Innate immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT option(c) i.e, production of antibody.
What is innate immunity?Innate immunity, also known as nonspecific immunity, is the defense mechanism you were born with and shielded from all antigens by it. Barriers that prevent hazardous substances from entering your body are a part of innate immunity. These barriers serve as the immune system's first line of defense.
Three protective mechanisms of the innate immune system can be distinguished: physical barriers, cellular components, and humoral responses.
There are four primary elements of innate immunity:
Physical and Chemical or Anatomical Barriers:Phagocytic Barriers:Blood Proteins:CytokinesTo know more about innate immunity refer to: https://brainly.com/question/13553287
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What neural function is processed directly by the spinal cord and not the brain? A reflex Deliberate muscle contraction A heartbeat Breathing
Reflex is the neural function which is processed directly by the spinal cord and not the brain and is denoted as option A.
What is Reflex?This is referred to an involuntary action done by the body in response to a certain type of stimulus.
The reflex arc controls reflex actions and passes through only the synapse in the spinal cord which is why the brain isn't involved in its processing.
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Read the passage. What is Angelou’s viewpoint toward the time she spent with Mrs. Flowers?
It was a humorous time that made her laugh.
It was very important to her.
It was something she dreaded and avoided.
It was one of many things she enjoyed.
From the passage, Angelou’s viewpoint toward the time she spent with showed that It was very important to her; option B.
What is Angelou’s viewpoint?A viewpoint is an idea or feeling one has about something.
Note that the above question is missing the passage. The complete passage is given below in italics:
"On that first day, I ran down the hill and into the road (few cars ever came along it) and had the good sense to stop running before I reached the Store. I was liked, and what a difference it made. I was respected not as Mrs. Henderson's grandchild or Bailey's sister but for just being Marguerite Johnson. —I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Maya Angelou"Angelou’s viewpoint can be seen from the passage above.
From the passage, Angelou was excited to visit Mrs. Flowers as she ran to go see her. She also knew she was liked.
In conclusion, Angelou valued the time she spent with Mrs. Flowers.
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The person above me is correct the answer is B) it was very important to her
Explanation: edge of 2022 so sry this is late but hope it helps <3
Describe the difference of endonuclease and exonuclease. How are exonucleases involved in DNA repair by homologous recombination
Nucleases are a class of hydrolases that divide the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides in the nucleic acids, both DNA and RNA. The significant job of nucleases inside the cell is in the DNA repair systems.
The major distinction between endonucleases and exonucleases is that endonuclease divides nucleic acid strands at the center which brings about the making of oligonucleotides with the formation of blunt or sticky ends while exonuclease severs nucleic acids strands from the ends which results in the creation of single nucleotides or nucleosides with the formation of sticky ends.
Exonucleases can go about as editors or more scientifically termed proofreaders during DNA polymerization in DNA replication, to eliminate uncommon DNA structures that can emerge any issues with DNA replication fork movement, and can be associated with repairing damaged DNA.
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Exonucleases are the DNA cutting enzymes that act only on DNA ends. Endonucleases on the other hand cut the DNA molecule in between the nucleotide sequence.
Exonucleases play important role in homologous recombination repair by acting as proofreading and editing machinery during the time of DNA synthesis. These enzymes remove the damaged DNA nucleotides from the ends of the DNA or DNA fragment to eliminate the chances of mutations in the DNA. This helps in maintaining DNA integrity.
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Garter snakes and rough-skinned newts are ______ because adaptations in both species result directly from interactions with the other species.
Garter snakes and rough-skinned newts are coevolving because adaptations in both species result directly from interactions with the other species.
Wherever these deadly newts lived with garter snakes, local snake populations developed impressive resistance to tetrodotoxin. And it prompted newts to produce more toxins, which are 10,000 times more deadly than cyanide. Seeds are involved in co-evolution games. In other words, each player modifies his body and biological composition to survive.
Resistant to the deadly toxins lurking in the harsh newt skin, garter snakes swallow you. Snakes do not eat blowfish. Fugu is a delicacy of seafood made from puffer fish meat and is famous for its toxic potential.
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Gregor Mendel used which method to produce offspring?
Answer:
Gregor Mendel used "Cross Polination"of parents that have different traits to produce offsprings.igh levels of cortisol would normally provide negative feedback to the _______. High levels of cortisol would normally provide negative feedback to the _______. hypothalamus the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus anterior pituitary posterior pituitary the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
High levels of cortisol would normally provide negative feedback to the D)the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus.
ACTH secretion stimulates the discharge of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), and androgen from the adrenal cortex.
Corticotropin-liberating hormone (CRH) is launched from the hypothalamus, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH then acts on its target organ, the adrenal cortex.
Cortisol increases blood sugar by way of releasing stored glucose, at the same time as insulin lowers blood sugar. Having chronically high cortisol stages can result in continual high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). this can purpose type 2 diabetes.
