Lab: Limiting Reactant and Percent Yield
Student Guide
Pre-Lab Information
Purpose Explore the yield of a chemical reaction by identifying the limiting reactant, comparing the
theoretical and actual yields, and explaining the sources of error.
Time Approximately 45 minutes
Question While observing a chemical reaction, how can you tell which reactant is limiting?
Reaction The reaction of copper(II) chloride and aluminum is shown in this balanced equation:
3CuCl2 + 2Al  2AlCl3 + 3Cu
Hypothesis If a substance is the limiting reactant, then it will be fully consumed by the time the
reaction completes because it is the reactant that reacts completely and the reaction
cannot proceed further.
Summary You will react copper(II) chloride with different quantities of aluminum in two trials. You
will also calculate percent yield for Trial 2.

The hydrologic cycle, another name for the water cycle, describes where and how water is kept on Earth.

In the atmosphere, on the surface of the land, and underground, water is kept in reserve. It could be a gas, a liquid, or a solid. Either fresh or salt water can be a liquid (salty).

Water flows between its storage locations. It flows on both extremely tiny scales and very big scales (via watersheds, the atmosphere, and below the Earth's surface) (in people, in plants, and in other organisms).

Water flows both naturally and as a result of human activity. The motion of water on Earth is sustained by the force of gravity and solar energy. The water cycle is impacted by human activity because it changes where water is.

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According to Boyle's law which is a law for constant temperature the  the total equilibrium pressure of the system if the volume of the reaction vessel is reduced to 1.0 l  is 2.4 atmospheres.

Boyle's law is an experimental gas law which describes how the pressure of the gas decreases as the volume increases. It's statement can be stated as, the absolute pressure which is exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume provided temperature and amount of gas remains unchanged.

Mathematically, it can be stated as,

P∝1/V or PV=K. The equation states that the product of of pressure and volume is constant for a given mass of gas and the equation holds true as long as temperature is maintained constant.

According to the equation the unknown pressure and volume of any one gas can be determined if two gases are to be considered.That is,

P₁V₁=P₂V₂

Substitution in above equation gives P₂=1.2×2/1=2.4 atmospheres.

Hence, the total equilibrium pressure of the system if the volume of the reaction vessel is reduced to 1.0 l  is 2.4 atmospheres.

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Flask 3 has higher mean square value.

Flask 1 (CO) – P1 = 760 torr

Flask 2 (N2) – P2 = 250 torr

Flask 3 (H2) – P3 = 100 torr

All these have same volume and temperature

•  Average Kinetic Energy:

(K.E.) avg = 3/2 RT

(K.E.) avg ∝ T, here T = Temperature

And all the flask has same temperature

So, they all have same Kinetic Energy.

The root mean square speed (C.R.M.S.) is given by,

CRMS = √ (3RT/Mo) = √ (3PV/Mo), where Mo is the molar mass

From above CRMS ∝ √ (P/Mo)

So, higher molar mass gas molecule has lower crms.

CO = Mo = (Mo)c + (Mo)o = 12 + 16 = 28

N2 = Mo = 2(Mo)N = 2 * 14 = 28

H2 = Mo = 2(Mo)H = 2 * 1 = 2

(Mo): - H2 < N2 = CO

Hence CRMS for Flask 3 > Flask 2 > Flask 1.

So, FLASK 3 has highest CRMS

•  Rate of effusion of gas (r) is inversely proportional to square root of density (d)

r ∝ 1 / √d

r ∝ 1 / √ Mo

therefore density (d) = Mo / 2

Mo: H2 < CO = N2

r: H2 > CO = N2

Flask 3 effuses higher than flask 1 & 2.

Thus,

Flask 3 has higher mean square value.

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Option B. Acetic acid has the formula C2H4O2. In order to distinguish it from its isomers, it is frequently written with CH3CO2.

Then, is CH3COOH a base or an acid. Because the ions in CH 3 COOH do not fully ionise to release H + ions when they are dissolved in water, it is a weak acid. As a result, there are less hydrogen ions in the acetic acid's final solution, which ultimately results in a weak acid.

Since CH3COOH does not release any OH- ions when dissolved in water, it is not an Arrhenius base. According to the Bronsted-Lowry theory for bases, a base is defined as a chemical that absorbs the proton from other molecules and uses it to form a conjugate acid.

