Drug seeking and usage that is obsessive, or difficult to control, despite negative effects, characterizes addiction as a chronic condition.
Most people choose to use drugs voluntarily at first, but continued drug use can result in brain changes that make it difficult for an addict to maintain self-control and interfere with their capacity to withstand strong desires to use drugs. Drug addiction is seen as a "relapsing" disease because of these potentially long-lasting brain changes; those in recovery from drug use disorders are more likely to relapse even after years of abstinence.
The brain adjusts as a person uses drugs by lowering the ability of cells in the reward circuit to react to it. As a result, the person experiences a lower high than they did when they initially started using the drug. This is a phenomenon known as tolerance. To try to get the same high, they can use more of the substance. These brain changes frequently result in the person's ability to enjoy formerly enjoyable activities like eating, sex, or social interactions diminishing with time.
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the following are true regarding dna bases: a)a pairs with t via 2 hydrogen bonds b)adenine and guanine are purines c)thymine is a pyrimidine d)all of the above e)none of the above
The correct option is B ; Adenine and guanine are purines , The purines in DNA are the same as those in RNA: adenine and guanine. Cytosine and thymine are the pyrimidines in DNA;
cytosine and uracil are the pyrimidines in RNA. Purines are larger than pyrimidines because they have two rings, whereas pyrimidines only have one.
Purines are adenine (A) and guanine (G), while pyrimidines are cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U). These are the most important components of nucleic acid, and the sequence of these molecules contains genetic information.
A DNA molecule's nucleic acid strands are antiparallel to one other. Nucleic acids are produced via phosphodiester linkages that connect complementary nucleobases.
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imagine that a woman has a genetic variant (an allele) that is more advantageous than other genetic variants (alleles) in the population. we can be certain that:
certain that:
1. She will pass on the favourable trait to her offspring
2. Combination of differential reproduction and heredity
3. Favours individual survival above all other traits.
Natural selection is like a filter and natural selection is too slow to adapt. A new allele need to increase fitness when it first arises and need to increase fitness in future generations .
Population usually refers to the number of people living in a region, such as a city, town, region, country, continent, or world. Governments typically quantify the size of the population of their territory using a census, the process of collecting, analyzing, compiling and publishing data on populations.
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What phase of mitosis is pictured?
Metaphase
Prophase
Telophase
Anaphase
Answer:
Anaphase
Explanation:
the cells are starting to pull apart to form two identical cells
the two-neuron chain allows increased communication and control of the effector organ.State True or False your answer:
a. True
b. False
Answer:
a. True
Explanation:
The two neuron chain allows increased communications and control the effector organ. the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division are located... Which of the following parasympathetic nerves controls the production of tears, nasal secretion and saliva.
In what control panel can the feature Electron Denity and Partial Charge be found?
Electron Density can be found in the "Surface" control panel to the right of the molecule. You can find Partial Charge on the control panel to the right of the molecule, namely "View." To the right of the molecule, the electronic structure can be found in the "Surface" control panel.
The control panel to the right of the molecule includes a number of visualization and analysis tools for the molecule. The electron density is a measure of the quantity of electron density at each place in the molecule. This is accessible through the "Surface" control panel. A second characteristic is the partial charge, which quantifies the amount of charge on each atom. This is accessible through the "View" control panel. In the "Surface" control panel, you can view the electrical structure of a molecule. All of these elements allow users to obtain a deeper comprehension of the chemical they are researching and can be used to examine the molecule's qualities.
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how do vertebrates differ from other chordates
the mosquito population increases as rain and heat become more prevalent, and as a result tends to spread disease more during this time. mosquitos are an example of
As rain and heat are becoming more common, the mosquito population rises and as a result, illness tends to spread more during this period. An illustration of a vector organism is the mosquito.
Children who struggled to concentrate in class back when Celie was in college were disciplined. As a teacher with 23 years of experience, she now sees the same conduct being handled as a medical condition that can be identified and treated with prescription medications rather than as a disciplinary matter. As rain and heat are becoming more common, the mosquito population rises and as a result, illness tends to spread more during this period. An illustration of a vector organism is the mosquito.Poor areas are less likely to have access to wholesome meals and fresh vegetables as a result, which encourages residents to buy more canned and fast food. Robert Straus distinguished between two methods of doing medical sociology: the sociology "of" medicine and the sociology "in" medicine. This distinction is the foundation for the difference between empirical research and health ethics as well as empirical data of medical ethics.
