Karl Marx believed that, in a capitalist system, wages would never rise above a subsistence level. What does this mean? Was he correct?

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

this mean that Capitalist system did not support the laborers.

Karl Marx Was correct.

Answer 2

The worker's desire to become rich is stoked by the increase in pay, but he can only do it by sacrificing his mind and body. The formation of capital is necessary for and dependent upon wage increases.

What do you mean by capital?

A factory and its equipment, intellectual property like patents, or the financial assets of a company or a person are all examples of things that provide value or benefit to their owners and fall within the broad definition of capital.

While money in and of itself could be considered capital, the term is more frequently used to refer to money that is being used for investments or productive purposes.

In general, capital is an essential part of managing a firm day-to-day and funding its expansion in the future. Either the current or long-term sections of the balance sheet contain capital assets.

These assets could consist of money, money equivalents, marketable securities, industrial machinery, production facilities, and storage facilities.

Usually, money or other liquid assets are held or acquired for use as capital. The phrase can be used broadly to refer to all of a company's monetary-valued assets, including its inventory, real estate, and equipment. But when it comes to planning a budget, cash flow is capital.

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Related Questions

describe swayambhunath stupa​

Answers

Answer:

[tex] \underline{ \bold{ \sf{see \: below}}}[/tex]

Explanation:

[tex] { \boxed{ \bold{ swayambhunath \: stupa}}}[/tex]

Swayambhunath is an ancient religious complex located in the top hill of Kathmandu city. It is also known as the Monkey Temple as there are holy monkeys living in the north - west parts of the temple. The Swayambhunath complex consists of a stupa , a variety of shrines and temples , some dating back to the Lichchhavi period. A Tibetan monastery , museum and library are more recent additions. The Stupa had Buddha's eyes and eyebrows painted on. Between them, the number one ( in Devanagari script ) is painted in the fashion of a nose. The unique feature of this temple is 365 steps ladder.

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Social problems and evils are the obstacles for the development". Justify the statement​

Answers

Answer:

Both social problems and evils badly affect a country. They are a hurdle in the development of the country.

(i) Solving these issues and evils consumes time, hence development is ignored.

(ii) Plans and projects of eradication of evils and problems are to be made; hence development plans are ignored.

Explanation:

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PLS HELP ME ASAP!!!!! I WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST!!!!!!!! 1. What is happening (literally) in this cartoon? 2. Who does the family represent, and who does the man in the suit represent? 3. What do you think the author's overall message in this cartoon, and what gives you that impression?

Answers

Answer:

the cartoon is showing the man saying lets get rid of illegal immigrants and pointing to the family. the Indian is saying I'll help you pack because aside from american Indians everyone is "illegal'' the authors overall image is dont be a hypocrite.(pretty much)

Answer:

whats happening in this photo is where a dude is pointing at a family basically telling them to go back where they came from which is rude, but anyway then theres another dude saying okay then pack up because they were there first and he was the one who came after which makes him the illegal immigrant. The family represents hispanic familys I think, the dude in the suite is Donald Trump. I think the authors message behind this is that you can't claim whats not yours and you can't have everything you want.

"What was the main difference between the psychologi-cal thinking of Wilhelm Wundt and earlier philosophers who were also interested in thinking and behavior

Answers

“Wundt and his students gathered data about human thinking and behavior in a laboratory setting.”

Who was chosen as the main writer of the Declaration of Independence?

Answers

Answer:

bruh that so easy

Explanation:

Thomas Jefferson

Answer:

Thomas Jefferson was chosen as the main writer of the Declaration of Independence

Jackie is 5 years old. She has been diagnosed with ADHD and shows signs of learning problems. Her pediatrician suggests that Jackie's problems could be the result of prenatal exposure to _____, though he stresses that the link is not straightforward at this time.

Answers

Answer: behavioral teratogens

Explanation:

Jackie is 5 years old. She has been diagnosed with ADHD and shows signs of learning problems. Her pediatrician suggests that Jackie's problems could be the result of prenatal exposure to behavioral teratogens, though he stresses that the link is not straightforward at this time.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is a chronic condition which includes hyperactivity, attention difficulty, and impulsiveness. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) usually begins when one is still a child and can persist as one grows older into adulthood. This may cause troubled relationships, low self-esteem, and difficulty at workplace or school.