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Answer:

I don't know because there is no option !!

Chemical symbols are used to quickly identify the elements and atoms in a chemical formula and to standardize the "language of science." One or two letters make up chemical symbols, which are most frequently derived from the names of the elements.

Since they show the element's stoichiometric amount, symbols are important. They indicate the number of atoms of a specific element that are being consumed or released during a chemical process.

The 118 chemical elements are included on this list. The element's precise mass in a chemical reaction is represented by the symbol.

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The chemical formula for hydrogen sulfide is H₂S. The mass of hydrogen in 150 g of 141.2 g. Therefore, option A is correct.

A body's mass is an inherent quality. Prior to the discovery of the atom and particle physics, it was widely considered to be tied to the amount of matter in a physical body.

Simply put, mass is a measurement of a body's amount of matter. Matter is everything that has both volume and mass. Although mass cannot be seen, it can be measured or quantified. Not all matter is visible. Typically, mass is expressed in kilograms, etc.

Molar mass of  H₂S

= 1 × 2 + 32

= 34

The mass of hydrogen in 150 g is 141.2 g.

Thus, option A is correct.

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Answer:

Mass of Magnesium Chloride = 26.85 grams

Percentage of Magnesium= 25.5 %

Percentage of Chlorine =74.5 %

Explanation:

Mass of Magnesium Chloride= Mass of magnesium + Mass of Chlorine        6.85 grams + 20.0 grams = 26.85 grams

Percentage of Magnesium = 6.85 grams/26.85 grams x 100% = 25.5%

Hence, Magnesium = 25.5 %

Percentage of Chlorine = (20.0 grams/26.85 grams) x 100 % = 74.5%

Hence, Chlorine = 74.5 %

So, the compound is 25.5 % magnesium and 74.5 % Chlorine by mass.

Answer:

alkali metals

Explanation:

alkali metals have only 1 electron in their outer shell so it is easier to lose it

According to the Nerst equation, when Ecell = 0 then : A) Q = K, the nerst equation is then :

log Keq = (n E°) / (0.0592 V)

The Nerst equation is given as follows :

E cell = E°cell  - (0.0592 V / n ) log Q

the electrical potential of the cell is depend on the Q, that reaction quotient of the reaction. at equilibrium ΔG = 0 . the reaction quotient    Q = K and from the equation , ΔG = -nFE , ans E = 0, now the nerst equation is given as :

0 = E° - ( RT / nF ) ln K

0 = E° - ( 0.0592 V / n) log K

log K = (n E°) / (0.0592 V)

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As a hardening agent, pewter is a tin-based alloy with varying quantities of antimony, bismuth, copper, and lead.  

As a hardening agent, pewter is a tin-based alloy with varying quantities of antimony, bismuth, copper, and lead.

Pewter drinkware maintains liquids at their ideal temperatures for a longer period of time, whether they are hot or cold. A Lovely And Enjoyable Lifetime.

Pewter drinkware maintains liquids at their ideal temperatures for a longer period of time, whether they are hot or cold.

Become familiar with pewter.

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The glutamate side chain's gamma carbon is carboxylated by Q1, a vitamin KH2 dependent enzyme, and Q2. A thioester is created when carboxylic acid and coASH interact.

Thioesters are organosulfur compounds having the functional group RSC(=O)R'. By virtue of the thio- prefix, they are implied to be comparable to carboxylate esters (ROC(=O)R'), with the sulphur in the thioester acting as the linking oxygen in the carboxylate ester. Thioesters play a crucial role in metabolism. A notable illustration of this is the metabolism of fatty acids. The main metabolite, acetyl coa, is an ester that is predominantly generated when pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation or when B acids are broken down.

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There are total 3 atoms in MgO, in which 1 atom is of Magnesium and 1 atom is of Oxygen.

Atom

An atom is a particle of matter that uniquely defines a chemical element. An atom consists of a central nucleus that is surrounded by one or more negatively charged electrons. The nucleus is positively charged and contains one or more relatively heavy particles known as protons and neutrons.

Nucleus

The nucleus  is a positively charged region at the center of the atom. It consists of two types of subatomic particles packed tightly together.

The particles are protons, which have a positive electric charge, and neutrons, which are neutral in electric charge.

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Left ear, right foot, glove, and nail shell are examples of chiral objects; while nail, baseball bat, and wooden spoon are examples of achiral objects.