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pyruvate enzyme that slows down the kreb cycle how does this affect the production of nadph in glycolysis and the kreb cycle ap biology
Pyruvate is an enzyme that plays a major role in both glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle. It helps to break down glucose into its component molecules, and is also involved in the production of NADPH, an important energy carrier.
Pyruvate is responsible for the oxidation of glucose and the production of pyruvate, which is then used to generate ATP and NADPH.
The role of pyruvate in the Krebs Cycle is to slow down the cycle. This is important because it allows for the metabolism of multiple molecules of glucose, which makes it possible for the body to create more ATP and NADPH. The slowing down of the Krebs Cycle also helps to prevent the buildup of metabolic byproducts, which could lead to disease.
In glycolysis, pyruvate is responsible for the conversion of glucose into pyruvate. This reaction is important for the production of NADPH. Since NADPH is required for the synthesis of fatty acids, the availability of NADPH is essential for cell growth and maintenance. Without the slow down of the Krebs Cycle, there would not be enough NADPH produced, and cells would suffer from an energy shortage.
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explain why sexual reproduc- tion is an advantage to a population that lives in a rapidly changing environment.
Sexual reproduction is usually more advantageous than asexual reproduction because the environment is constantly changing. This greater genetic diversity increases phenotypic diversity. In other words, it increases the physical diversity of organisms.
The benefits of Sexual Reproduction bring genetic variation to offspring. Changes allow species to adapt to new environments and provide survival advantages. The disease is less likely to affect all individuals in the population.
Sexual reproduction allows the reconstruction of genetic material within and between individuals of generations, which can result in an extraordinary diversity of offspring, each with a different genetic make up than their parents.
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compare distances of the tonga and chile trench from the east pacific rise, which is closer and which is farthest
Chile is closer to the east pacific rise than the tonga. Therefore, the chile trench is closer and the tonga is further
What is the East Pacific?The Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean (ETPO) covers 199,665,900 ha of coastal and marine habitats along the Pacific Coast of Central America, from southern Mexico to northern Peru. Here, more than 170 South Pacific islands make up the Polynesian nation of Tonga, most of which are surrounded by white beaches and coral reefs and are covered in tropical rainforest.
Lagoons and limestone cliffs guard the main island of Tongatapu. In addition to beach resorts, plantations, and the Ha'amonga a Maui, a significant coral gate from the 1200s, it is home to the rural capital of Nuku'alofa. The East Pacific Rise is a mid-ocean rise, a divergent tectonic plate boundary located along the floor of the Pacific Ocean. It separates the Pacific Plate to the west from the North American Plate, the Rivera Plate, the Cocos Plate, the Nazca Plate, and the Antarctic Plate
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Solid pollutants are burned and
converted into harmless forms.
Answer:
yes there are converted into harmless forms
Why would it be important to replicate DNA before a cell divides in mitosis or meiosis?
In order for genetic information to be transferred into daughter cells.
In order for the DNA to be contained in the nucleus.
In order for the cell to be able to increase in size.
In order for the cell to re-order the DNA sequencing in the new cells.
Other:
Answer:
It is important to replicate DNA before a cell divides in mitosis or meiosis in order for genetic information to be accurately transmitted into daughter cells.
Explanation:
Which process occurs in the chloroplast?
A. Photosynthesis
B. DNA replication
C. Digestion
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast .
What is chloroplast?
A chloroplast is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that performs photosynthesis primarily in plant and algal cells. The photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll absorbs sunlight energy, converts it, and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while liberating oxygen from water in the cells.
The ATP and NADPH are then used to create organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process known as the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts also perform a variety of other functions in plants, including fatty acid synthesis, amino acid synthesis, and immune response. A chloroplast is distinguished by two membranes and a high concentration of chlorophyll.
Hence, photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast
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Henry has a mutation in the gene that codes for a certain blood protein. however, these proteins function normally. what best explains how this is possible?
Silent mutations happen when a single DNA nucleotide change inside a gene's protein-coding region occurs without changing the order of amino acids that make up the gene's protein.
For instance As an illustration, AAA (which codes for the amino acid lysine, Lys) can change to AAG (which also codes for Lys). Gene variations, sometimes referred to as mutations, can occasionally prohibit one or more proteins from functioning correctly. A variation can make a protein malfunction or not be created at all by altering the gene's instructions for producing it.