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Please help with I need help
2. Why is there such a high rate of spontaneous mutation among the genes responsible for classic hemophilia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and achondroplasia
The genes responsible for classic hemophilia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and achondroplasia have a high rate of spontaneous mutation because these disorders are associated with sex-linked traits.
What is Spontaneous mutation?Spontaneous mutation may be defined as a type of mutation which carries in the body of an organism naturally without any interference from mutagens.
The genes of the above-mentioned disorders have a high rate of spontaneous mutations because they are unaffected by any external mutagens and are sex-linked traits that are inherited from parents to their offspring.
Hence, the genes of these disorders follow the path of spontaneous mutations.
Therefore, it is well described above.
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A plant population is initially identified with 10 alleles. It has undergone several generations of random samplings that left only 2 alleles from the original number. These observed changes in the allele frequencies over time is led by an important evolutionary process termed as _____________.
A. natural selection
B. gene flow
C. genetic drift
D. mutation
The observed changes in the allele frequencies over time is led by an important evolutionary process termed as genetic drift; option C.
What is genetic drift?Genetic drift refers to the random changes that occur in the allele frequency of a population of organisms over time.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the changed that occurred in the allele frequency of the organisms is due to genetic drift.
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Based on this map, which of the following countries do you think contributes
least to global climate change?
Canada
USA
Mexico
Greenland
Brazil
A. China
CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS
B. United States
C. Brazil
D. Greenland
Africa
South Africa
Russia
India
China
Australia
In thousands of
metric tons
5,000,000+
1,000,000-5,000,000
300,000-1,000,000
100,000-300,000
50,000-100,000
20,000-50,000
5,000-20,000
1,000-5,000
0-1,000
The country that contributes least to global climate change, as shown on the map is D. Greenland.
Which areas in the world contribute to climate change ?Climate change is a global issue, and all regions of the world contribute to it in different ways. The main drivers of climate change are greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and land-use change.
Some of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions are developed countries like the United States, Europe, and Japan, due to their high levels of industrialization and energy consumption. Developing countries such as China and India are also becoming major contributors as their economies grow and their energy needs increase.
However, as shown on the map, Greenland contributes the least to global climate change as they are in green color which is among the lowest.
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which forms birth canal
Answer:
Fallopian tubes form a narrow, tubular structure that is attached to the upper part of the uterus. Cervix along with vagina forms the birth canal.
What is the human
genome?
A. The single base pairs in DNA where humans have different
nucleotides.
XX
B. It is the basic set of inheritable instructions for the development
and function of a human being.
C. A map of all the chromosomes someone has and the order they
are in.
Answer:
The correct answer is A . The single base pairs in DNA where humans have different
Explanation:
The human genome includes the coding regions of DNA, which encode all the genes (between 20,000 and 25,000) of the human organism, as well as the noncoding regions of DNA, which do not encode any genes. By 2003 the DNA sequence of the entire human genome was known. DNA; human genome
hope it will help you
Hello!
What is the Human Genome?
The human genome would be defined as a map of all the chromosomes someone has and the order they are in.
The arteriolar segment of a passageway in a capillary bed, which contains smooth muscle cells capable of altering its diameter, is known as
The arteriolar segment of a passageway in a capillary bed, which contains smooth muscle cells capable of altering its diameter, is known as a metarteriole
Metarteriole can be described as a small vessel that connects the arterioles [a small blood vessel that is branched out from the artery] with capillaries. These functions in facilitating the blood flow in these small blood vessels.
They consist of individual smooth muscle cells which are present in a discontinuous manner and collectively form a precapillary sphincter that controls the entry point of that capillary bed. If in case these sphincters constrict then it will cause a reduction or complete shutdown in the blood flow through their respective capillary beds. This allows the blood to be diverted elsewhere in the body.
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A malignant tumor is a form of cancer. The term _____ means becoming progressively worse or life-threatening.
Answer:
Malignant
Explanation:
Malignant is the opposite of benign. Benign tumors aren't life-threatening, while malignant tumors are.
decaying sweet potato peelings or skin in a tin for one week experiment science report aim
Answer:
nothing and I don't know
some tecnologies have a number of negative effects . which is a negative outcome of the thecnology of vertical farming ?
Answer:
It has a very high Maintenance and set up cost. The technology needed is not yet mature so alot of development is needed. Many rural farmers may loose living and become unemployed
Answer:
Potential unemployment because that would mean there would be people not getting money + not sErving their part in the community
Explanation:
Certain primate vocalizations have been found to possess structural elements similar to those observed in human language:
Certain primate vocalizations have been found to possess structural elements similar to those observed in human language through the use of morphological process by the species of arboreal monkey.