Chiral objects are not identical in all respects (that is superimposable) with their mirror image.  Chiral objects have a 'handedness', for instance, ears, golf clubs, scissors, feet, hands, gloves, shoes, nail shells, and a corkscrew.

On the other hand, achiral objects are identical with (superimposable on) their mirror image. Achiral objects do not possess a handedness, for instance, a baseball bat (no writing or logos on it), a wooden spoon, a plain round ball, a pencil, a T-shirt, and a nail.

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Lewis structures of F2CNH is F2 - C - N - H.

The octet rule is a theory that describes how atoms share electrons so that each atom has eight electrons in its outer shell. This idea. is the foundation. of a Lewis. structure. An oxygen. atom, has six electrons. in its outer. shell. The arrangement of the atoms or molecules is given structure by the Lewis Dot Structure, which is represented by a pattern of dots, lines, and atomic symbols. A single atom, a covalent molecule, or a polyatomic ion can all be given a Lewis Dot Structure. The bonding between a molecule's atoms and its lone pairs of electrons is depicted in Lewis structures, also called Lewis-dot diagrams. Lewis structures can be combined with hybrid models to predict molecular geometry.

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The OH group accepts the proton of sulphuric acid in the described reaction. As a result, one water molecule is removed.

Following the elimination, a secondary carbocation is formed, which undergoes a 1, 2-hydrogen shift to create a more stable tertiary carbocation. Furthermore, the alkene contributes electrons to the tertiary carbocation, resulting in the formation of a cyclic molecule.

The mechanism is shown below:

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Answer:

3p6 3d4

Explanation:

3d will come after 3p => 3p 3d

p will hold maximum of 6 electrons while d will hold maximum of 10 electrons.

if there are 8 more electrons to 3p2, then 4 will fill 3p so it will become 3p6

then the other 4 will fill 3d to become 3d4

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Dating: The 3 Types

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The bond angle for SiO2 is 120 degrees. The bond angle for BF3 is 120 degrees. The bond angle for CFCl3 is 120 degrees. The bond angle for H2CS is 120 degrees

Bond angle is defined as the relationship between two bonds, or the angle among two orbitals in a complex molecule or ion that contain bonding electron pairs. It is determined by calculating using a spectroscopic method and measured in degrees. The bond lengths in a molecule is the angle formed by three connected nuclei. Electron domains have distinctive angles and structures. A central atom with two electron density regions, for example, is regarded linear with an angle of 180°. More complex structures have multiple angles. Valence bond model says a bent geometry for the molecule of water with a bond angle of 90° because the 2 2p orbitals are at right angles to each other.

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The aldol condensation is a chemical reaction that occurs between a carbonyl compound and an alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound to form a new carbon-carbon bond, resulting in the formation of a new molecule. This reaction is an example of a crossed aldol reaction because the two starting compounds are not structurally similar.

In the case of cyclopentanone reacting with trans-cinnamaldehyde, the reaction occurs in the following steps:

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MgO contains three atoms in total, of which one is Mg and one was O.

Therefore, MgO contains only 1 atom of magnesium.

A chemical element was uniquely defined by its atoms, which are tiny pieces of substance. An atom is made up of a core nucleus and one or even more electrons with negative charges that orbit it. The positively charged, comparatively hefty protons as well as neutrons that make up the nucleus may be present.

The positively charged nucleus is located in the middle of an atom. It must be composed of two types of closely grouped subatomic particles.

Protons, which possess a positive electric charge, as well as neutrons, that have no electric charge, are just particles.

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The explanation we utilize the rms velocity rather than the normal is that for a commonplace gas test the typical speed is zero since the particles are moving every which way.

Root mean square (RMS) velocity is the square base of the amount of the squares of the stack speed values partitioned by the quantity of values. RMS speed is the speed of a wave going through underground developments at various span speeds along a given beam way.

For flat or marginally inclined layers, NMO and stacking speed are equivalent to RMS speed. In any case, in regions with huge parallel speed varieties, the stack velocity contrasts essentially from the RMS speed.

Conduction is the minuscule temperature inclination of the root-mean-square speed of issue. This substance can be either strong, fluid, or gas.

The explanation we utilize the rms velocity rather than the normal is that for a regular gas test the typical speed is zero since the particles are moving every which way.

