Invading microbes usually need to overcome host defenses physical barriers, innate immunity, adaptive immunity .
The invading microbe or pathogen is referred to as an antigen. it is seemed as a danger with the aid of the immune machine and is able to stimulating an immune reaction. Antigens are proteins which are observed at the floor of the pathogen. Antigens are particular to that pathogen.
The phagocytic cells use a mixture of degradative enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, and reactive oxygen species to kill the invading microorganisms. in addition, they release signaling molecules that cause an inflammatory reaction and begin to marshal the forces of the adaptive immune device.
Microorganisms are controlled via bodily dealers and chemical marketers. bodily dealers encompass such techniques of manipulate as high or low temperature, desiccation, osmotic pressure, radiation, and filtration.
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A mutation in a gene leads to a protein that is less sensitive to ubiquitin. Compared with the normal version of this gene, we should expect to see _______ of the _______ of the mutant in the proteasome.
A mutation in a gene ends in a protein this is less touchy to ubiquitin. as compared with the regular model of this gene, we have to expect to see less of the protein of the mutant in the proteasome.
And through the years, a lack of protein can make us lose muscle mass, which in flip cuts our energy, makes it tougher to hold our stability, and slows our metabolism. it is able to additionally cause anemia when our cells don't get enough oxygen, which makes us tired.
Proteasome (26S) is a multimeric complicated whose function is protein degradation through its endoprotease activity. Proteasome acts usually on quick-lived proteins with regulatory functions and on misfolded proteins. Protein degradation is in a specific and green manner, which depends on ATP.
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bacteria may be involved in both the production or food and in its decay. multiple choice 1 false true 2. the presence of microbes in food can be . multiple choice 2 beneficial, harmful, or neutral harmful beneficial or harmful but not neutral beneficial neutral 3. a single species of bacteria grows best at multiple choice 3 a broad range of temperatures ranging from freezing to boiling. a modest range around a minimum temperature. a modest range around an optimum temperature. different temperatures, based on the availability of oxygen. different temperatures, based on nutrient availability. 4. the type of food-borne infection known as an intoxication is caused by multiple choice 4 toxins produced by microbes as they grow in the food. growth of the microbe in the intestinal tract and intestinal lining. toxins produced by the microbe in the intestinal tract. the buildup of oxidative byproducts such as o- in the food. the buildup of microbial waste products such as lactic acid.
True. Both the synthesis of food and its breakdown may involve bacteria. several options.
How is the usage of microorganisms in the food industry?Since ancient times, people have employed yeasts, molds, and bacteria to create foods like bread, beer, wine, vinegar, yoghurt, and cheese, as well as fermented fish, meat, and vegetables. In nature, microorganisms carry out the fermentation processes.
How does our food quizlet relate to microbes?Food containing microbes needs their metabolic byproducts for taste. One illustration is the flavoring of cheese using molds. Some bacteria cause food to decay, whereas others are employed in the production of food products or to enhance flavor.
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Which body system is formed by all the structures that move blood through the body?.
Answer:
The vascular system, also called the circulatory system
Explanation:
which of the following are true of alleles? select all that apply.
A. Alleles exist on homologous chromosomes.
B. Alleles occupy corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes.
C. Alleles are different forms of a gene.
The statements that are true regarding alleles are as follows;
Alleles exist on homologous chromosomes (option A)Alleles are different forms of a gene (option C)What are alleles?Alleles are one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene occupying a given position, or locus, on a chromosome.
On the other hand, homologous chromosomes are similar but non-identical chromosomes from each parent of an offspring.
The alleles for a trait occupy the same locus or position on homologous chromosomes and thus govern the same trait. However, because they are different, their action may result in different expressions of that trait.
Therefore, options A and C are the true statements regarding alleles.
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The product of this reaction, 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene, is a diene that can exist as 3 possible geometric isomers. Which of these isomers is the main product of the reaction?.
The major outcome of the interaction O A. cis, trans B. Cis C. cis, cis D. trans, trans is these isomers.