Behavioral teratogen impacted on the child's intellectual and emotional function.

What is Attention-deficit disorder?

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder( ADHD) is a chronic condition that involve hyperactivity and impulsiveness. This will automatically leads to troubled relationships and difficulty at workplace or school.

Jackie is 5 years old. She has been diagnosed with ADHD and shows signs of learning problems. Her pediatrician suggests that Jackie's problems could be the result of prenatal exposure to behavioral teratogens, though he stresses that the link is not straightforward at this time.

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What are the pros and cons of farming in early civilization

Answers

What are the pros and cons of humans switching from hunting-gathering to agriculture?

5 Answers

Gordon Couger, Embedded Programmer, Farmer, Rancher, Teacher, Problem Solver

Answered January 31, 2019 · Author has 1.1K answers and 919.1K answer views

The human abilities to communicate, invent and make long term plans appear to made us the climax mammal life form on Earth early on. Agriculture can be viewed as the next step up from hunter gatherer so the land could support a lager population or agriculture freed up people to advance civilization.

I doubt ether one is exactingly right. I suspect some nomadic hunter gatherer noticed the grass seeds they ate spouted and grew in new locations and started planting extra seeds near camps that didn't have them. Then some enterprising person started trying seeds from other plants and found some thing like squash, okra or green leaved crops that they make into short term gardens and it grew from there.

As far as pros and cons go without agriculture we don’t Penelope any civilization much higher than extended families, small triable units able to care for some of their elderly much like the Inuit of 1850 and small time bandits living by robbing hunter gatherers of their meager food supplies, Then they could only live by stealing from the most successful hunter gathers who would probably out number them and kill them off.

Why did the Pilgrims leave England

Answers

The Pilgrims and Puritans came to America to practice religious freedom. ... The Separatists, under the leadership of William Bradford, decided to leave England and start a settlement of their own so that they could practice their religion freely.

Answer:

The pilgrims left England because they wanted to have less restrictions on their beliefs so they sailed to America where they had the freedom of religion.

Explanation:

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why is philosophy the mother of science?​ (pls help)

Answers

Because philosophy teaches one how to assess a claim/truth/fact...

dk AS
1. Discuss the roles of lumbini to popularize Nepal in the world

Answers

Answer

The Government of Nepal is fully committed to promoting Lumbini as the birthplace of Lord Buddha and the fountain of Buddhism. We are effortful to protect and preserve the archaeological relics in the greater Lumbini area. Implementation of a comprehensive Master Plan is underway in this regard. The Lumbini Development Trust is mandated to carry out the works in accordance with the directives of the Master Plan.

We also aim at promoting and developing Lumbini as the centre of International Buddhist Studies. We acknowledge the important contributions of researchers and scholars. We also commend Lumbini Buddhist University for taking the lead in this sector.

Lumbini and Buddhism have also attracted some attention at the international front. Our neighbours and friendly countries have extended, since long, their generous support and cooperation to Lumbini’s development. The United Nations General Assembly Resolution recognized ‘the Day of Vesak’ in 2000 thereby acknowledging Buddhism’s contribution to the spirituality of humanity. The contribution from UNESCO and UNDP especially after Lumbini was recognized as the World Heritage site in 1997 has been remarkable.

The Lumbini plays an important role in order to popularize Nepal in the world.  

Lumbini is a place which make Nepal popular in the world because this is the birthplace of Lord Buddha and the foundation of Buddhism occur. Siddhartha Gautama, the Lord Buddha, was born in the famous gardens of Lumbini in 623 B.C. which became a place of pilgrimage for those people who follow Buddhism so due to the presence of Lord Buddha in this place, this place get famous as well as the Nepal.

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Name the three basic eras of adulthood and name the distinct periods that are within eachone?

Answers

Answer:

early adulthood , middle adulthood and later adulthood . Each era begins with a transitional period followed by alternating stable and transitional periods

Early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood are the three main stages of adulthood. The transitional period marks the start of the primary three eras.

What is adulthood?

The stages of a person's life are referred to as “adulthood.” Ages vary according to each period of a person's life, including adolescence, childhood, old age, etc.

