The city must write a check for $439,473.59 on December 31, 2016.
What is the total compensation the city must pay on December 31, 2016?Lost wages:
The woman was expected to earn $36,000 in 2014, with a 3% annual increase for the next three years.
Year 2014:
$36,000 * (1 + 0.03)^2 = $37,080 (2 years into the future from 2014 to 2016)
Year 2015:
$36,000 * (1 + 0.03) * (1 + 0.03)^1 = $38,202.4 (1 year into the future from 2015 to 2016)
Year 2016:
$36,000 * (1 + 0.03)^2 * 1 = $39,348.47 (No time difference, so no compounding)
PV_LostWages = $37,080 / (1+0.08) + $38,202.4 / (1+0.08) + $39,348.47 / (1+0.08)
PV_LostWages = $34,333.33 + $35,372.04 + $36,434.88
PV_LostWages = $106,140.25
Pain and suffering:
The $300,000 for pain and suffering must be calculated from a base of Dec 31, 2015. So, we calculate the present value of $300,000 one year in the future (2016) at an 8% interest rate.
PV_PainAndSuffering = $300,000 / (1+0.08)
PV_PainAndSuffering = $277,777.78
Legal expenses:
Similar to the pain and suffering, the $60,000 for legal expenses must be calculated from a base of Dec 31, 2015. So we calculate the present value of $60,000 one year in the future (2016) at an 8% interest rate.
PV_LegalExpenses = $60,000 / (1+0.08)
PV_LegalExpenses = $55,555.56
Total_PV of compensation will be:
= PV_LostWages + PV_PainAndSuffering + PV_LegalExpenses
= $106,140.25 + $277,777.78 + $55,555.56
= $439,473.59.
Full question:
It is now December 31, 2015 (t=0), and a jury just found in favor of a woman who sued the city for injuries sustained in a January 2014 accident. She requested recovery of lost wages plus $300,000 for pain and suffering plus$60,000 for legal expenses. Her doctor testified that she has been unable to work since the accident and that she will not be able to work in the future. She is now 62, and the jury decided that she would have worked for another three years. She was scheduled have earned $36,000 in 2014. (To simplify this problem, assume that the entire annual salary amount would have been received on December 31, 2014.) Her employer testified that she probably would have received raises of 3% per year. The actual payment for the jury award will be made on December 31, 2016. The judge stipulated that all dollar amounts are to be adjusted to a present value basis on December 31, 2016, using an 8% annual interest rate and using compound, not simple, interest. Furthermore, he stipulated that the pain and suffering and legal expenses should be based on a December 31, 2015, date. How large a check must the city write on December 31, 2016?
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On September 30, 2014, Stalling Inc. issued 2,000 shares of its publicly traded stock as compensation to its employee, Mr. Harry. On the date of issuance, the stock’s fair market value was $40,000. Under the terms of his 2014 compensation contract, Mr. Harry couldn’t dispose of the stock before October 1, 2018, and if he terminated his employment with Stalling before that date, he had to return the stock to the corporation. On October 1, 2018, Mr. Harry, who still worked for Stalling, sold all 2,000 shares for $57,500.
Assume that Mr. Harry made no election with respect to the restricted stock in 2014. How much compensation income does Mr. Harry recognize in 2018 because the restrictions lapsed? How much gain or loss does he recognize on sale of the stock?
Assume that Mr. Harry filed a timely election in 2014 to accelerate income recognition with respect to the 2,000 shares of restricted stock. How much compensation income does Mr. Harry recognize in 2018 because the restrictions lapsed? How much gain or loss does he recognize on sale of the stock?
In 2018, when the restrictions on the stock lapsed, Mr. Harry would recognize compensation income based on the fair market value of the stock on that date. The gain or loss he recognizes on the sale of the stock depends on whether he made an election to accelerate income recognition in 2014.
1. Without Election: If Mr. Harry did not make an election to accelerate income recognition in 2014, he would recognize compensation income in 2018 equal to the fair market value of the stock when the restrictions lapsed. In this case, the compensation income would be $40,000 since that was the fair market value of the stock on October 1, 2018. When Mr. Harry sells the stock for $57,500, he would recognize a capital gain of $17,500 ($57,500 - $40,000) on the sale.
2. With Election: If Mr. Harry filed a timely election in 2014 to accelerate income recognition, he would recognize compensation income in 2018 based on the fair market value of the stock when it was issued, which is $40,000. However, since he has already recognized this income in 2014, he would not recognize any additional compensation income in 2018. When Mr. Harry sells the stock for $57,500, he would recognize a capital gain of $17,500 ($57,500 - $40,000) on the sale.
In summary, if Mr. Harry did not make an election to accelerate income recognition, he would recognize $40,000 as compensation income in 2018 and a capital gain of $17,500 on the sale of the stock. If he made the election, he would not recognize any additional compensation income in 2018, but would still recognize the same $17,500 capital gain on the sale of the stock.
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in queuing problems, arrival rates are always described by the poisson probability distribution. a. true b. false
Answer:
b. False
While the Poisson probability distribution is commonly used to model arrival rates in queuing problems, it is not always the case. There are other probability distributions that can be used to model arrival rates, depending on the specific characteristics and assumptions of the queuing system. For example, if arrivals follow a regular pattern or have certain dependencies, other probability distributions like the exponential or deterministic distribution may be more appropriate. So, it is not accurate to say that arrival rates in queuing problems are always described by the Poisson probability distribution.
Explanation:
Which one of the following defines Dual Competition, a key concept of TouchTech?
1 point
a. Most Analog offerings are usually used to do one (or two) things.
b. Due to their nature of being both Analog and Digital, TouchTech offerings face the possibility of competing against both Analog and Digital competitors.
c. Products or services can employ TouchTech by either embracing or distancing themselves from the Digital World.
d. TouchTech strategies need to solve problems that the user faces with existing offerings in order for the strategy to be successful
B) Dual competition is a key concept of Touch Tech. The definition of dual competition that best describes it is that Touch Tech offerings face the possibility of competing against both Analog and Digital competitors.
Therefore, the correct answer is b. Dual competition: Dual competition refers to the competition that occurs between analog and digital products when introducing touch technology into an existing product. The term "dual" refers to the nature of Touch Tech offerings, which are both analog and digital, which makes them vulnerable to competition from both traditional analog and digital competitors. To be effective, Touch Tech strategies must solve issues that users face with existing offerings, and they must also choose whether to embrace or distance themselves from the digital world. Therefore, options a, c, and d are incorrect answers because they do not describe the concept of dual competition, which is the most crucial factor of Touch Tech.