Why do you use the term isomers?A nuclide that is isomeric with one or even more others is one of two or more molecules, radicals, or ions that have the same atomic mass of same components but differ in their structural arrangement and characteristics.
What are an isotope and an isomer?Isomers are substances with identical molecular structures but distinct chemical properties. Isotopes are substances that share the same atomic number but have differing atomic masses. Isotones are elements that have a different amount of protons but the same number of neutrons.
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What does natural selection mean and how and can you correlate it to our bacteria.
Which frame(s) represent(s) conditions suitable that would support submerged plants and invertebrates that can tolerate a sandy bottom? Choose all that apply
Frames C and D represents conditions suitable that would support submerged plants and invertebrates that can tolerate a sandy bottom.
What is a Plant?This is referred to an organism which is called the primary producer in the ecosystem and has the ability to manufacture food in the form of glucose through photosynthetic reactions. It can survive in different conditions as a result of different types of adaptive structures.
Frames C and D depicts frame which contains submerged plants can tolerate sandy soil in this scenario as a result of the sand and the presence of the plants being observed thereby making them the most correct choice.
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sign the components on the following apoptotic pathway, which operates in human immune cells. a death signal is received when a molecule called fas binds its cell-surface receptor. the binding of many fas molecules to receptors causes receptor clustering. the intracellular regions of the receptors, when together, bind proteins called adaptor proteins. these in turn bind to inactive molecules of caspase-8, which become activated and then activate caspase-3. once activated, caspase-3 initiates apoptosis.
The apoptotic pathway in human immune cells is signed:
the binding of many Fas molecules to receptors causes receptor clustering. → the intracellular regions of the receptors, when together, bind proteins called adaptor proteins → a death signal is received when a molecule called Fas binds its cell-surface receptor → these in turn bind to inactive molecules of caspase-8, which become activated and then activate caspase-3. → once activated, caspase-3 initiates apoptosis.How does the apoptotic pathway work?There are two main pathways to apoptosis which are extrinsic and intrinsic. It is mediated by proteolytic enzymes known as capsules that trigger the death of cells by splitting proteins specific to the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
The Fas binds to Fas receptors located in cell surfaces and recruits an adaptor protein, FADD that contains a death domain. The death effector from the domain recruits inactive caspase 8 that splits to generate an active caspase 8 that triggers inactive caspase 3 and activates it to split substrates within the cell and initiate apoptosis.
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How is it exactly that plants grow. Please Explain. Brainliest
Answer:
When plants have the right balance of water, air, sunlight and nutrients, their cells grow and divide, and the whole plant gets bigger and bigger. And that's how plants grow.
Explanation:
Answer:
Air/water/sunlight
Plants use a process called photosynthesis to turn sunlight into food in their leaves.
This is how plants grow and survive.
Explanation:
A 23 year old woman is emaciated and has dry scaly skin and brittle fair. Anorexia nervosa is diagnosed. Which of the following signs is most likely to be noted on examination?
Retinal hemorrhages
Periungual hemorrhages in fingers
Cutis marmorata
Lanugo
Generalized lymphadenopathy
With dry, scaly skin and brittle fair, lanugo indications are more likely to be noticed during an examination. A diagnosis of anorexia is made.
What results in lanugo?One of the adverse consequences of adult eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, and others is lanugo. It may be a sign of malnourishment and inadequate nutrition. According to medical professionals, lanugo expands when a person's body fat levels are insufficient to keep them warm.
The lanugo, what is it?In fetuses, neonates, and several illness states, lanugo—fine, silky, unpigmented hair—is frequently seen. Although lanugo is a common feature in fetuses, the presence of it in an older individual may signal an underlying disease.
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histones are proteins that can interact with some sequences of dna to help it coil into a more manageable arrangement within the nucleus. if the dna-histone interaction is mediated primarily by intermolecular bonds, which of the following is likely true of histones?
