation:
They had to traverse mountains among other dangerous areas to get to places.
It would help if the question was a little more specific, though.
Unlike citizens in representative governments, citizens in nonrepresentative
governments:
A. are forced to pay taxes and obey all national laws.
B. have very little influence over their governments.
C. are required to participate in all national elections.
D. have many civic duties and civic responsibilities
Answer:
B. have very little influence over their government.
Explanation:
A representative government is when citizens get to vote for their government. A non representative is the opposite.
Which action is most similar to the tactics Hideki Tojo advocated as a general
and political leader in Japan?
A. A country cuts off foreign imports in an effort to become totally
self-reliant.
OB. A country abandons industrialization and returns to agrarian
economic models.
C. A country abolishes political parties and allows the military to
control its government.
OD. A country supports nationalist rebellions in colonies dominated by
imperial powers.
The correct answer is C. A country mobilizes its entire population to pursue a strategy of total war.
Hideki Tojo was a general of the Imperial Japanese Army and politician. He was a devoted nationalist to the emperor and a strong supporter of Japanese expansion in Asia and the Pacific. He also was in favor of a declaration of war on the United States and of a close alliance with the Axis Powers.
In 1941, he became the head of the government and at the same time remained in active military service. As a result, he gained dictatorial power and command over the Japanese armed forces. He was the originator of the attack on Pearl Harbor and for the mass genocide and war crimes committed in Asia and the Pacific, which resulted in the death of 8 million people.
To know more about Hideki Tojo here
https://brainly.com/question/20880430
#SPJ1
Andrew Jackson's presidency
O was the result of the democratization of American politics.
was characterized by the efforts the administration made to limit popular engagement in the political process.
O brought about a broader definition of democracy in American politics.
O saw a return to emphasizing heredity rights under the law.
Andrew Jackson's presidency brought about a broader definition of democracy in American politics.
How did Andrew Jackson's presidency change America?Thanks to Andrew Jackson's presidency, there was a broader definition of what democracy meant when it came to American politics. This was because before Andrew Jackson's presidency, on average it was mostly those who owned land and were part of the elite that could vote.
Thanks to Andrew Jackson standing up for, and appealing to the "common man" there were laws put in place that allowed those who were not land owners to be able to vote as well.
Find out more on Andrew Jackson's presidency at https://brainly.com/question/11726321
#SPJ1
cooper v. aaron (1958)
Answer:
cooper v. aaron (1958)
Explanation:
Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, which denied the school board of Little Rock, Arkansas, the right to delay racial desegregation for 30 months.On September 12, 1958, the Warren Court handed down a per curiam decision which held that the states are bound by the Court's decisions and must enforce them even if the states disagree with them, which asserted judicial supremacy established in Marbury v. Madison.The decision in this case upheld the rulings in Brown v. Board of Education and Brown II which held that the doctrine of separate but equal was unconstitutiona
Match the philosophers to their theories or schools.
1. feminism
2. phenomenology
3. humanism
A. Robert Ingersoll
B. Edmund Husserl
C. Betty Friedan
Using complete sentences, describe the characteristics of integrity.
Please help me with question
What can we learn from violence and religion during the Baroque Era that can help reduce the amount of violence committed in the name of religion?
The early modern per-iod witness-ed a true explosion of ima-ges on pain, suffering and violence across paint-ing, print, theater, and pub-lic space. The public had plenty to cho-ose from: sieges, executions, mass-acres.
Violence fascinated the early mo-dern spectator, yet it simul-taneously conjured up num-erous questions, some of which are not un-like those posed today. Seeking a combi-ned effect, these ' total works of art ' were inten-ded both to impress and move their view-er.
Baroque relig-ious objects not only inspi-red devotion, they also brou-ght honor to those who commis-sioned them as well as the crafts-men and artists who crea-ted them.
To know more about Baroque art click below:
brainly.com/question/2213982
#SPJ1
The 17th century Europe was torn apart for about 150 years by the conflict over "genuine" Christianity.
As a result of the Protestant Reformation's spiritual differences, numerous domestic and foreign wars sprang out, resulting in immeasurable loss of life and destruction. These conflicts spanned from international battles with religiously motivated causes, such as the Schmalkaldic War (1546–47), the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648), the French Wars of Religion (1562–1598), and the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). Between these efforts, the general populace continued to perpetrate riots, persecutions, and massacres in an apparent never-ending cycle of religious violence.
Nearly every religion is impacted by the rise in religious violence, which is global. According to a 2018 Minority Rights Group assessment, atrocities including mass murder and other atrocities are becoming more common in both war-torn and non-war-torn nations. While violent clashes were reported in more than 50 nations, the majority of minorities were killed in Syria, Iraq, Nigeria, India, Myanmar, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
To know more about religion and war :
https://brainly.com/question/904391
#SPJ1
Write a diary as a Cherokee traveling to Indian Territory on the Trail of Tears
Dear Diary,
As I travel on the Trail of Tears, I can't help but feel a great sense of sadness. I am saddened for my people, who have been forced to leave our homeland. I am saddened for the loss of our way of life. And I am saddened for the future, knowing that our lives will never be the same.
But amidst all this sadness, there is also a sense of hope. Hope that we will be able to start anew in Indian Territory, and hope that we will one day be able to return to our homeland.
This journey is not going to be easy, but I am hopeful that it will be worth it in the end.
What is the debate about Puerto Rico? (and it still continues today)
This is a question in the Spanish-American War chapter in U.S. history.
The debate about Puerto Rico is to determine its status by either making it a state or to give it independence.
Why is there a debate about Puerto Rico?Since the Spanish-American War, the United States has controlled Puerto Rico and yet the island has yet to have its own representation in the U.S. government. It does not have a voting member of Congress, and it is not a state.
There is therefore a debate on how to proceed with the island's status. Some people argue for statehood to make Puerto Ricans formal Americans, while others argue for independence so that Puerto Rico is allowed to make its own decisions.
Find out more on Puerto Rico at https://brainly.com/question/5410728
#SPJ1