Internal validity refers to the extent to which a research study is able to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the independent variable (the variable that is being manipulated by the researcher) and the dependent variable (the variable that is being measured).
In other words, internal validity is the degree to which we can be confident that the changes in the dependent variable were caused by the changes in the independent variable, rather than some other factor.
Single-group threats are a type of internal validity threat that occurs in research studies that involve a single group of participants. These threats arise when there are factors other than the independent variable that could account for changes in the dependent variable over time.
Examples of single-group threats include history (events that occur during the study that could affect the outcome), maturation (natural changes in the participants over time), and testing (the effect of taking the same test multiple times).
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Complete question:
What are internal validity (important) and Single group threats?
what is an example of cognitive impulsivity? blurting out an answer in class touching a hot stove rushed thinking interrupting a parent on the telephone
An example of cognitive impulsivity is when a person exhibits hasty or impulsive decisions without thinking about the consequences beforehand. One example of cognitive impulsivity is blurting out an answer in class without giving it proper consideration.
This impulsive behavior may be seen as disruptive and may not allow the person to fully process the question and provide a thoughtful response. Another example is touching a hot stove without considering the potential danger or consequences. This impulsive behavior can lead to physical harm or injury. Rushed thinking is also an example of cognitive impulsivity where a person makes decisions without taking the time to weigh the pros and cons or consider all available options. Interrupting a parent on the telephone can also be an example of impulsivity, where the person interrupts without considering if the parent is busy or if the interruption is appropriate.
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maslow believed that once safety needs are relatively satisfied, one's physiological needs emerge. true false
Your question is about Maslow's hierarchy of needs and whether he believed that once safety needs are relatively satisfied, one's physiological needs emerge. This statement is false.
According to Maslow, physiological needs are the most basic needs and must be satisfied first, followed by safety needs. Maslow's hierarchy of requirements places physiological demands at the bottom. They are the things a person needs to survive the most. They consist of the need for safety, nourishment, warmth, rest, and health. At this stage, survival instincts serve as a person's primary motivator.
The human body is not capable of performing at its best if these needs are not met. Maslow deemed physiological requirements to be the most critical since, until these needs are satisfied, all other wants are subordinate. The need for security and safety becomes apparent once a person's physiological needs have been met.
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why is it important to conduct retrospective and prospective studies?
Retrospective and prospective studies are both important types of research studies in epidemiology and other fields of science.
Retrospective studies involve looking back at past data, medical records, or other information to identify associations or causes of a disease or condition. These studies can help researchers identify risk factors, explore potential causes of a disease or condition, and generate hypotheses for future research. They are especially useful when the outcome of interest is rare or has a long latency period, and when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a prospective study. Retrospective studies are also useful for generating preliminary data and for testing the feasibility of a future study.Prospective studies involve following a group of individuals over time to determine the incidence of a particular disease or condition and to identify risk factors or protective factors for that outcome.
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The ______ is essential to make sense of a problem, to see how it compares to other concerns in our personal lives or in society, and to estimate what effects a proposal or action might have.
The research is essential to make sense of a problem, to see how it compares to other concerns in our personal lives or in society, and to estimate what effects a proposal or action might have.
Research is "innovative and systematic paintings undertaken to growth the inventory of knowledge". It includes the series, enterprise and evaluation of proof to growth information of a topic, characterised through a selected attentiveness to controlling reassets of bias and error. Research is a procedure of systematic inquiry that involves series of data; documentation of crucial information; and evaluation and interpretation of that data/information, according with appropriate methodologies set through unique expert fields and educational disciplines.
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What must a member do to "move legislation" through the multiple stages of the legislative process?
To move legislation through the multiple stages of the legislative process, a member must introduce the legislation in either the House of Representatives or the Senate.
The legislation will then go through committee hearings, where it may be amended, before being brought to the floor for debate and a vote. If the legislation passes in one chamber, it goes to the other chamber to go through the same process.
If both chambers pass the legislation, it goes to the President for approval or veto. If the President approves the legislation, it becomes law.
To move legislation through the multiple stages of the legislative process, a member of the legislative body must follow these general steps:
1. Draft the Bill: The member must first draft a bill that addresses the issue they want to resolve or the policy they want to implement.