There are four styles of histones, named: H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Customers of each kind of histone form nucleosomes. those nucleosomes are wrapped together in a spiral structure referred to as a solenoid. extra H1 proteins are related to every nucleosome as hyperlinks to maintain the general chromatin structure.
Each histone octamer consists of two copies of every of the histone proteins H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. The chain of nucleosomes is then wrapped into a 30 nm spiral known as a solenoid, wherein additional H1 histone proteins are associated with each nucleosome to maintain the chromosome structure.
The new histones are made inside the cytoplasm for the duration of the S section and are transported into the nucleus. The old histones are disassembled from DNA, probably shielded and chaperoned until they may be reassembled into nucleosomes.
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Which would be considered a somatic cell?
How is the movement of paramecium and volvox similar? Both -
move toward light.
O use cytoplasmic streaming.
O use cilia to move.
O move away from light.
Paramecium and Volvox are similar as Both use cilia to move.
Eukaryotes include Volvox, Paramecium, and Euglena. They are single-celled organisms of the Protista Kingdom. They are all made up of nuclei. They have both food and contractile vacuoles.
Volvox rousseletii is a multicellular spheroidal green alga with 5,000 cells that each have two flagella (cilia). Volvox, a spherical alga, swims using flagella on thousands of surface somatic cells.
Volvox are algae cell colonies that propel themselves similarly to ciliated microorganisms, but with synchronized flagella of many inward facing individuals rather than beating cilia.
Paramecium is a genus of eukaryotic, unicellular ciliates that is commonly studied as a ciliate representative. Paramecia are found in a variety of freshwater, brackish, and marine environments, and they are particularly abundant in stagnant basins and ponds.
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What is the difference between Cell Differentiation and Mitosis?
Blocks the active site for contractile protein attachment at rest but moves based on the binding state of.
Tropomyosin blocks the active site for contractile protein attachment at rest but moves based on the binding state of Troponin.
What is a Protein?This is referred to as a biological molecule which consists if amino acid residues. They form hormones, enzymes etc and are important in the growth and repair of tissues in the body and sources include breans, dairy products etc.
Tropomyosin is regarded as a type of protein which has end-to-end associates to form long cables along the sides of the actin filament and helps to regulate muscle contraction.
Its mechanism of action in the body is that it is involved in the blocking of the active site for contractile protein attachment at rest but moves based on the binding state of Troponin which aids movement.
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A biologist is studying two organisms, X and Y. She knows that at least one of them is an animal. Organism X only reproduces sexually. Organism Y reproduces both sexually and asexually.
Which conclusion is best supported by the information?
Organism X is an animal, and organism Y is not.
Organism Y has the benefit of not having to find a mate.
Organism X has offspring that are not genetically diverse.
Organism Y is a heterotroph, and organism X is not.
Organism X has offspring that are not genetically diverse.
Genetic diversity is characterised by genetic diversity within a species. Recombination of genetic material during the inheritance process results in genetic diversity. It alters as space and time pass. Because it produces distinct offspring by fusing the DNA of the parents, sexual reproduction is crucial for sustaining genetic diversity.It happens as a result of gene recombination during the inheritance process.The genetic diversity varies over time and space.One of the most important components of genetic diversity is sexual reproduction, which uses a combination of parental genes to create unique children.Genetic variety is also a result of gene mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow.Individuals of the species can adapt to challenging environmental conditions thanks to genetic variety.The ability to adapt to unfavorable environmental conditions, illness resistance, and other physical qualities are given to the individuals.To know more about Genetic check the below link:
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Answer:B
Explanation:
you are walking in the shallows along the beach and accidentally step on a sea urchin. after you take the spines out of your foot, you look up the classification of the animals. it is listed in the phylum . answer mollusca arthropoda echinodermata nematoda chordata
Sea urchin belongs to phylum Echinodermata.
Any member of the phylum Echinodermata is considered an echinoderm. Adults with radial symmetry include starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers, as well as sea lilies or "stone lilies."