Mutations are long-lasting alterations to a gene's DNA sequence. The form of the protein that is generated can be impacted by mutations. A protein's function is impacted by its shape, which may also have an impact on the observed attribute. DNA regulates how amino acids combine to form a particular protein in a call. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is determined by the order of BASES in a particular segment of DNA.
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when an electrical impulse reaches the av node, it is slowed for a brief period of time so that: _________.
when an electrical impulse reaches the av node, it is slowed for a brief period of time so that: blood can pass from the atria to the ventricles.
'What is AV node?'
The interatrial septum of the heart's Koch triangle has a small structure called the atrioventricular (AV) node that is situated close to the coronary sinus. The right coronary artery supplies the atrioventricular node in a right-dominant heart. In order to provide electrical impedance from the atria and a pacemaker in its absence, this structure connects the electrical systems of the ventricles and the atria. The AV node's intrinsic rate ranges from 40 to 60 beats per minute (bpm).
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Pathogens of the skin often enter via hair follicles and ducts of the sweat glands.T/F
Answer: True
Explanation:
explain why a mating between a normal male and a female homozygous for a loss-of-function bicoid mutation produces misshapen embryos, but the reciproc
Because bicoid is a maternal effect, it means that the mother's genotype controls the phenotype of her offspring.
What is a Bicoid?
A bicoid is a protein in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster that is involved in early embryonic development. It is a transcription factor that plays a key role in establishing the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo. Bicoid acts as a morphogen, meaning it is involved in the production of specific patterns of gene expression.
Offspring of a bicoid mutant homozygote father are predicted to have normal patterning if the mother carries at least one wild-type allele of the bicoid gene, in contrast to offspring of a bicoid mutant homozygote mother who is expected to have patterning defects.
What is an Offspring ?
Offspring is the term used to refer to the progeny, or children, of a particular animal or plant. It is also used to refer to the descendants of a particular individual or group of individuals.
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Human ABO groups are best described as an example of __________.
a pleiotropic effect
autosomal dominant alleles
multiple alleles
codominant alleles
Mendelian dominant and recessive alleles
Human ABO groups are best described as an example of Multiple allele.
'What is multiple allele?'
A gene may have several alleles that reside at the same chromosomal location. As different expressions of the same gene, multiple alleles affect the same trait.The wild-type allele predominates over the mutant alleles in most cases. All other alleles are viewed as variations on the wild type, which is the accepted norm.The mutant or variant allele may have an intermediate effect on phenotype or be either dominant or recessive. At the population level, there are several alleles, but an individual can only have two alleles for a specific gene.A person might either have two different alleles or simply one type of allele (homozygous) (heterozygous).There may be several mutant alleles in a population. They arise from a spontaneous mutation of the mutant and wild type alleles.A population member's phenotypic features are formed as a result of many alleles.know more about homozygous here
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5. peter and rosemary grant studied beak size in finches during drought and post drought in the galapagos island. what was their finding about the selection of beak size?
The Grants found that the birds who survived the 1977 drought tended to have larger offspring with larger beaks. The subsequent generation saw an increase in larger-beaked finches as a result of this ecological adaptation.
The Grant research team discovered that although the number of finch had increased during the drought, the average size of their beaks had increased. The main reason for this was that during the drought, large seeds with thick husks were still readily accessible, but small seeds were exceedingly scarce. The Grants returned to Daphne Major in 1978 to investigate the effects of the drought on the offspring of the medium ground finches. They looked at the young and compared the size of their mandibles to that of the ancestors (before to the drought). It was found that the beaks of the offspring were 3-4% larger than those of the grandparents.
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Which of the following is the best definition or description for "chromatid? O a type of organelle that is found in the membrane of animal cells one of the two bodies held together after DNA replication, each having an exact copy of the DNA O a bundle of ribosomes with DNA wrapped around it o the region where two bodies are held together after DNA replication a fiber composed of a DNA molecule and proteins making up chromosomes
One of the two bodies held together after DNA replication, each having an exact copy of the DNA is the best definition or description for "chromatid".