2. Introduction: The member must then introduce the bill in the legislative body (e.g., Congress, Parliament, etc.) by submitting it to the appropriate committee or the chamber as a whole.
3. Committee Consideration: The bill is then referred to a committee that has jurisdiction over the issue. The committee will hold hearings, gather information, and review the bill. The committee may also make changes to the bill.
4. Report the Bill: If the committee approves the bill, it is reported to the full legislative body with a recommendation for action.
5. Debate and Vote: The bill is then debated and voted upon by the full legislative body. Members may propose amendments or changes to the bill during this stage.
6. Conference Committee: If both chambers of the legislative body pass different versions of the bill, a conference committee may be appointed to reconcile the differences between the two versions.
7. Final Passage: If the bill is passed by both chambers of the legislative body, it is sent to the executive branch (e.g., the President) for approval or veto. If vetoed, the legislative body can attempt to override the veto with a two-thirds vote.
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thirteen-year-old irene has no trouble defeating her 11-year-old brother at a detective game that requires following clues in order to deduce the perpetrator of a crime. how might piaget explain irene's superiority at the game?
Irense, as an adolescent, is beginning to grow her abstract reasoning skills.
Abstract thinking, commonly referred to as abstract reasoning, is the ability to comprehend and consider complicated concepts that, while real, are unrelated to tangible experiences, individuals, things, or circumstances.
People with excellent abstract reasoning abilities are more adept at gaining new skills, changing and adjusting their techniques, understanding the larger picture, and thinking creatively. It is also one of the thinking skills that has consistently been connected to improved job performance and leadership efficacy.
An abstract reasoning exam is a type of evaluation that employs forms and patterns to evaluate your problem-solving abilities and ability to recognize logical sequences. For example, you may need to choose which image makes a series, fails to appear from the entire image, or does not correspond to the other images displayed.
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______ refers to a bound unit of interacting individuals who uphold a set of shared traditions and way of life.
A community refers to a bound unit of interacting individuals who uphold a set of shared traditions and way of life.
The term that fits the definition provided is "culture". Culture is a complex concept that encompasses various aspects of human life, including beliefs, customs, practices, values, language, and art. It refers to the shared patterns of behavior and understanding that characterize a group of people, including their social norms, religion, politics, and economics.
Culture can be seen as the lens through which people perceive and interact with the world around them. It is a dynamic and evolving phenomenon that is constantly shaped by historical, social, and environmental factors. Understanding cultural differences is essential in today's globalized world, as it can help promote mutual understanding and respect among people of different backgrounds.
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President dwight eisenhower promoted civil rights by.
President Dwight Eisenhower promoted civil rights by implementing various legislative measures and policies, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1957, sending federal troops to enforce school desegregation in Little Rock, Arkansas, and establishing the Civil Rights Commission.
During his time in office, Eisenhower worked to dismantle racial segregation and protect the rights of African Americans. The Civil Rights Act of 1957, which he signed into law, was the first federal civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. This act strengthened voting rights for African Americans and established a civil rights division within the Department of Justice. It also created the Civil Rights Commission to investigate allegations of voter discrimination.
In 1957, when the governor of Arkansas attempted to block the integration of Little Rock Central High School, President Eisenhower sent in federal troops to enforce the court-ordered desegregation. This action demonstrated his commitment to upholding the law and ensuring equal access to education for all.
Moreover, Eisenhower's administration worked on other aspects of civil rights, such as the desegregation of Washington, D.C., and fighting discrimination in federal employment. Overall, President Dwight Eisenhower played a crucial role in advancing civil rights in the United States, through his commitment to upholding the law and implementing policies that promoted racial equality.
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Analyze the impacts of the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation) on the social order of sixteenth-century Europe.
The Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation had significant impacts on the social order of sixteenth-century Europe.
The Protestant Reformation resulted in the fragmentation of the Christian church, leading to the emergence of various Protestant denominations. This religious division led to social divisions, as people identified themselves based on their religious beliefs.