The three primary categories are: Early adulthood, which is the first stage of human development, roughly ranging from twenty-two to thirty-four; middle age, roughly ranging from thirty-five to four; and old age. Late adulthood is equivalent to an older age above 65.

Hence, the significance of the adulthood is aforementioned.

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How do the judges effectively discourage anyone from defending the good character or innocence of someone accused of witchcraft

Answers

Answer:

The judges call the defendants to the court to make their statements, which meant he could challenge them as a witch as well.

Explanation:

An ultimatum was issued by the judges in which they claim that innocent people are happy with the work of the court. This simply means that those who are not happy with the actions of the court or go against the court are themselves guilty and hiding something serious. As a result of this claim, the judges were successful in establishing fear among people. Therefore, it became difficult for the defendents to come to the court even with evidence against the accused.

To what extent is the government responsible for its citizens/members of society?

plss help !!

Answers

One should ask, what is the role of government in today's modern society? In my eyes the role of the government must be limited, and there should be no room for self-enrichment, since we must assume that these people are in government because of their love for the people and their country and not due to their own desires for financial and political gain.

1. They should ensure a secure and stable environment to enable free trade, innovation, development and production through securing our national borders, and protecting against internal threats such as racketeering, intimidation, violence and corruption, and defend the country from any external threat to our way of life.

2. They should enable the citizens of the country to better themselves in every possible way thought quality education by the means of creating quality infrastructure such as housing and roads; delivering basic services like running water and electricity to each home and telecommunication for further development in regards with education.

3. They should not be allowed to have parastatals like Eskom or Telkom, any funding which the Government give to public enterprise ventures should be seen as loans after an in depth due diligence report was drawn up, and there must be little or no interest.

4. Financial institutions should be regulated in regards with the amount of personal loans they give out to an individual, and the interest charged on these loans, as well as keep an eye on bank administrative charges.

5. Lastly, the salaries of serving political figures and leading figures in the public sector like the police and defence force should be voted on by the public themselves.

Governing the Government fall in the hands of the citizens of the country, and we should not be lax in our attitudes or our resolve towards the Government, because this creates the perfect opportunity for the human condition called Greed to raise its ugly head.  We voted them into power, and it is our common responsibility to make sure that they stay on the straight and narrow, long past are the days of Monarchs and Feudal Lords who believed that the peasants where there to serve their every whim, the Government is the Public's servant.

In essence I believe that people don't need a government, a body or entity that will herd them like sheep or cattle into specific areas where they think it is best for livestock, and of course, from which they as the Government would stand to gain the most out of.

Sadly there is no room in today's society for such a view, since we as human beings are not responsible enough to govern ourselves and our inherent need for greed and hoarding.

Maybe through education we will be able to move past these factors which are holding us back sometime in the future.

A ________ occurs when a person feels deprived of basic necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter.

Answers

Answer:

A need occurs when a person feels deprived of basic necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter. A want is a need that is shaped by a person's knowledge, culture, and personality. Effective marketing can clearly shape a person's wants and tries to influence what he or she

Explanation:

There is only ONE way to interpret the past A. TRUE B. FALSE

Answers

Answer:

B) False

Explanation:

Different people can have different interpretation.

What is cultural ecology? Explain the concept of environmental determinism, and give an example to support this theory. Explain the concept of possibilism, and give an example to support this theory.

Answers

Answer:

Cultural ecology is a theoretical approach that attempts to explain similarities and differences in culture in relation to the environment.

Environmental determinism is an idea that occupied a central position in geography during the early part of the twentieth century. It holds that the physical environment shapes the course of human economic, cultural, and social development, and that this effect is independent of space and time.So environmental (climatic) determinism implies that a society is formed and determined by the physical environment, especially the climate. ... Environmental determinists would argue that this has to do with the fact that Jamaica is based in a tropical climate.

Possibilism in cultural geography is the theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions. ... Strabo cautioned against the assumption that nature and actions of humans were determined by the physical environment they inhabited.Man has brought changes to the environment by increasing its capacity to meet his largely increased needs and demands. The most visible and common examples in this regard are; industrial revolution, agricultural advancement, technological revolution.

Answer:

My answer isn't plagarized unlike the one above me.