The duplicated half of a chromosome is referred to as a chromatid. Each chromosome is composed of only one DNA molecule prior to replication. The DNA molecule is duplicated during replication, and the two molecules are referred to as chromatids. These chromatids split longitudinally at the conclusion of cell division to produce various chromosomes. Homozygous refers to two chromosomal pairs that are genetically identical. If mutations do occur, they will, however, only show up as slight variations, in which case they will be heterozygous. The number of homologous copies of each chromosome, which should not be confused with the pairing of chromatids, is what determines the ploidy of an organism.
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you collect an aquatic organism with jointed appendages, a hard exoskeleton, and antennae. what other features would this organism have?
Other features possessed by this organism are the cephalothorax, a pair of compound eyes, a pair of antennae, a pair of mandibles, pereiopod, keliped, and pleopod.
Crustaceae is a group of anthropods that live in fresh water and sea water. But there are several groups of crustaceans that are able to adapt to life on land. Crustaceans live as carnivores and herbivores or parasites that have an exoskeleton in the form of hard body skin or cuticles. Examples of crustaceans are shrimp and crab.
The characteristics of crustaceans are as follows: The body of a crustacean consists of a cephalothorax or two parts, a fused thoracic head and abdomen or hind abdomen. On the head and thorax protected by the carapace, there are a pair of antennae, a pair of compound eyes, a pair of antennae and a pair of mandibles. The cephalothorax is protected by an exoskeleton. Crustaceans have four pairs of walking legs/pereiopods and one pair of capid or keliped legs. On each segment of the abdomen there are also pleopod pants or swimming legs.
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how do cellular structures that are assembled in the nucleus (i.e., the large and small subunits of ribosomes) exit the nucleus to get to the cytoplasm?
Cellular structures that are assembled in the nucleus, exit the nucleus to get to the cytoplasm: nuclear pores complexes.
How do cellular structures exit the nucleus to get to the cytoplasm?The nuclear pore complexes are the only channels through which small polar molecules, ions, and macromolecules travel between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
The transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to mRNA in the nucleus is called transcription. It has three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. After mRNA is processed, it carries the instructions to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Translation takes place at the ribosome, that consists of rRNA and proteins.
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smallest and slowest somatosensory afferents process: a) temperature, pain and itch b) proprioception c) information from mechanoreceptors of skin d) none of the above
Smallest and slowest somatosensory afferents process is: (a) temperature, pain and itch.
Somatosensory refers to the part of the nervous system that deals with the receptors of touch pain, temperature and body position. The stimulus could be received from multiple areas like muscles, joints, skin, and fascia. There are 5 types of somatosensory receptors in the body: mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, proprioceptors, pain receptors, and chemoreceptors.
Afferent refers to the network of nerve cells that bring information in the form of signals from the different parts of the body to the brain. The afferent process transmits signals towards the cell body of the nerve cell.
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Put the following steps used to transport proteins into mitochondria into the proper order. 1) The mitochondrial protein is synthesized in the cytosol. 2) The receptor on the mitochondrial membrane binds the signal sequence on the protein. 3) The protein is delivered to the translocation apparatus on the mitochondria.
The correct order is 1,3,
(1) The mitochondrial protein is synthesized in the cytosol.
(3) The protein is delivered to the translocation apparatus on the mitochondria.
What is mitochiondria?
The majority of the chemical energy required to drive a cell's metabolic operations is produced by mitochondria, which are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular). Adenosine triphosphate, a tiny molecule, serves as a storage container for the chemical energy generated by the mitochondria (ATP).
Within seconds or minutes of their release from ribosomes, proteins released into the cytosol are typically picked up by the matrix of mitochondria. Precursor proteins for mitochondrial proteins are first fully generated in the cytoplasm before being transported into mitochondria by a posttranslational mechanism. A protease in the mitochondrial matrix quickly removes the signal sequence that most mitochondrial precursor proteins carry at their N terminus following import. The import of the proteins containing the signal sequences is both possible and required.
As a result, the mitochondrial protein is created in the cytosol, supplied to the mitochondrial translocation apparatus, and then the receptor on the mitochondrial membrane binds the protein's signal sequence.
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of each of the following in ATP synthesis
Catabolism of glucose in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation (Step 1 of Cellular Respiration)
Oxidation of intermediates in the Kreb cycle (Step 2 of Cellular Respiration)
Formation of a proton gradient by the electron transport chain
The ATP synthesis is involved in reactions such as glycolysis, the oxidation of the intermediates of the Krebs cycle, the formation of the proton gradient by the electron transport chain, etc.