The Catholic Reformation, or Counter Reformation, aimed to address the issues raised by the Protestant Reformation and reassert the power of the Catholic Church. The Counter Reformation emphasized strict adherence to Catholic doctrine and rituals, and this helped to unify Catholic societies.
However, it also led to increased intolerance towards those who did not conform to Catholicism.
Overall, the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation had complex and far-reaching effects on the social order of Europe, including increased religious diversity, social divisions, and a growing intolerance towards those who held different religious beliefs.
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What type of cases are heard by the lower-level courts of a state court system
The lower-level courts of a state court system typically hear cases involving minor criminal offenses, civil cases with lower financial damages, small claims disputes, traffic violations, and other minor legal issues.
What are these courts?
These courts are often referred to as district courts, municipal courts, justice courts, or magistrate courts, depending on the state.
Judges in these courts typically have limited jurisdiction, meaning they can only hear cases within a specific geographical area or with specific limits on the amount of damages involved.
The lower-level courts play a crucial role in the state court system as they provide access to justice for individuals who cannot afford the cost or time of pursuing legal action in higher-level courts.
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This is a French term meaning the "relaxation of tensions", which influenced American foreign policy during the Cold War years of the 1970s and 80s:
1.)Detente
2.)Laissez faire
3.)Coup
4.)Guerilla
The French term that means the "relaxation of tensions", which influenced American foreign policy is: 1. Detente
What is Detente?Detente was a French term used to describe the relaxation of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It was a shift away from the policy of brinksmanship and a move towards more peaceful coexistence.
This policy was influenced by the realization that the arms race between the two superpowers was destabilizing and unsustainable.
Detente involved a series of negotiations and agreements between the United States and the Soviet Union, including the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) and the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty. These agreements aimed to reduce the number of nuclear weapons and limit their deployment, as well as promote economic and cultural exchanges between the two countries.
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How does moral reasoning also depend on emotion?
Emotions play a vital role in shaping our moral reasoning as they help us to empathize with others, evaluate situations, and guide our actions.
Moral reasoning, the process of making ethical decisions, depends on both rational thinking and emotions.
Empathy, a core emotional response, enables us to understand and share the feelings of others. By putting ourselves in their shoes, we can better assess the consequences of our actions and make ethical decisions that consider others' wellbeing.
Emotions such as guilt and compassion help us evaluate the morality of situations. For instance, feeling guilty about a wrongdoing may encourage us to reflect on our actions and seek to rectify the situation, while compassion may prompt us to help someone in need.
Emotions can motivate us to act in morally responsible ways. For example, a sense of responsibility or fairness may lead us to stand up for someone who is being treated unfairly.
Moral reasoning is not solely based on logic and rational thinking, but also relies on emotions that enable us to empathize, evaluate, and act in a morally conscious manner.
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What are "extraneous" variables? When do extraneous variables become confounding variables?
Extraneous variables are variables that are not the primary focus of a research study, but which may have an impact on the outcome of the study. Extraneous variables become confounding variables when they are related to both the independent and dependent variables.
Extraneous variables variables are not manipulated or controlled by the researcher, but may still influence the dependent variable. For example, in a study examining the relationship between caffeine consumption and cognitive performance, extraneous variables could include factors such as age, gender, and prior sleep quality.
Extraneous variables become confounding variables when they are related to both the independent and dependent variables. This means that the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable cannot be determined, as the confounding variable may also be affecting the dependent variable. For example, in the caffeine and cognitive performance study, if age was found to be a confounding variable, it would be difficult to determine if any observed effects on cognitive performance were due to caffeine consumption or age.
To minimize the impact of confounding variables, researchers must control for them either through random assignment, matching participants, or statistical techniques such as regression analysis. By controlling for confounding variables, researchers can increase the internal validity of their study and draw more accurate conclusions about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
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What were two effects of US psychology's embrace of evolution?
The US psychology's embrace of evolution led to two significant effects: the development of functionalism and the growth of comparative psychology.
Firstly, functionalism emerged as a result of incorporating evolutionary theory into psychology. Spearheaded by figures like William James and John Dewey, functionalism focused on understanding the adaptive functions of psychological processes.