Explanation:

1. Cultural ecology is a theoretical approach that attempts to define the similarities and differences in culture in relation to the environment. (lumenlearning.com)

2. Environmental determinism is the idea that the physical environment shapes the course of human economic, cultural, and social development. An example of this theory is the California gold rush of 1849. The mountains in California contained gold and gave reason for humans to seek economic growth. 

3.  Possibilism is the theory that the environment sets limitations for development in social or economic situations. Basically, the environment can only offer you so much before it becomes useless. The most notable examples of this are the industrial revolution, agricultural advancement, and technological revolution.

Why do the people at the masque ball eat, drink, and party when the disease is spreading throughout their country? *

Answers

Answer:

They did this to turn their attention away from the death plague ravaging the country.

Explanation:

The country under the reign of Prince Prospero had just been undergoing a tough time with the ravaging effects of the plague which was taking people's lives. Instead of the Prince to find a way to handle the menace in the society, he locked himself and his friends away in the safety of the palace so that they are not affected by the plaque.

He then throws a party to channel their attention off the problem. That action had dire consequences as it provided the opportunity for Red Death to gain access to the palace and do away with their lives.

Which diagram arranges the economic systems from the most government
involvement in the economy to the least government involvement?
A. Command Market Mixed
B. Command + Mixed → Market
C. Mixed → Command Market
D. Market → Mixed → Command

Answers

The government system that is most involved in the economy is the Command, while the one that is least involved is the Market. Due to the above, the one that gets moderately involved would be the Mixed.

What is an economic system?

An economic system is a term that refers to the model or set of practices that are implemented in a State to develop its economy.

In general, governments can be more or less involved in matters related to the economy and that determines the model. There are three main models depending on the level of government intervention:

Command: Characterized by high government control over the economy.Market: It is characterized by being the model in which the government is less involved in economic affairs.Mixed: It is characterized by being the midpoint, in which the government is moderately related to economic affairs.

According to the above, the correct option would be the B. Comand - Mixed - Market.

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From the Greek word meaning "overseer"; a successor of the Apostles as a teacher, leader, and shepherd of the Church:

Answers

Answer:

Bishop in Greek stands for Overseer

Explanation:

The word Bishop is episkopos in Greek and it means, overseer. The office of the Bishop in Christianity serves the purpose of teaching the laity, leading them, and shepherding the Church of God. The Catholics, Orthodox, and Anglican believers hold that the office of the Bishop or whoever they deem fit to be ordained as a Bishop has a lineage or ancestry that can be traced to any of the twelve apostles.

The Protestant churches however, simply believe that whoever they ordain as a Bishop has attained a scope of spiritual maturity that qualifies him as such.

What is mean by 'unity in diversity'? Guys plz help.

Answers

Answer:

Unity in diversity is a concept of "unity without uniformity and diversity without fragmentation"

Explanation:

Answer:

Unity in diversity is a concept of "unity without uniformity and diversity without fragmentation" that shifts focus from unity based on a mere tolerance of physical, cultural, linguistic, social, religious, political, ideological and/or psychological differences towards a more complex unity based on an understanding

Which is an example of a right of American citizens?

Answers

Answer:

Freedom to worship as you wish. Right to a prompt, fair trial by jury. Right to vote in elections for public officials. The right to apply for federal employment requiring U.S. citizenship.

Explanation:

just copied it

What is different between personal Development and personality development?

Answers

Answer:

So, personality development changes the way we act and personal development changes the way we are.

Jade places a fresh, thin slice of onion on a microscope slide to look for evidence that an onion is made of cells. Describe two observations Jade could make to provide evidence that an onion is made of cells. OMG PLSSS HELP ITS DUE TODAY!!!

Answers

Answer: Cell technology has benefited commercial flower industry in that growers can quickly grow disease-resistance plants from tissue cultures.

Explanation:  Cell technology applied in the production of flowers uses the knowledge of plant tissue culture to form a basis of the methods to apply in development of genetic changes in plants that are favorable to the flower industry. Some of the applications are ways for new breeding g methods, and disease-resistant cultivars.