Adult echinoderms can be found on the sea floor at any depth, from the intertidal zone to the abyssal zone. The phylum contains approximately 7,000 living species, making it the second-largest deuterostome grouping after chordates. Echinoderms are the largest phylum that is entirely marine. Near the beginning of the Cambrian period, the first definitive echinoderms appeared.
Sea urchins are spiny, globular echinoderms of the Echinoidea class. There are approximately 950 species of sea urchins that live on the seafloor of every ocean and inhabit every depth zone from the intertidal seashore to 5,000 meters.
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Humans are the only host of guinea worms. Successful eradication programs will mean the
extinction of the guinea worm. What is your opinion about humans causing the deliberate
extinction of a living organism?
One of the defining aspects of human existence is our encounters with wildlife. Both good and negative interactions may occur. In addition to eradicating harmful species, coopting and domesticating useful species, and using a variety of social, behavioural, and technical measures to limit unpleasant interactions with wildlife, people compete with wildlife for food and resources.
Numerous species have been reduced or eliminated as a result of this battle, along with the untold number of human casualties and financial losses. There have been an increasing number of successful conservation and coexistence outcomes as a result of recent developments in our understanding of conflict. I list and analyse the causes of conflict, strategies for resolving disputes peacefully, and the most recent trends and discussions.
What is living organism?
Any object that exhibits all the traits of life, including growth, reproduction, and nutrition, is said to be living. A live object is defined as an organism.
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which of the following represent mechanisms by which proteobacteria generate a proton motive force for atp synthesis?
The mechanism by which proteobacteria generate a proton motive force for ATP synthesis is: (1) aerobic oxidation of H2S; (2) light-driven proton pumps; and (4) anaerobic oxidation of glucose.
Proteobacteria is a large phylum of the Gram-negative bacteria. The microorganisms of proteobacteria are: hydrogenogenic CO oxidizers. These bacteria may have varying shapes and forms. They are also called purple bacteria and relatives.
Proton motive force (PMF) is a type of potential energy that drives the synthesis of ATP. It is comprised of charge and chemical components. PMF is created by the pumping out of the of protons by the respiratory chain complexes.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Which of the following represent mechanisms by which proteobacteria generate a proton motive force for ATP synthesis?
aerobic oxidation of H2S light-driven proton pumps reduction of CO2 by H2 anaerobic oxidation of glucose photolysis of H2OTo know more about proteobacteria, here
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dr. garcia is interested in the genetic and environmental influences on musical ability. which of the following methods would be most useful for determining how heritable musical ability is (i.e. how much it depends on genes vs. environment)?
The question above isn't complete, as there are no options for us to choose from. That being said, the most common method for determining musical heritability is comparison.
Heritability is generally defined as a statistic that estimates the degree of variation in a trait in a population that is due to genetic variation between individuals in that population. To determine how heritable musical ability is, one can compare participants coming from musical families with participants coming from non-musical families. It can also be more specific, like whether the participants were trained in music or not, to determine how much environment matters vs genes.
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Genes that influence weight Match each of the following genes to show their association with weight. Answer choices may be used more than once or not at all 0.5 points Associated mostly with those of European populations Associated with lower rates of heart disease despite obesity ssociated with|May result in obesity obesity at a youngwith high-fat diets eBook May impact body mass index age FTO SH2B1 LCTrs4988235
Genes that influence weight there are:
FTO gene (alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase).SH2B1 gene (protein coding)LCT rs4988235 gene (Association of Lactase Persistence Genotypes)What genes that influence weight to the body?The LCT gene performs a normal function. The LCT gene encodes instructions for the production of a lactase enzyme. This enzyme aids in the breakdown of lactose, a sugar found in milk and other dairy products. Lactase is produced by cells that line the small intestine's walls.The SH2B1 gene encodes a member of the SH2-domain containing mediators family. The encoded protein mediates kinase activation and may be involved in cytokine and growth factor receptor signaling as well as cellular transformation.Protein associated with fat mass and obesity, also known as alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (FTO) which is an enzyme that is encoded by the FTO gene in humans. Variations in the FTO gene are also linked to an increase in body fat composition, metabolite parameters, and metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Other genes are involved in the process of regulating food intake and energy expenditure, which underpins the increase in body fat.Learn more about genes that influence weight here: brainly.com/question/17608974
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What defines a substantial increase in a jellyfish population within a short time?.