Instead of merely describing mental processes, functionalists sought to uncover how these processes contributed to an individual's ability to adapt to their environment. This shift in perspective led to a greater emphasis on studying the practical applications of psychology and its relevance to everyday life, paving the way for fields such as educational and industrial-organizational psychology.
Secondly, the growth of comparative psychology was another effect of embracing evolution in US psychology. As psychologists became more interested in the principles of natural selection and adaptation, they started exploring the similarities and differences between various species' psychological processes.
This comparative approach allowed psychologists to gain insights into the evolutionary origins of human cognition, emotion, and behavior. Researchers like Edward Thorndike and Ivan Pavlov conducted groundbreaking experiments on animal learning, which not only advanced the understanding of animal behavior but also provided valuable insights into human psychology.
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under the psychoanalytic perspective understanding the interaction of the id, ego, and superego is essential in grasping the nature of: under the psychoanalytic perspective understanding the interaction of the id, ego, and superego is essential in grasping the nature of: self-actualization. motivational conflict. reciprocal determinism. an inferiority complex. the collective unconscious.
Under the psychoanalytic perspective, understanding the interaction of the id, ego, and superego is essential in grasping the nature of motivational conflict.
How does the interaction of the id, ego, and superego contribute to motivational conflict in psychoanalytic theory?According to psychoanalytic theory, the id represents our primitive, instinctual desires, while the superego represents our internalized moral code. The ego serves as a mediator between the two, striving to satisfy the desires of the id in ways that are socially acceptable and in line with the superego's values.
However, this constant negotiation between the id, ego, and superego can create conflicts that result in motivational conflict. For example, the id may desire immediate gratification, while the superego may dictate that certain actions are immoral or socially unacceptable. The ego must find a way to satisfy the id's desires while remaining in alignment with the superego, which can result in inner turmoil and psychological distress.
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Ideally, when should one start developing a career portfolio?
One should start developing a career portfolio as soon as they begin their professional journey. It is never too early or too late to start building a portfolio that showcases your skills, accomplishments, and work samples.
A career portfolio is a collection of documents, materials, and artifacts that showcase an individual's skills, achievements, and professional growth over time. It is a visual representation of a person's career journey that includes samples of their work, certifications, awards, and other relevant information.
Whether you are a student, a recent graduate, or an experienced professional, having a career portfolio can help you stand out in the job market, demonstrate your expertise, and track your career progress over time.
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how are children of divorced parents today different from children of divorced parents in the 1970s? a. children of divorced parents today are more likely to get divorced themselves than were children whose parents divorced in the 1970s. b. children of divorced parents today are considerably less likely to divorce than were children whose parents divorced in the 1970s. c. children of divorced parents today are more likely to get married than were children whose parents divorced in the 1970s. d. children of divorced parents today are more likely to be divorced multiple times than were children whose parents divorced in the 1970s.
Children of divorced parents are more likely than children of married parents to experience divorce in their own marriage. The correct answer is a. children of divorced parents today are more likely to get divorced themselves than were children whose parents divorced in the 1970s.
People who give birth to or care for a kid or children are called parents. Parents include both biological and adoptive parents. The word "parent" can refer to either the mother or the father. A single parent is also possible. Children can sometimes be their parents' reflections.
What parents do in their daily lives influences the lifestyles that their children adopt. All of this is a result of the fact that a child's parents are their closest living relatives. According to research, people learn from the people and environments around them. What they read, write, comprehend, and learn behavioural practise from their surroundings and people they live with. Therefore, if they learn not to stay in long-term relationships, they will choose a different path from their parents in marriage.
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The Russian concept of blat, in which people give and receive favors, interests anthropologists because it appears to be preventing the emergence of capitalist markets.
False True
The Russian concept of blat, in which people give and receive favors, interests anthropologists because it appears to be preventing the emergence of capitalist markets. Your answer: True.
The term "blat" (corruption) in Russian refers to a system of unofficial agreements, service exchanges, connections, Party relations, or black market operations to achieve goals or advance.
Because there was a constant lack of products and services for consumers, blat was common in the USSR. This resulted from the fact that the state set the pricing of consumer products rather than the free market. Access to highly sought-after items and services became simpler for the general population thanks to networks of blat. Blat also occurred at the corporate level in the shape of tolkachs, employees whose specific
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Under Virginia law, who is required to wear safety belts?