The primate vocalization mediate the individual behavior as well as the behavior of the group. The response to vocalization and its use must be learnt by primates. Vocalization is used by primates to communicate within themselves and interaction socially. The primate vocalization signals are olfactory, auditory, tactile and visual. The vocalizations are developed under the genetic control.
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A company is given a yearly allowance of carbon emissions it is permitted to release. Due to using clean technologies and its new sustainability policies, the company releases less carbon emissions than its allotted amount. What could the company do with the surplus carbon emissions?
• Buy more carbon offsets
• Buy more carbon credits
• Sell its extra carbon offsets
• Sell its extra carbon credits
What the company could do with the excess carbon emissions is Sell its extra carbon credits
Sell its extra carbon creditsWhat is carbon offsetting?Carbon offsetting is a carbon market practice, a system that promotes exchanges between those who generate carbon credits for reducing emissions and those who need to offset their residual emissions. Therefore, an organization buys carbon credits from another, which receives the investments.
With this information, we can conclude that The most common way of selling carbon credits is through direct emissions trading.
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A pea plant with purple flowers of unknown genotype is test crossed with a white-flowered pea plant (ff), and half of the offspring have purple flowers and half the offspring have white flowers. What is the genotype of the purple flower
The genotype of the purple flower of unknown genotype is Pp. Details about genotype can be found below.
What is a test cross?A test cross is the breeding of an individual with a phenotypically recessive individual, in order to determine the zygosity of the former by analysing proportions of offspring phenotypes.
In a test cross, if the result produces offsprings with differing phenotypes, it means that the parent with unknown genotype is heterozygous.
Therefore, the genotype of the purple flower of unknown genotype that was crossed with a white-flowered plant (ff) to produce half purple and half white offsprings is Ff.
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difference between bacteria and protists
Answer:
Bacteria and protists are unicellular organisms. The difference lies in the type of cells they have. Bacteria are placed in the kingdom Monera and have a prokaryotic cell, whereas protists are placed in the kingdom Protista and have a eukaryotic cell.
Answer:
Protists and bacteria differ mostly in their cellular structure. Prokaryotes are creatures that lack a nuclear membrane around their genetic material (DNA), such as bacteria. On the other hand, protists are eukaryotic (genetic material enclosed by a nuclear membrane).
Explanation:
Protists and bacteria are both often found to be single-celled creatures, yet they are extremely different from one another in almost every other way. Protists are creatures that belong to the Eucarya domain, like humans, and have internal compartments, a cytoskeleton, and many RNA polymerases in their cells. The size of eucaryal cells ranges from 10 to 100 microns (millionths of a meter). There are two types of bacteria: Eubacteria and Archaea, which are almost as unlike from one another as they are from Eucarya. Bacterial cells generally have a diameter of 0.5 to 5 microns. The simplest way to distinguish between them is based on size and whether or not they have nuclei; protists have one (or more), whereas bacteria don't. Finding their gene sequences—in particular, the sequences for ribosomal RNA, which is the most reliable method to categorize organisms—is a more accurate technique to separate them.
What happens to facilitated diffusion when the protein carriers become saturated?.
ATP will be utilized for transport the maximum rate of transport will occur. The protein carriers fall apart. the transport rate will increase the maximum rate of transport will occur
More about ATP:
ATP, sometimes referred to as adenosine triphosphate, is a chemical that transports energy inside of cells. It is produced as a byproduct of photophosphorylation, which adds a phosphate group to a molecule using light energy, cellular respiration, and fermentation. It serves as the primary energy currency of the cell. All forms of life utilise ATP.
What is facilitated diffusion?
The passive transport of molecules down the concentration gradient is known as facilitated diffusion. It is a selective process, meaning that only specific molecules and ions can pass through the membrane. But it blocks the passage of other molecules across the membrane.
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Flagella are found in _________ and used for _________.
A. fungi, locomotion
B. plants, transfer of genetic material
C. prokaryotes, transfer of genetic material
D. prokaryotes, locomotion
Answer:
D) Prokaryotes, locomotion
Several hours after your last meal, declining blood glucose levels stimulate release of the hormone ________, which stimulates glycogenolysis, lipolysis and fat mobilization, and gluconeogenesis.
Several hours after your last meal, declining blood glucose levels stimulate release of the hormone glucagon , which stimulates glycogenolysis, lipolysis and fat mobilization, and gluconeogenesis.
How does glucagon stimulate gluconeogenesis?The biological process through which glycogen degrades into glucose and glucose-1-phosphate is known as glycogenolysis. Hepatocytes and myocytes both participate in the response. Two important enzymes, glycogen phosphorylase and phosphorylase kinase, control the process.
By increasing the activity of hepatic adipose triglyceride lipase, intrahepatic lipolysis, hepatic acetyl-CoA content, and pyruvate carboxylase flux, as well as increasing mitochondrial fat oxidation, glucagon stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis. All of these actions are mediated by stimulation of the inositol kinase.