A jellies bloom is described as a significant rise in jellyfish numbers over a brief period of time as a function of a higher reproductive rate.
Are jellyfish toxic to humans?On the tendrils of stonefish, which earn their moniker from their shape, are the bio known as fungus spores, which are minuscule darts packed with poison. Within just a few seconds of being stung, those unhappy enough to be sprayed with this toxin may endure cardiac arrest, paralysis, and even death.
What makes jellyfish hurt people?Jellyfish utilize their sting to both catch animals and defend themselves. Their tentacles extend out and fire out spear gun contributed to the rise a neurotoxic venom when they come into contact with humans or other types of prey.
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If laci were mutated such that the lac repressor could no longer bind dna, what effect would this have on the regulation of the lac operon?.
The repressor protein would not function properly, and the lac operon would be over expressed
What is Lac operon ?An operon, or collection of genes, with a single promoter, is the lac operon. The genes in the operon produce proteins that enable lactose utilisation by the bacteria.
Constitutive expression results from mutations in the repressor that prevent it from binding to the operator. A non-inducible phenotype results from mutations that block the inducer's ability to bind without affecting the operator's ability to bind.The function of LacI is to prevent the lac operon's protein mRNA from being produced. LacZYA mRNA is only very minimally transcribed, but transcription is not entirely eliminated.Learn more about Lac operon here:
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A scientist looks into a microscope and sees that replicating chromosome pairs are lined up in the center of a cell. The scientist then sees the mitotic spindle from each side of the cell attach to a chromosome. Which mitotic phase is the scientist likely witnessing?.
The mitotic phase which the scientist is likely witnessing when the mitotic spindle from each side of the cell attach to a chromosome is referred to as the metaphase.
What is Mitosis?This is referred to as the type of cell division which involves a single cell dividing into two identical daughter cells and is a common process during the growth of cells in the body.
Mitosis has different phases such as metaphase which is characterized by the replicating chromosome pairs being lined up in the center of a cell and the mitotic spindle from each side of the cell attach to a chromosome.
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the checkpoint proteins prevent the division of a cell that has dna or abnormalities in the chromosome .
The checkpoint proteins prevent the division of a cell that has DNA or abnormalities in the chromosome .The process of mitotic cell division encompasses mitosis, where the nucleus divides into two nuclei, and , where the mother cell divides into two daughter cells.
Chromosomes are structures determined inside the middle (nucleus) of cells that convey lengthy pieces of DNA. DNA is the fabric that holds genes. it is the constructing block of the human body. Chromosomes also comprise proteins that help DNA exist in the proper shape.
Chromosomes are the highest degree of company of DNA and proteins. the principle feature of chromosomes is to hold the DNA and switch the genetic records from mother and father to offspring. Chromosomes play an critical role for the duration of cell division. They guard the DNA from getting tangled and damaged.
And there are boys and men who have XX chromosomes. this can show up, for instance, when a gene on the Y chromosome ends up on an X chromosome, inflicting that X chromosome to function extra like a Y. There are genes on chromosomes aside from the X or Y that still contribute to sex improvement.
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Which of the following characteristics are true about sharks? (Mark all that apply.)
a. Receptors along the shark's sides are sensitive to touch, vibration, currents, sound, and pressure.
b. Sharkskin is extremely abrasive, like sandpaper.
c. Sharks have an acute sense of smell.
Following characteristics are true about sharks:
a. Receptors along the shark's sides are sensitive to touch, vibration, currents, sound, and pressure.
b. Sharkskin is extremely abrasive, like sandpaper.
c. Sharks have an acute sense of smell.