Under Virginia law, all drivers and front-seat passengers are required to wear safety belts.
This includes anyone riding in the front seat of a passenger car, pickup truck, or van. In addition, all passengers under the age of 18 are required to wear a safety belt or be properly restrained in a child safety seat or booster seat, regardless of where they are seated in the vehicle.
Violations of Virginia's seat belt laws can result in fines and court costs, and drivers may be pulled over and ticketed solely for failing to wear a seat belt or for allowing a passenger under 18 to ride unrestrained.
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If Jane eats her dinner, then the family goes to the beach.The family does not go to the beach.Therefore, Jane does not eat her dinner.
The condition for going to the beach is Jane eating her dinner, and the family did not end up going to the beach, we can conclude that Jane did not eat her dinner.Hence, the given statement is true.
Based on the information provided, we can conclude that since the family does not go to the beach, Jane does not eat her dinner. This is because it was stated that if Jane eats her dinner, then the family goes to the beach. On condition of going to the beach, not being fulfilled by her family she refuses to eat her dinner.
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What generally happens to the size and social network of older adults?
As individuals age, they typically experience a decrease in the size of their social network. This can be due to a variety of factors, such as retirement, physical limitations, and the loss of friends and family members.
However, research has shown that older adults often prioritize the quality of their relationships over the quantity, and may have more close and meaningful connections than younger adults. Additionally, older adults may become more involved in their communities and volunteer work, which can lead to the development of new social connections. Overall, while the size of an older adult's social network may decrease, the depth and quality of their relationships can continue to grow and thrive.
The size and social network of older adults generally tend to decrease. This can be due to factors such as retirement, health issues, and the loss of friends and family members. Despite this, older adults can maintain meaningful social connections and may even develop new relationships through various social activities and support systems.
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The policy instrument of ______ refers to government attempts to convey important information to citizens in order to influence their behavior.
The policy instrument of "information provision" refers to government attempts to convey important information to citizens in order to influence their behavior.
This can include providing information about health risks, financial choices, and environmental issues, among others. The goal is to educate citizens about the potential consequences of their actions and encourage them to make decisions that align with public policy objectives.
Effective information provision requires clear and accurate communication, as well as an understanding of the target audience's values and beliefs. It is often used in conjunction with other policy instruments, such as regulations and incentives, to achieve desired outcomes.
By informing citizens, policymakers can empower them to make informed decisions that benefit both themselves and society as a whole.
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gang membership is usually defined in terms of:question 15 options:socio-economic status.race and ethnicity.similar background experiences.all of these are correct.
Gang membership is usually defined in terms of similar background experiences. This includes factors such as family history, neighborhood environment, and past criminal behavior.
While socio-economic status and race/ethnicity can play a role in gang membership, they are not defining factors. Members often come from lower-income areas where crime and violence are prevalent, but not all members are in poverty. Similarly, gang members come from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds.
Therefore, it is important to understand that gang membership is not determined by a single factor but rather a combination of experiences and circumstances that lead individuals to seek out belonging and identity within a gang.
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What does Bill use to test for Starch in the flour, pasta, bread, rice and potato chip?
Bill would use iodine solution to test for starch in the flour, pasta, bread, rice, and potato chip.
Iodine solution is a common chemical reagent used in starch tests. It works by reacting with the starch molecules to produce a blue-black color. Bill would add a few drops of iodine solution to a small amount of the food sample and observe the color change. If the food contains starch, it will turn blue-black, indicating the presence of the carbohydrate.
Sugar molecules make up carbohydrates, or carbs. Carbohydrates are one of the three primary nutrients included in foods and beverages, along with proteins and fats. Glucose is created by your body's breakdown of carbs. The primary source of energy for the cells, tissues, and organs in your body is glucose, sometimes known as blood sugar.
Thus, iodine solution is the correct answer.
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What are the 3 sources of confusion and disorder in conflict?
The three sources of confusion and disorder in conflict include miscommunication, Unclear goals or expectations and emotional responses.