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Burning Bush Industries provides you with the following data: 2016 Revenue $56 million Net Profit Margin 7.7% Shares Outstanding 3.9 million Price per Share $29.4 What is the 2016 price-to-earnings (P
The 2016 price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio is 26.48 if Revenue is $56 million, Net Profit Margin is 7.7% and Shares Outstanding 3.9 million with a Price per Share of $29.4.
Price to Earnings Ratio (P/E ratio) is a valuation ratio that measures how much investors are willing to pay for a company's earnings. It is calculated by dividing the price per share by earnings per share (EPS).
To find the 2016 price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio, we first need to calculate the earnings per share (EPS) for the year 2016.
Net profit margin = (Net profit/Revenue) x 1007.7% = (Net profit/Revenue) x 100
Net profit/Revenue = 7.7/100 = 0.077
Net profit = 0.077 x 56,000,000 = $4,312,000EPS = Net profit/Shares
Outstanding EPS = $4,312,000/3,900,000 = $1.1077.6
Therefore, the earnings per share for the year 2016 is $1.11.
The P/E ratio for 2016 can be calculated by dividing the price per share by earnings per share (EPS).P/E ratio = Price per share/EPS
Price per share = $29.4
P/E ratio = $29.4/$1.11
P/E ratio = 26.48
Therefore, the 2016 price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio is 26.48.
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Which of the following is not usually influenced by learning curve analysis?
Multiple Choice
o Cost-volume-profit analysis.
o Capital budgeting.
o Development of standard product costs.
o Theory of constraints.
o Make-or-buy decisions.
The Theory of Constraints is not usually influenced by learning curve analysis.
Understanding and forecasting the effects of learning and experience on production costs and efficiency are the main goals of learning curve analysis. It aids in establishing the connection between total production and the time or expense necessary to produce each unit.
The Theory of Constraints is not directly related to learning curve analysis despite the fact that it can be used in a variety of business decision making contexts including cost volume profit analysis, capital budgeting, the development of standard product costs and make or buy decisions.
A management philosophy and methodology known as the Theory of Constraints seeks to locate and remove obstacles or bottlenecks in the production process in order to improve system performance as a whole.
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Which tool of monetary policy is most likely being described by each of the following statements?
a. It's the major way the Bank of Canada enacts monetary policy:
b. This tool is good for emergency situations that require major, large-scale action:
c. This tool goes through the Bank of Canada's role as lender of last resort:
d. This tool is best for everyday monetary policy:
e. A major disadvantage of this tool is that it requires that banks want to borrow from the Bank of Canada:
f. Even if they aren't interested in buying, selling, or borrowing from the Bank of Canada, changes in this tool may inconvenience bank managers:
After analyzing the questions, the answers are: a. Open-market operations, b. Changing the reserve requirement, c. Target for overnight rate, d. Open-market operations, e. Bank rate and f. Changing the reserve requirement.
The Federal Reserve (Fed) conducts open market operations (OMOs) when it buys and sells securities in the open market. The Fed uses open market operations to control the supply of money on reserve in US banks. The Fed buys Treasury securities to expand the money supply and sells them to decrease it.
The Fed can adjust the federal funds rate through OMOs, which effects other short-term, long-term, and foreign currency rates. This can alter the amount of money and credit available in the economy, as well as certain economic indicators including unemployment, output, and the prices of products and services.
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What are the psychological social engineering attacks? Describe
the types by using examples. Which type of these attacks are more
dangerous for an organization?
Psychological social engineering attacks involve manipulating individuals through psychological tactics to gain unauthorized access to sensitive information or perform malicious actions. These attacks exploit human vulnerabilities, such as trust, curiosity, and fear, rather than relying solely on technical vulnerabilities.
Here are some types of psychological social engineering attacks:
Phishing: Phishing attacks involve sending deceptive emails or messages that appear legitimate, tricking individuals into revealing sensitive information or performing actions unknowingly. For example, an attacker may send an email pretending to be a trusted organization.
Pretexting: Pretexting involves creating a fictional scenario or pretext to deceive individuals and extract information from them. An example is a scammer posing as a tech support representative and contacting a person, claiming there is a problem with their computer.
Baiting: Baiting attacks involve offering something enticing to lure individuals into performing a specific action. For instance, an attacker may leave a USB drive labeled "Confidential" in a public place, hoping someone picks it up and inserts it into their computer, unknowingly installing malware.
Tailgating: Tailgating or piggybacking occurs when an attacker gains unauthorized access to a restricted area by following closely behind an authorized person. For example, an attacker might pretend to be an employee and convince a genuine employee to hold the door open for them, allowing access to a secure area.
Spear phishing: Spear phishing is a targeted form of phishing where attackers personalize their messages to specific individuals or organizations. They gather information about the target and use it to craft highly convincing messages. For example, an attacker might send an email to an employee, posing as their boss, and requesting sensitive data.
In terms of danger to organizations, spear phishing attacks are often considered more dangerous. They are highly tailored and sophisticated, targeting specific individuals within an organization. By gaining access to an employee's account or credentials, attackers can potentially infiltrate the organization's systems, conduct espionage, or launch further attacks.
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You have been asked to estimate the optimal working capital, as a percent of revenues, for an auto-parts manufacturing firm that currently maintains a net working capital of 10% of revenues. The firm currently has revenues of $100 million and after-tax operating income of $10 million, and it expects the latter to grow 5% a year in perpetuity. The current cost of capital is 11%. The following table provides estimates of growth and costs of capital at different levels of working capital, ranging from 0% to 100%:
a. Estimate the value of the firm at the current working capital ratio.
b. Estimate the optimal working capital proportion for this firm.
c. What would the optimal working capital proportion for this firm be if the cost of capital were unaffected by the changes in working capital?
a. The value of the firm at the current working capital ratio is $166.67 million.
b. The optimal working capital proportion for this firm needs to be determined based on further analysis.
c. The optimal working capital proportion for this firm would remain the same if the cost of capital were unaffected by changes in working capital.
How We Calculated The Optimal Working Capitala. To estimate the value of the firm at the current working capital ratio, we need to calculate the present value of the perpetuity of after-tax operating income.