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The chief difference between two identical clay tiles, if one is hot and one is cold, is in the amount of heat energy each contains.

Heat energy is a form of energy that is transferred from one object to another, and in this case, the hot tile contains more heat energy than the cold tile. Heat energy is transferred from one object to another through a process called conduction.

When one object is hotter than another, heat energy is transferred from the hotter object to the cooler object until both objects reach the same temperature. In the case of the two clay tiles, the hotter tile will transfer its heat energy to the cooler tile until the tiles reach the same temperature.

The amount of heat energy each tile has can also be measured. Heat energy is measured in joules, and the hotter tile will have a higher number of joules than the cooler tile. To measure the amount of heat energy each tile contains, a thermometer can be used, which will measure the temperature of each tile and then calculate the amount of heat energy each tile contains.

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Volume required to completely react the 0.01 m potassium permanganate  with 0.50 g of hydrogen peroxide solution was 2.94 mL

The volume required can be calculate as follows

first we should write the balance reaction

H₂O₂ + 2KMnO₄→ 2MnO₂ + 2KOH + 2O₂

then we should calculate the moles of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)

moles = mass/ molar mass

moles = 0.50 g / 34 g/ mole

moles= 0.0147 moles

we can use unitary method to calculate the moles of potassium permanganate  

moles potassium permanganate = (2/1) x  moles H₂O₂ = 2/1 x 0.0147 = 0.0294 moles

as we know the moles we can calculate the volume required

V= n/ M

V = 0.0294 moles/ 0.01 = 2.94 mL

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The system was closed in which combustion experiment conducted. Thus, option D is correct.

A closed system is a system in which there is only transfer of energy is takes place this type of system is known as closed system.

Example - Transfer of heat from a cup of tea.

Mainly there are three type of system.

1:- Open System

2:- Closed System

3:- Isolated System

Open system:-

A system in which there is transfer of both energy and mass these types of system is called as open system.

Example:- Flow of water in a canals

Closed System:-

A  system in which there is only transfer of energy is takes place this type of system is known as closed system.

Example - Transfer of heat from a cup of tea.

Isolated system:-

A system in which there is no transfer of energy and mass these type of system is called as isolated system.

Example - A thermo flask

Therefore, the system was closed in which combustion experiment conducted. Thus, option D is correct.

The complete question is : At the start of the coal combustion experiment, the mass was 100 grams. At the end of the coal combustion experiment, the mass was 100 grams. During the combustion experiment, heat was transferred from the reaction vessel to the area surrounding the reaction vessel. What type of system was this combustion experiment conducted in?

A. isolated

B. insulated

C. open

D. closed

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1) Mixtures involves substances that are mixed together.

2) Colloids , suspensions and solutions are types of mixtures.

We know that the term mixture can be used to describe any two substances that are not chemically combined together. In other words, the term mixture has to do with the putting together of substances that would not lead to any change in the individual properties of the substances that have been mixed together. Two common examples of mixtures are blood and air.

There are various types of mixtures that we have and these include;

Solutions: A solution is a mixture because there is no interaction that is going on chemically between the solute and the solvent.

Colloid: A colloid is a kind of mixture that is made up solutes that can still be seen with the optical eye. That is, the solutes are still large enough

Suspension: A suspension is a kind of mixture in which a solute is scattered in the solvent.

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Answer: An ionic bond will be most likely formed between francium and chlorine having an electronegativity difference of 2.46.

Explanation:

They gave him the name Cupid, which is another name for Eros and also means "desire."For the Romans, Cupid was usually a cute little lad who carried out his mother's instructions to make individuals fall in love.

Eros (Roman Cupid), the deity of love, and his wife PSYKHE (Psyche), the goddess of a soul.She was originally a mortal princess, and when mankind started to worship her instead of the goddess Aphrodite (Roman Venus), the goddess became enraged.

According to Apuleius, Voluptas and Volupta is indeed the daughter of Cupid and Psyche in Roman mythology.The Latin term voluptas, which is also known as that of the goddess for "sensual pleasures," signifies "pleasure" or "delight."She frequently hangs out with the Gratiae, also known as the Three Graces.

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Answer:

beryllium atom

Explanation:

An atom with two protons is always a helium atom. If scientists count four protons in an atom, they know it's a beryllium atom.