Answer:I do not know

Explanation:

do not have the book

please explain this quote, There is nothing on this earth more to be prized than true friendship. -Thomas Aquinas

Answers

Explanation:

What this quote is basically trying to portray is that the most important thing in life is having someone you can trust, love, understand etc. and they can do the same for you. A true friend is someone who brings out the best in you, who encourages your achievements, who stays with you through your dark times and is never afraid to tell you the truth. In some cases having such a friend can save someone's life by reminding them that they are loved. There's many kinds of friendships like those between relatives, with pets and other people. Each one is special in their own way. Basically, having a true friend in life is something that makes it worth living.

HELP MEEEEEE PLZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

Answers

Answer:

Region A (B)

Explanation:

The map shows Georgia on a latitude and longitude
grid.
What are the coordinates for Brunswick?
4
N
35 N
Dalton
0 31.1° N, 81,5° W
32.1° N, 81.1º W
33.8N, 84.40 W
34.8° N, 85.0° W
Athens
34 N
*
Atlanta
33N
Georgia
Savannah.
132
Brunswick,
31N
Bow
857W
4W
831W
82 W
BW w

Answers

Answer:

altana 33n Georgia

savannath

132

Based on the map that shows latitude and longitude of Dalton, Athens, Atlanta, Savannah, and Brunswick labeled, the coordinates that provide the location for the city of Brunswick is "31.1° N, 81,5° W". Thus, the first option is correct.

What is a coordinates?

A coordinate is a set of numerical values in geography that can accurately and precisely identify positions on Earth. A geographic coordinates function describes positions by using number values based on latitude, longitude, and elevation.

Geographic coordinates are defined in the fields of geography as numerical values of latitude, longitude, and elevation that define a position or point on the Earth's surface.

Brunswick, GA, USA is thus located in the country of United States, in the Cities place category, with the coordinates 31° 9' 51.8544" N and 81° 30' 20.1600" W.

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Can somebody use the 5 Senses for a peace book
For example:Peace is eating ur favorite food bc it taste good

Answers

Peace is listening to the birds chirping outside because it sounds wonderful.
Peace is smelling the roses outside in the garden because they smell so good.
Peace is watching the tv because it’s so entertaining
Peace is tasting moms homemade pizza because it tastes awesome
Peace is touching the flowers outside because they feel so soft
> I hope this helps I tried <

In Montreal, Quebec, Canada, signs posted in public view (such as for streets or restaurants) are required to show the words in French first, usually above English, and in larger type sizes. This reflects:_________.
A) the language continuum.
B) that there are more French speakers in Canada than English speakers.
C) the use of political power to control language use.
D) an interest in welcoming both French and English speakers.

Answers

Answer:

C) the use of political power to control language use.

Explanation:

In Montreal, Quebec, Canada, signs posted in public view (such as for streets or restaurants) are required to show the words in French first, usually above English, and in larger type sizes.

This is because this State in Canada is a French speaking one and their major/common language is French. This is why the State government ensured this rule and It reflects the use of political power to control language use.

Which Principle of Behavior articulates: If held in captivity you should avoid actions harmful to the United States Government or allied personnel held as fellow captives.

Answers

The correct answer to this open question is the following.

Although you did not include the options for the question, we can say the following.

Which Principle of Behavior articulates: "If held in captivity you should avoid actions harmful to the United States Government or allied personnel held as fellow captives."

Answer: Principle III.

When we are referring to principle III, it says that by no means civilian people have to accept favors or special treatment from captors that consequently could cause some damage to the country.

The other principles, such as principle number I, ask civilians to do not permit isolation situations or events. Principle II ask people to establish contact with other allied captive, friends of the country and communicate permanently.

What is another name for the Panhandle winds?

Answers

Answer:

Texas Pan handle

Explanation:

The Texas pan handle was founded in 21st century. It is the fast growing wind power that is produced by Clarendon in the Donley country. It is the part of U.S It consists mostly country of northernmost. The another word that is used for pan handle is handgrip.

It is defined as the narrow strip of the land that is projected from some larger area. It is categorized in two form pan handle wind 1 and pan handle wind 2. Pan handled is a rectangular area that is owned by Mexico. The U.S pan handle is smaller than Texas pan handle.