Using the Gordon Growth Model:
Value of the firm = After-tax operating income / (Cost of capital - Growth rate)
Value of the firm = $10 million / (0.11 - 0.05) = $166.67 million
b. To estimate the optimal working capital proportion for this firm, we need to find the working capital ratio that maximizes the value of the firm.
We can do this by calculating the present value of the perpetuity of after-tax operating income for each working capital ratio and selecting the ratio that results in the highest firm value.
c. If the cost of capital were unaffected by changes in working capital, the optimal working capital proportion would be the one that maximizes the firm's operating efficiency and liquidity.
It would be determined based on factors such as inventory turnover, accounts receivable turnover, and accounts payable turnover, aiming to minimize holding costs and maximize cash flow.
The specific optimal working capital proportion would need to be determined based on a detailed analysis of the firm's operations and financial metrics.
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Wong Company owns specialized equipment that was purchased in an acquisition of Liu Company. The equipment has a book value of $1,500,000. To perform an impairment test, according to IFRS, Wong must estimate the fair value of the equipment and has developed the following annual cash flow estimates related to the equipment based on internal information for the next 5 years. The equipment is assumed to have no residual value after the 5 years. Assume that the cash flows occur at the end of each year and the appropriate discount rate is 6%.
Year Cash Flow Estimate
1–3 $240,000
4–5 365,000
Required:
To perform an impairment test for the specialized equipment, Wong Company needs to compare the carrying value of the equipment with its recoverable amount, which is the higher of its fair value less costs to sell or its value in use.
First, let's calculate the present value of the estimated cash flows for each year using the discount rate of 6%.
Year 1: Cash Flow = $240,000 / (1 + 0.06)^1 = $226,415.09
Year 2: Cash Flow = $240,000 / (1 + 0.06)^2 = $213,150.66
Year 3: Cash Flow = $240,000 / (1 + 0.06)^3 = $200,981.42
Year 4: Cash Flow = $365,000 / (1 + 0.06)^4 = $295,541.70
Year 5: Cash Flow = $365,000 / (1 + 0.06)^5 = $278,352.67
Next, let's calculate the present value of the cash flows from Year 4 and Year 5 combined:
Present Value = $295,541.70 + $278,352.67 = $573,894.37
The recoverable amount is the higher of the fair value less costs to sell or the value in use. In this case, we need to compare the recoverable amount with the carrying value of the equipment, which is $1,500,000.
Since we don't have information on the fair value less costs to sell, we can only compare the recoverable amount with the carrying value based on value in use.
Value in Use = Present Value of Year 1-3 Cash Flows + Present Value of Year 4-5 Cash Flows
Value in Use = $226,415.09 + $213,150.66 + $200,981.42 + $573,894.37 = $1,214,441.54
Based on the calculations, the carrying value of $1,500,000 is higher than the estimated recoverable amount of $1,214,441.54.
Therefore, Wong Company may need to recognize an impairment loss for the specialized equipment. The amount of the impairment loss would be the difference between the carrying value and the recoverable amount, which is $1,500,000 - $1,214,441.54 = $285,558.46.
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on+july+4,+cullumber's+restaurant+accepts+a+visa+card+for+a+$800+dinner+bill.+visa+charges+a+4%+service+fee.
To calculate the total amount charged by Visa, including the 4% service fee, for the $800 dinner bill,
we can follow these steps:
1. Calculate the service fee charged by Visa:
Service Fee = 4% of $800
Service Fee = 0.04 * $800
Service Fee = $32
2. Determine the total amount charged by Visa:
Total Amount Charged = Dinner bill + Service Fee
Total Amount Charged = $800 + $32
Total Amount Charged = $832
Therefore, Visa would charge a total of $832, which includes the $800 dinner bill and the 4% service fee, for the transaction at Cullumber's Restaurant on July 4th.
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On July 4, Cullumber's Restaurant accepts a Visa card for a $800 dinner bill. Visa charges a 4% service fee?
A bank has written a European call option on one stock and a European put on another stock. For the first option, the stock price is 52, the strike price is 85, the volatility is 45% per annum, and the time to maturity is ten months. For the second option, the stock price is 32, the strike price is 18, the volatility is 36% per annum, and the time to maturity is 1 year. Neither stock pays a dividend, the risk-free rate is 2% per annum, and the correlation between stock returns is 0.8. a. Calculate a 10-day 97.5% VaR using only deltas. (4 marks) b. By how much does diversification reduce the 10-day 97.5% VaR?
10-day 97.5% Va R calculation using deltas :
Delta for the call option = N(d1) = N(d2+σ√T)where
d1 = [ln(S/K) + (r + σ²/2)T]/
σ√Td2 = d1 -
σ√Twhere
S = 52 (stock price)K = 85 (strike price)r = 2% (risk-free rate)σ = 45% (volatility per annum)t = 10/12 years = 0.8333 years Using the formulae above,
we get:d1 = [ln(52/85) + (0.02 + 0.45²/2) × 0.8333] / (0.45√0.8333) = -0.7350d2 = -0.7350 - 0.45√0.8333 = -1.3087∴ N(d1) = N(-0.7350) = 0.2315∴ N(d2) = N(-1.3087) = 0.0965∴ Delta for the call option = 0.2315Delta for the put option = N(d1 - σ√T)where d1 = [ln(S/K) + (r + σ²/2)T]/σ√TUsing the same values of S, K, r, σ, and t as above, we get:d1 = [ln(32/18) + (0.02 + 0.36²/2) × 1] / (0.36√1) = 2.8931∴ N(d1 - σ√T) = N(2.8931 - 0.36√1) = N(2.5331) = 0.9943
∴ Delta for the put option = 0.9943The VaR using only deltas is:VaR = [(Delta for the call option × stock price for the call option) + (Delta for the put option × stock price for the put option)] × 0.975 = [(0.2315 × 52) + (0.9943 × 32)] × 0.975 = $49.43b) The correlation between the stock returns is 0.8. Therefore, diversification reduces the 10-day 97.5% VaR by 2(0.8 × 0.9943 × 0.2315) = 0.3675 or 36.75%. Answer: 36.75%.
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EFF, EAR, if I get a credit card at 12% interest and I charge
347.00 with daily interest, how many months will it take to pay
off.
It will take approximately 1 month to pay off the $347.00 credit card balance at a 12% interest rate with daily compounding.
To calculate the time it will take to pay off a credit card balance of $347.00 at a 12% annual interest rate, we need to consider the concepts of Effective Annual Rate (EAR) and Equivalent Monthly Rate (EMR).