There are multiple sources of confusion and disorder in conflict, but here are three common ones. Miscommunication occurs when parties in conflict fail in effective communication or misunderstand each other, confusion can arise. This can happen when messages are not clear, when nonverbal cues are missed, or when language barriers are present. Unclear goals or expectations occur if the parties involved in a conflict are not clear on what they want to achieve or what they expect from the other party, disorder can result. When goals and expectations are unclear, it can be difficult to resolve the conflict constructively. Strong emotions such as anger, fear, and sadness can lead to confusion and disorder in conflict situations. Emotions can cloud judgment and make it difficult to see the situation clearly, leading to reactive rather than proactive responses.
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one of the concerns about the federal reserve targeting high employment is that it might
One of the concerns about the Federal Reserve targeting high employment is that it might lead to inflation.
Federal Reserve Targeting high employment :One of the concerns about the Federal Reserve targeting high employment is that it might lead to increased inflation.
When the Federal Reserve aims to achieve high employment levels, they may implement expansionary monetary policies, such as lowering interest rates or increasing the money supply. While these measures can boost employment, they may also result in higher inflation rates as increased demand for goods and services drives up prices. Maintaining a balance between employment and inflation is a key challenge for the Federal Reserve in conducting monetary policy.
Additionally, targeting high employment may also result in asset bubbles and financial instability, as investors and lenders may become overconfident and take excessive risks in pursuit of higher returns.
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People who work together tend to have small talk , such as about families, hobbies, favorite movies, sports and so on. T/F
True.
People often engage in small talk with their colleagues and discussing topics such as families, hobbies, favourite movies, and sports are common ways to build relationships and connect with one another.
True. People who work together often engage in small talk, which can include topics such as families, hobbies, favourite movies, sports, and more. This helps to build rapport and maintain a friendly atmosphere in the workplace.
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which group is the cloin griswold v. connecticut (1965), the supreme court struck down state laws outlawing the use of contraceptives on the basis of privacy rights. the fact that the court relied on a right to privacy that is not explicitly mentioned in the constitution makes this decision an example of .
sest and most loyal to the president?
The Supreme Court's decision in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), struck down state laws prohibiting the use of contraceptives on the basis of privacy rights.
Exemplifies a judicial philosophy that emphasizes the protection of individual rights and liberties against government intrusion. The group that is the opposite of "set and most loyal to the president" and more likely to uphold individual rights and civil liberties is the correct answer.
The fact that the Supreme Court relied on a right to privacy that is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution makes this decision an example of a judicial interpretation of the Constitution known as substantive due process, which recognizes certain fundamental rights that are inherent in the concept of ordered liberty and protected by the Constitution's guarantees of due process of law. This approach reflects a broader judicial philosophy that emphasizes the importance of protecting individual rights and liberties, even when doing so may conflict with government policies or social norms.
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Less than _____ People on payroll, OSHA does not cover
Less than 10 employees on payroll, OSHA does not cover.
This means that small businesses with less than 10 employees are not required to comply with OSHA regulations and are not subject to inspections. However, these businesses are still responsible for providing a safe and healthy workplace for their employees.
Even though OSHA may not cover small businesses, employers are still encouraged to implement safety measures to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses. It is important for employers to understand the risks associated with their particular industry and take appropriate steps to protect their employees.
Ultimately, creating a safe work environment benefits both employees and employers by reducing the likelihood of accidents and increasing productivity.
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drawing upon both weber and husserl schutz envisioned social action as
Schutz's theory of social action emphasizes the role of subjective interpretation and highlights the importance of understanding how individuals make sense of their interactions with others place in society.
Alfred Schutz drew upon the works of both Max Weber and Edmund Husserl to develop his theory of social action. According to Schutz, social action is a fundamental aspect of human life and involves the meaningful interactions between individuals in society.Weber's concept of social action emphasized the idea that human behavior is purposeful and motivated by subjective meanings. Husserl's phenomenological approach to understanding human experience focused on the subjective interpretation of the world around us.Schutz envisioned social action as a process of subjective interpretation and meaning-making, in which individuals interact with one another and make sense of their social world. He emphasized the importance of understanding the subjective meanings that individuals attach to their actions and interactions with others, as well as the social structures and institutions that shape these meanings.
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