Answer:texas pan handle

Explanation:

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What is1 1/3 - 2 1/3 Accounting is known as(a)historical accounting(b)future accounting (c)present accountant (d)unnecessary accounting The sum of the first 30 terms of (the sequence is a^n = 6n+5 why is it important to be part of a team in times you fail and in times you succeed? find how many natural numbers are there between 80 and 120 Suppose initially the demand for towels is given by qd = 100 5p, and the supply of towels is given by qs = 10p. now suppose that at every price, 20 fewer towels are offered for sale. what is the new equilibrium price in the market? Read the excerpt from Gilgamesh: A New English Version.Gilgamesh backed away, He said,"How dreadful Humbabas face has become!It is changing into a thousand nightmarefaces, more horrible than I can bear.I feel haunted. I am too afraid to go on.Enkidu answered, "Why, dear friend,do you speak like a coward? What you just saidis unworthy of you. It grieves my heart.We must not hesitate or retreat.Two intimate friends cannot be defeated.Be courageous. Remember how strong you are.I will stand by you. Now let us attack.Gilgamesh felt his courage return.They charged at Humbaba like two wild bulls.Which statement best paraphrases evidence to support the conclusion that Gilgamesh is courageous?Humbabas face is so terrifyingly hideous that it must have taken great courage for the men to even look at him in the first place.Encouraged by Enkidus bravery, Gilgamesh pretends to be brave and follows Enkidus lead in attacking Humbaba.Enkidu, Gilgameshs closest friend, reminds him that he must be courageous so they can defeat Humbaba together.Despite his momentary horror at seeing Humbabas dreadful face, Gilgamesh overcomes his fear with encouragement from his companion. Please help me with this conjugate the verb recevoir in the appropriate tense to find out what everyone has received or is receiving. il y a deux jours/ nous Which term refers to the methods of enforcing legal obligations?Select one:a. constitutionO b. procedural lawO c. precedentO d. substantive law 1. Which component is an input device?CPUb. hard drivemoused. printere. RAM The inaccuracy of the grapevine has more to do with the message output than with the input.A. TrueB. false Excess supply of a product exerts ___________pressure on prices what are a few muslim countries? Malcolm is filling bags with rice. He starts with a 5 1/4 pound container of rice and fills each bag with 5/8 pound of rice. How many bags of rice can Malcolm fill? To determine the number of bags Malcolm can fill. 1 PLS ANSWER WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST TO FIRST ANSWRR In the course of a conversation, you observe that three of your friends like horror movies. Horror movies happen to be your favorite type of movie as well. You also know that all of these friends were born in the same week that you were, even in the same year. An astrology-loving friend hypothesizes that people born in that week like horror movies more than other genres of movies. You decide to use the scientific method to test this hypothesis. What should you do next? a. Come up with a theory to explain birth week b. Perform experiments to test your hypothesis c. Propose several alternative hypotheses d. Refine your hypothesis. One of the specialties at Dixies Cafe is vegetable stew, which simmers over a low flame all day. Since the cooking time is so long, Dixie must decide in the morning how many servings of the stew to cook for that nights dinner service. Moreover, the stew cooked on a given day cannot be served the next day; it must be thrown away. Vegetable stew is the highest-profit item on the menu at Dixie's Cafe. It earns Dixie a profit of $8. Demand for in-flight meals Cumulative d Probability f(d) Probability F(d) 40 0.01 0.01 41 0.03 0.04 42 0.04 0.0843 0.05 0.1344 0.08 0.2145 0.09 0.346 0.12 0.42 47 0.13 0.55 48 0.17 0.7249 0.12 0.8450 0.08 0.9251 0.03 0.95 52 0.02 0.9753 0.02 0.01 54 0.99 1 serving, whereas all the other items earn a profit of $4. Customers who want stew but find it out of stock will order one of these other items. The ingredients for one serving of stew cost the Cafe $2.50. A) First suppose that the demand for stew on a given evening is normally distributed with a mean of 18 and a variance of 16. How many servings of stew should Dixie prepare in the morning? (Fractional servings are OK). What is the expected cost (ingredients and lost profit) of the optimal solution? B) Now suppose that the demand is distributed as an exponential random variable with mean 18. How many servings should Dixie prepare? The field of ________ is a thoroughly modern discipline that has led to new ways to treat infectious disease.A) recombinant DNA technologyB) epidemiologyC) immunologyD) serologyE) biochemistry What is the meaning of the word "indigenous" as it is used in paragraph 4?