First, let's calculate the daily interest rate by dividing the annual interest rate by 365 (the number of days in a year): 12% / 365 = 0.0003288 (approximately).
Next, we can calculate the Effective Monthly Rate (EMR) by adding 1 to the daily interest rate and raising it to the power of 30 (the average number of days in a month): (1 + 0.0003288)^30 = 1.0100327 (approximately).
Now, let's calculate the Equivalent Monthly Payment (EMP) by dividing the total balance by the EMR: $347.00 / 1.0100327 = $343.75 (approximately).
To determine the number of months it will take to pay off the balance, we divide the total balance by the Equivalent Monthly Payment: $347.00 / $343.75 = 1.01 months (approximately).
It's important to note that this calculation assumes that no additional charges are made to the credit card during the repayment period and that the monthly payment remains constant. If you make additional charges or change the monthly payment, the time to pay off the balance will be different.
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Based on the case study ("Showdown at Cracker Barrel"), please answer the following questions:
1. What is your assessment of Cracker Barrel’s performance over time?
2. Do you agree with Biglari’s critique of the company’s performance?
3. Do you agree with Biglari’s choice of peer companies?
4. Imagine the new CEO hires you as her advisor. What suggestions would you have to improve the performance of the company?
Case Overview: In September 2011, activist investor Sardar Biglari initiated a proxy contest seeking election to the board of restaurant company Cracker Barrel. Although Cracker and Barrel was highly successful from 2002 through 2007, the company had subpar performance during the recession and the years following. Biglari, who owned 10% of Cracker and Barrel, was disappointed with the performance and argued for better financial reporting and demanded strategic changes. Cracker and Barrel fought back. Proxy advisory services, ISS and GL, were split. This case explores issues around hedge fund activism. In particular how activist hedge funds identify targets for activism and how they develop an investment thesis.
What is your assessment of Cracker Barrel’s performance over time?Cracker Barrel’s performance was highly successful from 2002 to 2007, according to the case study. However, following the recession and the years that followed, the company’s performance fell short of expectations.
Do you agree with Biglari’s critique of the company’s performance?Yes, I agree with Biglari’s critique of Cracker Barrel's performance. Sardar Biglari, who owned 10% of Cracker Barrel, was dissatisfied with the company’s performance and proposed better financial reporting and strategic changes. Do you agree with Biglari’s choice of peer companies The investor’s choice of peer companies in the restaurant industry was questionable, according to some people.
Biglari, according to some observers, did not compare Cracker Barrel to similar businesses, and the businesses he suggested were not comparable in terms of business model and size. Imagine the new CEO hires you as her advisor. What suggestions would you have to improve the performance of the company Here are some recommendations for Cracker Barrel, which the new CEO could consider to improve the performance of the company:Improving customer experience: Cracker Barrel must concentrate on enhancing customer experience. It must upgrade its restaurants, expand its menu, and invest in customer service to win back lost clients. Marketing and Promotions: Cracker Barrel must develop more effective marketing and promotion strategies that are appropriate for different demographics to enhance brand recognition and attract new clients.
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Sammy is considering a new project it hopes can boost the stock price (and make all stakeholders happy). The project has an upfront cost of $63,000 and projected cash inflows of $19,000 in Year 1, $34,000 in Year 2, and $29,000 in Year 3. The firm uses 33 percent debt and 67 percent common equity as its capital structure. The company's cost of equity is 13.8 percent while the aftertax cost of debt for the firm is 7.5 percent. What is the projected net present value of the new project (PLEASE SHOW WORK)
The projected net present value of the new project is $2,595.65. Since the NPV is positive, it suggests that the project has the potential to generate a return that exceeds the cost of capital and can add value to the firm.
To calculate the net present value (NPV) of the new project, we need to discount the projected cash inflows to their present values and then subtract the upfront cost.
Step 1: Calculate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) using the firm's capital structure:
Weighted cost of equity = Cost of equity * Equity weight
= 13.8% * 67%
= 9.246%
Weighted cost of debt = Aftertax cost of debt * Debt weight
= 7.5% * 33%
= 2.475%
WACC = Weighted cost of equity + Weighted cost of debt
= 9.246% + 2.475%
= 11.721%
Step 2: Discount the projected cash inflows to their present values:
Year 1:
Present value = Cash inflow / (1 + WACC)^1
= $19,000 / (1 + 11.721%)^1
= $16,997.87
Year 2:
Present value = Cash inflow / (1 + WACC)^2
= $34,000 / (1 + 11.721%)^2
= $27,313.11
Year 3:Present value = Cash inflow / (1 + WACC)^3
= $29,000 / (1 + 11.721%)^3
= $21,284.67
Step 3: Calculate the NPV by summing the present values of the cash inflows and subtracting the upfront cost:
NPV = Present value of Year 1 + Present value of Year 2 + Present value of Year 3 - Upfront cost
= $16,997.87 + $27,313.11 + $21,284.67 - $63,000
= $2,595.65
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survivorship bias occurs when mutual funds are merged or liquidated and only surviving funds' performance is reported. group of answer choices true false
Survivorship bias occurs when mutual funds are merged or liquidated and only surviving funds' performance is reported. The statement is True.
The term "survival bias" describes the propensity to only pay attention to the things or people who are still alive in a sample or dataset, while neglecting those who have been destroyed or ceased to exist.
Survivorship bias arises in the context of mutual funds when only the performance of the surviving funds is taken into account or reported, while the underperforming or liquidated funds are left out of the study. T
Therefore, the statement is true.
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1.Triple bottom line refers to production, marketing and
innovation performance.
True
False
The view that companies have a moral obligation to do more for
society than maximize shareholder value is ge
The correct answer is False.The triple bottom line does not refer to production, marketing, and innovation performance.
Instead, it is a framework that emphasizes the consideration of three dimensions: social, environmental, and financial impacts. The triple bottom line concept suggests that companies should measure their success not solely based on financial profits (the traditional bottom line), but also by considering their social and environmental performance. It encourages businesses to take into account their impact on people (social), planet (environment), and profits (financial) when making decisions and assessing their overall performance. The triple bottom line approach recognizes the importance of sustainability and responsible business practices.
In conclusion, the triple bottom line does not pertain to production, marketing, and innovation performance. Rather, it is a framework that advocates for businesses to consider their social, environmental, and financial impacts as measures of success. By incorporating these three dimensions, companies can strive for sustainable practices that benefit society, the environment, and their own financial performance.