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Choose the 4 reasons that contributed to mendel selecting the garden pea as his experimental subject.
Mendel chose the garden pea because it has a short life span, breeds true, produces a high number of seeds, and it is easy to nurse.
Why did Mendel use the pea plant?Mendel used the pea plant to study inheritance patterns in living organisms for a variety of reasons. These include:
The pea plant is easy to nurse to maturityIt produces many seedsIt has many contrasting physical attributesIt has a short life span.More on Mendel and pea plants can be found here: https://brainly.com/question/3416970
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Beta adrenergic receptor-blocking drugs are often called beta-blockers. These drugs prevent the hormone epinephrine from binding to its G-protein-coupled receptor. In the pathway activated by epinephrine, the activated G-protein would normally activate adenylate cyclase. When the drug is in use, which step(s) is/are prevented
All the steps of GPCR signaling would be prevented in the presence of a beta-blocker drug.
What is Beta-blocker?Beta-blocker may be defined as a kind of medication that chokes the activity of substances, such as adrenaline, on nerve cells and provokes blood vessels to relax and dilate.
Adrenergic receptors choke the attachment of catecholamine that is epinephrine to the G-protein. G-protein activates adenylyl cyclase which in turn activates protein kinase A.
But when the beta-blocker drug is subjected to this pathway, it blocks the attachment of the hormone to their receptors, hence none of the pathway or steps would be carried forward. This is because signaling is not initiated.
Therefore, all the steps of GPCR signaling would be prevented in the presence of a beta-blocker drug.
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What is the name of the process of selecting a specific group of organisms from an initially heterogeneous population for future breeding purposes
Answer:
Explanation:
artificial selecting
The green beetles tend to get eaten up by the birds and survive less often than brown beetles, as the environment cannot support unlimited growth. The process of __________ enables an organism to survive as well to reproduce, utilizing heritable traits.
A. genetic variation
B. genetic drift
C. natural selection
D. gene flow
The process of natural selection enables an organism to survive as well to reproduce, utilizing heritable traits.
What is natural selection?Natural selection can be defined as the differential survival and reproductive fitness between organisms.
Natural selection allows to organisms adapt to their environmental conditions by means of inherited phenotypes associated with genetic variation.
In conclusion, natural selection enables an organism to survive as well to reproduce by heritable traits.
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Think of an organism you’ve heard of or read about that has a surprisingly unusual trait or behavior. How is this trait or behavior different from similar organisms? How does it help the organism survive in its environment?
An unusual trait or behavior may be adaptive, neutral of deleterious depending on the environment in which the organism lives.
What is an adaptive trait?An adaptive trait is any phenotypic feature that confers the organism an adaptive advantage in a given environment.
A prior a given trait cannot be adaptive because it needs to interact with the environmental conditions.
In conclusion, an unusual trait or behavior may be adaptive, neutral of deleterious depending on the environment in which the organism lives.
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Species with homologous structures most likely:
A. are not closely related through evolution.
B. use it for the same function.
C. used to use the structure at one time but don't anymore.
D. share a common ancestor.
Groups with homologous characters share a common ancestor. These characters have the same embryological development, although their function might vary. Option D. share a common ancestor.
What is a homologous character?
Homologous characters are structures with the same basic elements.
Their position in the body and the relations with adjacent structures are also the same in different organisms, and they even share the same embryological development.
These structures might show variations between the organisms exhibiting them. Variations might be related to their function and to the environment in which the organism lives. The function they accomplish is not necessarily the same in all the organisms involved.
These homologous characters are present in organisms related that share a common ancestor.
For example, whales, humans, and cats all have the same bones in the same order, but they matured differently in later embryological development.
The correct option is then option D. Species with homologous structures most likely share a common ancestor.
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Species with more likely homologous structures share a common ancestor.
D. share a common ancestor.What are example homologous structures?The most correct definition for homology would be: They are structures of individuals, of different species or not, that were inherited from a common ancestor. The human arm is homologous to the horse's front leg. The bat's wing is homologous to the whale fin.
With this information, we can conclude that homologous have same embryological origin of structures from different organisms, and these structures may or may not have the same function
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When molecules or ions move across a membrane against a concentration gradient so that they accumulate on one side of the membrane, they do so through ____________ .
When molecules or ions move across a membrane against a concentration gradient so that they accumulate on one side of the membrane, they do so through Active transport.
Active transport pumps molecules and ions against a concentration gradient, in contrast to passive transport, which doesn't need energy and moves molecules or ions down a concentration gradient. An organism occasionally needs to move something up or down a concentration gradient. This can only be accomplished through active transport, which uses ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is created during cellular respiration. Particles pass through a cell membrane during active transport from a lower concentration to a higher concentration.The process of pumping molecules and ions across membranes "uphill" – against a concentration gradient – is known as active transport.
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