Although there are more than 400 different species of shark in the ocean, they all have a similar fundamental structure. Sharks are distinguished from other species of aquatic life, such as whales and dolphins, by their astounding anatomy, which was expertly constructed by evolution.
You may get a peek of the evolutionary adaptations that have made sharks the perfect predators they are today by understanding the shark anatomy.
Despite the fact that there are hundreds of shark species, there are several universal traits that set them apart from their nearest cousins, rays and chimeras.
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Restriction enzymes cleave double-stranded dna at the sites that show a particular type of symmetry; these sequences read the same on both strands and are called palindromes. Which of the sequences is not a palindrome?.
Option C) 5′-CCTCAGG-3′ is not a palindrome as it does not read the same on both the sides.
Endonucleases known as restriction enzymes sever phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides within or close to particular DNA sequences known as recognition sites. The locations on a polynucleotide strand that are recognized by a restriction enzyme for cleavage are often palindromic in nature. Option C is not a plaindrome because it's complementary strand of DNA would be 3'-GGAGTCC-5' which does not read the same.
When the polarity is maintained in both strands, DNA sequences called palindromic sequences are read in the same direction whether they are read forward or backward. Given in the picture is an example of the restriction enzyme EcoR I's recognition site which is a palindrome.
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Complete question is:
Restriction enzymes cleave double-stranded DNA at the sites that show a particular type of symmetry: These sequences read the same on both strands and are called palindromes. Which of the following sequences is NOT a palindrome?
A)5′-AGATCT-3′
B)5′-CCTGCAGG-3′
C)5′-CCTCAGG-3′
D)5′-CGGCCG-3′
E)5′-GGTACC-3′
Neural tissue begins as a thickening of a portion of the ectoderm that overlies the ______.
Beginning with the thickening of a section of the ectoderm that lies above the notochord, neural tissue develops.
What are notochords and what do they do?The notochord seems to be the distinguishing feature of the chordates and plays crucial roles in the development of vertebrates. It acts as a major skeletal component of the growing embryo as well as a source in midline signals that design neighboring tissues.
What materials make up a notochord?The notochord is indeed a long, rod-shaped structure that forms dorsally and ventrally of the neural tube. The glycoproteins that make up the majority of the notochord's structure are enclosed in a collagen fiber sheath that is wound into two conflicting helices. The glycoproteins are kept in turgid, vacuolated cells.
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which of the following is true of both dna replication and transcription? select all that apply. group of answer choices the new polymer grows from 5' to 3'. the bonds connecting the monomers are phosphodiester bonds. energy is not required to connect the monomers. the template is dna. the monomers are nucleotides.
All the statements are true for both transcription and DNA replication except option C: energy is not required to connect the monomers.
The given statements are all true for both transcription and DNA replication as the new polymer chain grows from 5' to 3'. These chains are made up of monomers called nucleotides. The chain that results after the joining of nucleotides is called a polynucleotide. Energy is obviously needed in every task to perform by the cell, which is generally used in the form of ATP. Thus, only option C in not true.
Due to the fact that when two DNA or RNA sequences are aligned anti-parallel to one another, the nucleotides bases at each position in the sequences will be complementary or like mirror images, the principle of complementarity controls both transcription and DNA replication.
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Gene A and Gene B are neccessary for normal hearing. A deaf man married with a deaf women. all childrens have normal hearing. What is the - Geno type of their Parents?
AAbb x aaBB is the Genotype of their Parents.
Normal hearing depends on genes A and B. The marriage of a deaf man and a deaf lady. They give birth to kids with normal hearing abilities. All of the children must have inherited one dominant A or B gene from each parent in order to hear normally. The mother and father's genotypes will therefore be AAbb x aaBB.
An organism's genotype is made up of all of its genetic components. The alleles or variations that an individual carries in a specific gene or genetic region are also referred to as the genotype.
There are three genotype types: homozygous dominant (PP), homozygous recessive (PP), and heterozygous (Pp). The traits are the same in homozygous dominant and heterozygous genotypes.
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