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In 1796, Gottfried Christoph Härtel, a German music publisher, calculated the cost of printing music using an engraved plate technology and used these estimated cost functions to make production decisions. Härtel figured that the fixed cost of printing a musical page—the cost of engraving the plates—was 900 pfennings. The marginal cost of each additional copy of the page is 5 pfennings (Scherer 2001).
a. Graph the total cost, average total cost, average variable cost, and marginal cost functions.
b. Is there a cost advantage to having only one music publisher print a given composition? Why?
c. Härtel used his data to do the following type of analysis. Suppose he expects to sell exactly 300 copies of a composition at 15 pfennings per page of the composition. What is the greatest amount the publisher is willing to pay the composer per page of the composition?
The greatest amount the publisher is willing to pay the composer per page of the composition is 10 pfennings.
How to solve for the costsLet's denote the quantity of copies as Q, and the cost in pfennings as C.
Total Cost (TC):
TC = Fixed Cost (FC) + (Marginal Cost (MC) * Q)
TC = 900 + (5 * Q)
Average Total Cost (ATC):
ATC = TC / Q
ATC = (900 + 5Q) / Q
Average Variable Cost (AVC):
AVC = (MC * Q) / Q
AVC = 5
Marginal Cost (MC):
MC = 5
b. Cost advantage of having one music publisher:
Having only one music publisher print a given composition may provide a cost advantage. This is because the fixed cost of engraving the plates is significant (900 pfennings), which would need to be incurred regardless of the number of copies printed. By having a single publisher, this fixed cost can be shared across a larger quantity of copies, reducing the average fixed cost per copy. However, if multiple publishers print the composition, the fixed cost would need to be distributed among fewer copies, potentially leading to higher average fixed costs per copy.
c. Calculation of the maximum amount the publisher is willing to pay the composer:
To calculate the greatest amount the publisher is willing to pay the composer per page of the composition, we need to determine the maximum acceptable variable cost per page.
Given:
Expected quantity of copies (Q) = 300
Price per page (P) = 15 pfennings
Total Revenue (TR) = P * Q = 15 * 300 = 4500 pfennings
Total Variable Cost (TVC) = MC * Q = 5 * 300 = 1500 pfennings
Total Fixed Cost (TFC) = FC = 900 pfennings
Total Cost (TC) = TVC + TFC = 1500 + 900 = 2400 pfennings
Profit (π) = TR - TC = 4500 - 2400 = 2100 pfennings
To maximize profit, the variable cost per page (VC) should be minimized. Since AVC is constant at 5 pfennings, the publisher's maximum acceptable variable cost per page (VC) would be:
VC = P - AVC = 15 - 5 = 10 pfennings
Therefore, the greatest amount the publisher is willing to pay the composer per page of the composition is 10 pfennings.
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Assessment Methods for the Job of Human Resources Director
to balancing their cost, reliability/validity evidence, applicant reactions, projected utility,and potential disparate impact.
Nairduwel, Inoalot, and Imslo (NII) is a law firm specializing in business law. Among other areas, it deals in equal employment opportunity law, business litiga-tion, and workplace torts. The firm has more than 50 partners and approximately 120 employees. It does business in three states and has law offices in two major metropolitan areas. The firm has no federal contracts.NII plans to expand into two additional states, opening offices in two major metropolitan areas. One of the primary challenges accompanying this ambitious expansion plan is how to staff the new offices. Accordingly, the firm wishes to hire an HR director to oversee employee recruitment, selection, training, performance appraisal, and compensation activities accompanying the business expansion, as well as supervise the HR activities in the existing NII offices. The newly created job description for the HR director is listed in the accompanying exhibit.The firm wishes to design and then use a selection system for assessing candidates that will achieve two objectives: (1) create a valid and useful system that will do a good job of matching candidate KSAOs to job requirements, and (2) be in compliance with all relevant federal and state employment laws.The firm is considering numerous se lection techniques for possible use. For each method listed below, decide whether you would or would not use it in the se lection process and state why.
1. A job knowledge test specifically designed for HR professionals that focuses on a candidate’s general knowledge of HR management
2. A medical examination and drug test at the beginning of the selection process
in order to determine whether candidates can cope with the high level of stress
and frequent travel requirements of the job and to ensure they are drug- free
3. An overt integrity test
4. An online management simulation
5. A structured behavioral interview that would be specially designed for use in
filling only this job
6. An emotional intelligence situational judgment test
7. A general cognitive ability test
8. A vocational interest inventory
9. A personality test
10. A set of interview questions that the firm typically uses for filling any position:
a. Tell me about a problem you solved on a previous job.
b. Do you have any physical impairments that would make it difficult for you
to travel on business.
c. Have you ever been tested for AIDS?
d. Are you currently unemployed, and if so, why?
e. This position requires fresh ideas and energy. Do you think you have those qualities?
f. What is your definition of success?
g. What kind of sports do you like?
h. How well do you work under pressure? Give me some examples.
If you could choose up to three substantive assessments for this position, which
three assessments would you choose and why? Describe in detail issues pertaining
1. Job knowledge test specifically designed for HR professionals: I would use this assessment method in the selection process. As an HR director, having a strong knowledge of HR management is essential for effectively overseeing employee recruitment, selection, training, performance
appraisal, and compensation activities. A job knowledge test can evaluate candidates' understanding of HR principles and their ability to apply them in practical situations. It provides reliable and valid evidence of their competence in the field, ensuring that the selected candidate possesses the necessary KSAOs to meet job requirements.
2. Medical examination and drug test: I would not use this assessment method at the beginning of the selection process. While it is important to ensure candidates can cope with the high level of stress and travel requirements of the job, conducting a medical examination and drug test may raise concerns regarding potential disparate impact and violate employment laws. These tests should be reserved for situations where they are directly related to the job's essential functions and requirements.
3. Overt integrity test: I would not use this assessment method. Overt integrity tests tend to measure attitudes and opinions rather than actual behaviors. They may raise concerns about invading privacy and have potential disparate impact. Alternative methods, such as reference checks and background investigations, can be more reliable and legally defensible in assessing integrity.
4. Online management simulation: I would use this assessment method. A management simulation can provide a realistic and controlled environment to evaluate candidates' decision-making skills, problem-solving abilities, and leadership qualities. It offers a reliable and valid assessment of their competencies in managing various HR-related situations and can predict their performance in similar real-world scenarios.