What is the role of cellular respiration?Cellular respiration involves several steps, the first of which is glycolysis, in which glucose is broken down and then pyruvate breaks down acetyl CoA. The second step, the Krebs cycle, is where the acetyl CoA enters and produces many intermediates. The NADH and FADH₂ then enter the electron transport chain, forming a proton gradient and producing ATP.
Hence, ATP synthesis is involved in reactions such as glycolysis, the oxidation of the intermediates of the Krebs cycle, and the formation of the proton gradient.
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How would these adaptations for sunlight also enable a plant to compete for space
The adaptation to sunlight also enables a plant to compete for space because light stimulates the rapid growth of plants to reach it and often shades other plants with their leaves.
What is Adaptation?Adaptation may be defined as a type of process that involves an instance of modification of an organism or its parts that makes it more fit for existence or survival in the ecosystem.
It is assumed that when an old tree in a forest dies and falls to the ground, there is a race to fill in the gap in the canopy. This demonstrates a competition of the plants for space. Light is a vital resource for plants, which compete for it, particularly in dense communities.
Therefore, the adaptation to sunlight also enables a plant to compete for space because light stimulates the rapid growth of plants to reach it and often shades other plants with their leaves.
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the ingestion of a large number of vibrio cholerae cells is necessary for infection. why is such a large concentration of bacteria needed?
Ingestion of large numbers of Vibrio cholerae cells is necessary for infection, due to the low gastric pH.
Vibrio cholerae is pathogenic to humans. These bacteria are very sensitive to acids because these bacteria cannot stand acids and heat. If someone eats food that contains bacteria as much as 102-104 cells/gram in food then someone with normal stomach acid will be infected by Vibrio. Normally, the stomach produces stomach acid making the degree of acidity (pH) of the stomach boil between 1.0-2.0
To kill bacteria or germs in food. Because generally, bacteria are very rare that can live at the pH that is owned by the stomach, which is a pH of around 0.8 - 1.5.
So, when someone is infected with Vibrio cholera, the stomach acid pH is low.
This question has multiple choice
a. because of the enzymes in our mouth
b. because of the low pH in the stomach
c. because they must compete with bacteria in our intestines
d. because of the specificity of our immune system
The true choice is B
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the characteristic that determines which generation in plants is dominant is
The dominant generation of plants is the one that performs the majority of photosynthesis.
Using water and carbon dioxide, photosynthesis is a crucial process that occurs in plants and blue-green algae to produce organic compounds or carbohydrates. As a consequence of this process, oxygen is produced. They are regarded as autotrophs since they prepare their own food.
The "dominant generation of plants" is therefore the group of plants that are more obvious, more self-sufficient, and more photosynthetic. Plants benefit from this dominance by surviving and developing from one generation to the next. The sporophyte generation is dominant in most plants, including all angiosperms and gymnosperms, since it is typically larger, more durable, and frequently able to generate several offspring.
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controls involuntary bodily functions such as sweating, secretion of glands, arterial blood pressure, smooth muscle tissue, and heart
Sweating, glandular secretion, arterial blood pressure, smooth muscle, and the heart are all controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
What is the tissue in a body?These four basic types human tissue are fibrocartilage, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nerve tissue. Connective tissue supports and holds other tissues together. Epithelial tissue provides the coating.
What is tissues and its function?Tissues: Tissues is a collection of cells with a common structure and function that work as a single unit. The body's tissues give it form and aid in energy storage and heat retention. Connective tissue, epithelial, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue are the four different types of tissues.
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A source charge generates an electric field of 1236 N/C at a distance of 4 m. What is the magnitude of the source charge? (Use k=)
2.2 µC
680 µC
2.2 C
680 C
The magnitude of the source charge that generates an electric field of 1236 N/C at a distance of 4 m is 2.2 µC. This can be calculated using the formula for electric field, which is given by E = kq/r2, where E is the electric field, k is the Coulomb's constant, q is the charge of the point, and r is the distance from the point. Rearranging the formula to solve for q, we get q = Er2/k. Plugging in the values, we get q = (1236 N/C)(4 m)2/(8.99 × 109 Nm2/C2) = 2.2 × 10-6 C = 2.2 µC. Therefore, the magnitude of the source charge that generates an electric field of 1236 N/C at a distance of 4 m is 2.2 µC.
Answer:
2.2
Explanation: EDGE.