5. Structured behavioral interview: I would use this assessment method. A structured behavioral interview, specifically designed for this job, can effectively assess candidates' past experiences, behaviors, and competencies relevant to the HR director role. It provides valuable insight into their ability to handle specific situations and demonstrates their fit for the job requirements. By using a standardized set of questions, reliability and validity can be enhanced.
6. Emotional intelligence situational judgment test: I would use this assessment method. Emotional intelligence is crucial for HR professionals, as they need to navigate complex interpersonal dynamics. A situational judgment test that assesses candidates' emotional intelligence can provide valuable information about their ability to understand and manage emotions, communicate effectively, and build relationships. It offers a reliable and valid measure of their potential to succeed in the HR director role.
Among the three chosen assessments, the job knowledge test, online management simulation, and structured behavioral interview provide a comprehensive evaluation of candidates' knowledge, skills, and abilities relevant to the HR director position. These assessments demonstrate reliability and validity evidence, align with the job requirements, and have the potential to minimize disparate impact concerns.
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Bond A has a coupon rate of 10.18 percent, a yield-to-maturity of 13.73 percent, and a face value of $1,000.00; matures in 8 years; and pays coupons annually with the next coupon expected in 1 year. What
is (X + Y + Z) if X is the present value of any coupon payments expected to be made in 3 years from today, Y is the present value of any coupon payments expected to be made in 6 years from today, and 2 Is
the present value of any coupon payments expected to be made in 9 years from today?
O An amount equal to or greater than $132.24 but less than $150.42
O An amount equal to or greater than $87.18 but less than $132.24
O An amount equal to or greater than $150.42 but less than $178.09
O An amount equal to or greater than $178.09 but less than $229.04
O An amount less than $87.18 or a rate greater than $229.04
The correct answer is not provided among the options given
To calculate the present value of the coupon payments, we need to use the formula for the present value of an annuity:
PV = C * (1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / r,
where PV is the present value, C is the coupon payment, r is the yield-to-maturity rate, and n is the number of years.
For X, the coupon payment expected to be made in 3 years:
C = $1,000 * 10.18% = $101.80,
r = 13.73%,
n = 3.
Using the formula, we can calculate X:
X = $101.80 * (1 - (1 + 13.73%)^(-3)) / 13.73% = $101.80 * (1 - 0.71738) / 0.1373 = $101.80 * 0.28262 / 0.1373 = $209.64.
For Y, the coupon payment expected to be made in 6 years:
C = $101.80,
r = 13.73%,
n = 6.
Using the formula, we can calculate Y:
Y = $101.80 * (1 - (1 + 13.73%)^(-6)) / 13.73% = $101.80 * (1 - 0.49712) / 0.1373 = $101.80 * 0.50288 / 0.1373 = $373.04.
For Z, the coupon payment expected to be made in 9 years:
C = $101.80,
r = 13.73%,
n = 9.
Using the formula, we can calculate Z:
Z = $101.80 * (1 - (1 + 13.73%)^(-9)) / 13.73% = $101.80 * (1 - 0.29345) / 0.1373 = $101.80 * 0.70655 / 0.1373 = $522.97.
Therefore, X + Y + Z = $209.64 + $373.04 + $522.97 = $1,105.65.
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Where do you think an organization should draw the line if at all when reviewing a prospect's social media accounts?
In recent years, social media has become a prevalent aspect of people's lives. As a result, several organizations use social media to screen potential hires. Organizations should draw a line when reviewing a prospect's social media accounts.
There are various ways that an organization should draw the line if at all when reviewing a prospect's social media accounts. They are;
1. Legality: An organization should not review information on an individual's social media account that could result in illegal discrimination. Information about race, religion, gender, or age should not be used as a basis for employment decisions.
2. Professionalism: An organization should focus on the professional conduct of a prospect on their social media accounts. Therefore, an organization should review posts and behavior that may reflect negatively on the organization or demonstrate a lack of professionalism.
3. Relevance: The organization should consider the relevance of the information it gathers from the social media accounts. If the information gathered is not relevant to the prospect's employment, it should be ignored.
4. Privacy: The organization should be cautious about the personal information they request or gather from the prospect's social media accounts. An organization must not violate the privacy of the prospect.
5. Third-party information: An organization should not accept information from third-party sources about the prospect's social media account. An organization should only use information that is readily available to the public.
6. Protection: An organization should protect itself from claims of unfair hiring practices or discrimination by documenting the process and reasons for making employment decisions.
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joseph bought 100 shares of stock at a price of $24 a share. he used his 70% margin account to make the purchase. joseph sold his stock after a year for $20 a share. ignoring margin interest and trading costs, what is joseph's return on investor's equity for this investment?
He sold the stock for $2000 ($20 x 100 shares) and paid back the loan.
His return on investor's equity is -24% ($400 loss / $2400 invested).
How to solveJoseph invested $2400 ($24 x 100 shares) and borrowed $960 ($2400 x 70%).
He sold the stock for $2000 ($20 x 100 shares) and paid back the loan.
His return on investor's equity is -24% ($400 loss / $2400 invested).
The investor's equity refers to the monetary value that the investor has contributed to a company, excluding any borrowed funds or debts used for investment purposes. Joseph put in $2400 and took a loan of $960, resulting in his owner's share of $1440.
The growth or decline of an investor's investment over a specific period of time can be gauged by the return on equity invested. Joseph experienced a negative return of 24% on his investment as it resulted in a loss of $400.
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list the basic conponents of collaborative negociation
Collaborative negotiation is a bargaining technique or strategy where the parties work together to create a mutually beneficial solution or agreement.
Listed below are the basic components of collaborative negotiation:
1. Identify the problem: The first step is to recognize the issue that needs to be resolved.
2. Set the objectives: Determine what each party expects to achieve from the negotiation and the outcome that both parties seek.
3. Discuss interests: Discuss the interests of each party and the underlying reasons for the negotiation.
4. Share information: Provide information that is relevant and necessary to achieve a mutually beneficial agreement.
5. Brainstorm options: Create possible options that satisfy each party’s interests, and discuss each option.
6. Evaluate the options: Evaluate and eliminate options that do not satisfy both parties interests.
7. Make a decision: Make a final decision and create a written agreement based on the selected option.
8. Implement and review: Implement the agreement and review it regularly to make sure that it is working effectively and efficiently.
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The need for a fire protection program need not be emphasized further as it has shown many industries have experienced huge losses due to fire. Fire, if left uncontrolled may give rise to an emergency situation which calls for immediate response firstly to save lives and secondly to prevent damages to property or the environment.
Required: Choose any one local company in the Sultanate and comment on their provision of fire safety measures to its staff, organization and community.
One of the Sultanate's local company named Oman Oil Marketing Company (OOMCO), is providing fire safety measures to its staff, organization, and community.
OOMCO is committed to promoting the well-being of all its stakeholders, including employees, clients, partners, suppliers, contractors, shareholders, and the community at large. It has put in place several policies and programs to ensure the safety and security of all its stakeholders, particularly in case of fire emergencies. OOMCO has established a Fire Protection Program in order to protect its employees, organization and the community in the event of a fire.
OOMCO ensures that all its facilities and assets are well-maintained and inspected on a regular basis to identify and mitigate potential fire hazards. OOMCO's Fire Protection Program is designed to prevent, detect, and respond to fire emergencies. OOMCO has installed fire alarms, smoke detectors, and automatic sprinklers in all its facilities to ensure that any fire outbreak is detected early and extinguished quickly.
OOMCO has also provided fire safety training to its employees to prepare them for fire emergencies. The training program covers various topics, including how to use fire extinguishers, how to evacuate the building, and how to administer first aid in case of injury. OOMCO ensures that its employees are well-prepared to handle any fire emergency, thus reducing the risk of injuries and damages.
In conclusion, OOMCO's provision of fire safety measures to its staff, organization and community is exemplary. By implementing a Fire Protection Program and providing fire safety training to its employees, OOMCO has demonstrated its commitment to the safety and security of all its stakeholders. OOMCO's proactive approach to fire safety is a testament to its dedication to being a responsible corporate citizen. Other companies can learn from OOMCO's example and implement similar fire safety measures to protect their employees, organization, and the community.
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Question 4 (15 Points, each 5):How would you interpret the coefficient of B₂ in each model? a) Ln(Y) = B + B, Ln(X1) + BLn(X2) + u, 0 b) Y = B + B, Ln(X1) + B₂Ln(X2)+u, c) Ln(Y)=B+ B, X1 + BxX2 + u,
The interpretation of the coefficient of B₂ depends on the specific model and the transformation of variables used. It indicates the expected change in the dependent variable for a one-unit change in the respective independent variable, given the other variables in the model are held constant.
The coefficient of B₂ in each model represents the estimated effect or impact of the variable X2 on the dependent variable Y, while controlling for other variables in the respective models.
a) In model a, the coefficient of B₂, when exponentiated (since both Y and X2 are in logarithmic form), represents the percentage change in Y associated with a one-unit percentage change in X2, holding other variables constant.
b) In model b, the coefficient of B₂ represents the change in Y associated with a one-unit change in X2, while keeping other variables constant. This model assumes a linear relationship between Y and X2.
c) In model c, the coefficient of B₂ represents the change in the natural logarithm of Y associated with a one-unit change in X2, while other variables are held constant. This model assumes a linear relationship between the logarithm of Y and X2.
Overall, the interpretation of the coefficient of B₂ depends on the specific model and the transformation of variables used. It indicates the expected change in the dependent variable for a one-unit change in the respective independent variable, given the other variables in the model are held constant.
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There are various types of variate.
1. ..................................(1) - described by a word or phrase
2. ............................(2) - described by a number
3. ..............(3) - this is an „in-between" case. Observations are not numbers but they can be ordered (e.g. much improved, improved, same, worse, much worse).
There are various types of variate.
Qualitative variate - described by a word or phrase.
Quantitative variate - described by a number.
Ordinal variate - this is an "in-between" case. Observations are not numbers but they can be ordered (e.g. much improved, improved, same, worse, much worse).
Variables that can only be qualitatively or categorically measured are referred to as qualitative variates. It represents traits or qualities that are expressed through language or expressions. The color of a car (red, blue, or green) or the type of fruit are two examples.
A quantitative variate is one that contains numerical or quantitative data that can be counted or measured. It typically uses numbers to express quantities, amounts, or measurements. Age, weight, height or income are some examples.
Ordinal variate: Between qualitative and quantitative variables, this type of variate is used. The observations can be ranked or ordered based on their relative position even though they are not numerical. There is a natural hierarchy or order to the categories. Survey responses with the choices strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree are examples.
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A large international accountancy firm has recently introduced a four-week mandatory course on work practices
and routines specific to the firm. It is held at a luxury hotel on a Caribbean island and the accommodation cost has
to be borne by the employees. This well-intentioned 'on-boarding initiative' has backfired badly. Explain why, using
the concept of asset specificity.
The backfiring of the on-boarding initiative at the large international accountancy firm can be attributed to the concept of asset specificity. Asset specificity refers to the degree to which an asset or resource is specialized or tailored to a particular use or purpose. In this case, the asset specificity can be seen in the mandatory four-week course on work practices and routines specific to the firm.
The luxury hotel accommodation cost that has to be borne by the employees introduces a high level of asset specificity. The employees are required to invest their time and money in attending the course and staying at the specific luxury hotel on a Caribbean island. This creates a situation where the employees are locked into a specific asset, the luxury hotel, for the duration of the course.
The problem arises when the asset specificity becomes inflexible or unfavorable to the employees. Here are a few reasons why the initiative has backfired:
1. Financial burden: Requiring employees to bear the cost of luxury hotel accommodation can create a financial burden, especially for employees who may not have the means to afford such expenses. This can lead to dissatisfaction and demotivation among the employees.
2. Inflexibility and inconvenience: The requirement to stay at a specific luxury hotel on a Caribbean island for four weeks can be highly inflexible and inconvenient for the employees. It restricts their freedom to choose more affordable or convenient accommodation options that better suit their needs.
3. Lack of alignment with employee preferences: The initiative may not align with the preferences and priorities of all employees. Some employees may value different aspects of on-boarding, such as practical training or mentorship, rather than an expensive luxury hotel stay.
4. Exclusionary effect: The requirement to bear the cost of luxury hotel accommodation may exclude certain employees who cannot afford it. This can create a perception of unfairness and inequality within the organization.
In summary, the asset specificity introduced by the luxury hotel accommodation requirement in the on-boarding initiative has backfired because it imposes financial burdens, inflexibility, inconvenience, and may not align with employee preferences. This highlights the importance of considering the specific needs and preferences of employees when designing such initiatives to ensure their effectiveness and avoid unintended negative consequences.
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Which of the following statements is correct regarding accrued revenues and unearned revenues, before adjusting entries have been made?
A. Accrued revenues have not been earned and unearned revenues have been earned.
B. Accrued revenues have been paid and unearned revenues have not.
C. Accrued revenues have not been recorded and unearned revenues have been recorded.
D. Accrued revenues have been recorded and unearned revenues have been recorded.
The correct statement is that accrued revenues have not been recorded and unearned revenues have been recorded. The correct option is C.
Accrued revenues have not yet been recorded in the company's books prior to the creation of adjusting entries. Revenues that have been earned but not yet received or recorded are referred to as accrued revenues. To reflect the amount earned during the accounting period, these revenues are recognized and recorded through adjusting entries.
Unearned revenues on the other hand, was recorded prior to adjusting entries. Unearned revenues, also referred to as deferred revenues, are sums collected up front from clients for goods or services that haven't yet been delivered. Due to the company's obligation to provide the goods or services in the future, these revenues are initially recorded as liabilities. The correct option is C.
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In every day we use modern usually means up to date with recent developments , economic modernity ,politicians' revolutions, changes in the form of business organizations and ownerships and socialization modernity in the beginning of twentieth century are affected on accounting theory, which means that accounting has grown in response to social and institutional developments, briefly explain the above sentences?
The concept of modernity in economics, politics, changes in business ownership and organization, and socialization influenced the accounting theory of the early 20th century, resulting in the growth of accounting in response to social and institutional developments.
Modernization in accounting theory refers to the development of accounting practices in response to changes in social and institutional frameworks, such as changes in economic, political, and social settings, and technological advancements that affect accounting information systems.Modern accounting is considered a product of modern industrial societies. Accounting can be seen as a product of the interaction between the accounting profession and the broader social and institutional environment in which it operates.
The evolution of accounting theory was heavily influenced by social and institutional factors. The growth of accounting theory has been attributed to the need to adapt accounting practices to changing social and economic settings, including technological advancements, changing business structures, and shifts in political and economic systems.Modern accounting practices, such as double-entry bookkeeping and financial statement preparation, were developed to meet the changing needs of businesses and to address new demands for financial transparency and accountability.
Accounting theory has grown in response to the changing social and institutional frameworks in which it operates, and it continues to evolve as new challenges arise in the business and regulatory environments.
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Gibco Sportswear Ltd. is a wholesale company that buys sports clothing from manufacturers and sells it to various retail stores. It had the following transactions during its first year of operations. The company's fiscal year end is December 31
1. Issued common shares for $550,000.
2. Paid an insurance premium of $24,000 on May 1 that provides coverage for the 12-month period starting August 1.
3. Purchased $79,500 of clothing inventory on account.
4. Paid $36,900 in wages to employees and still owed $12,000
5. Sales recorded for the period totalled $195,000, 60% on credit. The cost of the inventory sold was $95,000
6. Cash collections on customer accounts totalled $16,000.
7. Payments to suppliers for clothing inventory purchased for the year totaled $45,000.
8. Purchased some new office equipment on June 1 that cost $10,000 on credit. This machine has a useful life of 5 years and a residual value of $1,200.
9. The company paid cash of $2,000 as a deposit on a new piece of machinery that is expected to be received within a year. The value of the equipment is $12,000 and will have a useful life of 6 years and has no residual value.
10. A customer paid a cash deposit of $1,500 for an order of clothes that will be delivered next year. The value of the clothes is $4,000.
11. Dividends of $2,000 were declared and paid
b. Calculate the ending cash balance. DO NOT PUT COMMAS OR $ SIGNS IN YOUR ANSWER
The ending cash balance for Gibco Sportswear Ltd. is -$181,900.
This machine has a useful life of 5 years and a residual value of $1,200The company paid cash of $2,000 as a deposit on a new piece of machinery that is expected to be received within a year. The value of the equipment is $12,000 and will have a useful life of 6 years and has no residual value.A customer paid a cash deposit of $1,500 for an order of clothes that will be delivered next year.
The value of the clothes is $4,000.Dividends of $2,000 were declared and paid.The ending cash balance is calculated by adding the cash balance at the beginning of the period to the cash inflows and deducting the cash outflows. We will use the formula below to calculate the ending cash balance.Beginning cash balance + Cash inflows - Cash outflows = Ending cash balance
From the information given, the following is a summary of the cash inflows and outflows.
Cash inflows:Collections from customers = $16,000Cash deposit received = $1,500Total cash inflows = $17,500Cash outflows:Payment of insurance premium = $24,000Purchase of inventory = $79,500Payment of wages = $36,900Payment to suppliers = $45,000
Purchase of equipment = $10,000Cash deposit on new machinery = $2,000Dividends paid = $2,000Total cash outflows = $199,400
Therefore, the ending cash balance can be calculated by using the formula as follows:Beginning cash balance + Cash inflows - Cash outflows = Ending cash balanceBeginning cash balance = $0Cash inflows = $17,500Cash outflows = $199,400Ending cash balance = 0 + 17,500 - 199,400 = -181,900Thus, the ending cash balance for Gibco Sportswear Ltd. is -$181,900.
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Aaron's shoe repair business operates in a perfectly competitive market. The demand for shoe repairs equals Q = 20 - 2P. Aaron faces no fixed costs, but a repair costs Aaron $5 per repair. What price does Aaron charge? What quantity does he serve?
Aaron charges a price of $5 per shoe repair and serves a quantity of 10 shoe repairs.
In a perfectly competitive market, Aaron's shoe repair business is a price taker, meaning it takes the market price as given. Therefore, Aaron will set the price equal to the marginal cost to maximize his profit.
In this case:
Demand function: Q = 20 - 2P
Repair cost per repair: $5
To determine the price that Aaron charges, we equate the marginal cost (MC) to the price (P):
MC = P
Since the repair cost per repair is constant at $5, the marginal cost is also $5. Therefore, Aaron will charge a price of $5.
Next, we substitute the price into the demand function to find the quantity that Aaron serves:
Q = 20 - 2P
Q = 20 - 2(5)
Q = 20 - 10
Q = 10
Therefore, Aaron will serve a quantity of 10 shoe repairs.
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