In the June 6 entry, Lewis noted “this mode of navigation was hazardous.” Describe how the events of this situation led to a decision, and what that decision was.

Nations attempt to increase army morale (happiness) in the run-up to Christmas Truce by fostering a festive atmosphere, and soldiers started putting trees outside their trenches while singing hymns like "Stille Nacht."

The Christmas truce was a series of large unofficial ceasefires along the Western Front of the First World War around the holiday season of 1914.

After five months of hostilities started, there was a Christmas truce. As armies ran short of soldiers and ammunition and as commanders reevaluated their plans in the wake of the Race to the Sea deadlock and the First Battle of Ypres' ambiguous outcome.

There were lulls in the combat. French, German, and British soldiers crossed trenches the week before Christmas to converse and exchange holiday greetings. On Christmas Eve and Christmas Day, some men from both sides crossed into the ungoverned territory to socialize and trade gifts and food.

Therefore to raise morale (happiness) among their soldiers nation create a holiday atmosphere at no man land.

Learn more about Christmas Truce refer:

https://brainly.com/question/29776297

#SPJ1

The rejection of Christmas as a joyful period was reiterated when a 1644 ordinance confirmed the abolition of the feasts of Christmas, Easter and Whitsun. From this point until the restoration in 1660, Christmas was officially illegal

University of Warwick historian Professor Bernard Capp said the ban was put in place by the Puritan government in 1647 as they believed Christmas was used as an excuse for alcoholism, promiscuity, gambling and other forms of excess

It is a common myth that Cromwell abolished Christmas, but it is based on a misunderstanding. It was strictly religious and parliamentary parties operating through elected parliaments that limited the celebration of Christmas and other saints' days in the 1640s.

To learn more about Christmas visit:

https://brainly.com/question/818812

#SPJ4

There is a technique to make it simple to set up and take down Christmas lights if you really want to use them all year long. Install cup hooks four inches apart on the trim around your windows or the trim along the edge of your roof.

Christmas lights are lights that are frequently used as holiday decorations and are usually displayed throughout Advent and Christmastide.

They are sometimes known as string lights, fairy lights, or seasonally appropriate lights.

The custom originated when Christmas trees were decorated with candles to symbolize Christ as the world's light.

Christmas trees were used to decorate the homes of early modern German Christians.

If you truly want to utilize lights all year long, there is a way to make it simple to set them up and take them down again.

On the trim surrounding your windows or the trim along your roof line, screw on cup hooks four inches apart.

Therefore, there is a technique to make it simple to set up and take down Christmas lights if you really want to use them all year long. Install cup hooks four inches apart on the trim around your windows or the trim along the edge of your roof.

Know more about Christmas lights here:

brainly.com/question/29879257

#SPJ4

Answer:

Explanation:

people were not taught the 3 R's  , read, rite, rithmatic  :P  ,  but in all seriousness, you are lucky to be taught those.  :D   Reading was the big one.  

In the Western Christmas tradition known as "Secret Santa," members of a group or community are given a gift recipient at random. The giver's name must be kept a secret and should not be disclosed.

It is known as Secret Santa in the United States and the United Kingdom, Kris Kringel in Ireland, Wichteln, Secret Santa, Kris Kringle, and Chris Kindle in some regions of Austria.

Also, Secret Santa or Kris Kringle in Canada and Australia, Monito-Monita in the Philippines, Angelito in the Dominican Republic, and Wichteln in Germany. The custom is based on Christian tradition.

The American tradition is named after Santa Claus or St. Nicholas, and Chris Kindle and Kris Kringle are both misspellings of the Austrian gift-bringer Christkindl, which means the "Christ Child."

All of these names are derived from traditional Christmas gift-bringers. Amigo secreto is a phrase used in Brazil, Spain, Portugal, and most of Latin America.

To know more about santa claus, visit:-

https://brainly.com/question/819048

#SPJ4

Answer:

Progressive and conservative viewpoints on school boards can vary, but some common issues that might arise include:

Curriculum and teaching methods: Progressives may be more likely to support a focus on critical thinking, diversity, and social justice in the curriculum, while conservatives may be more concerned with traditional subjects and teaching methods.

School funding: Progressives may be more supportive of increased funding for schools, while conservatives may be more concerned with limiting spending and reducing the size of government.

Standardized testing: Progressives may be more critical of standardized testing and the reliance on test scores to evaluate schools and teachers, while conservatives may see it as an important measure of academic performance.

School choice: Progressives may be more supportive of public schools and opposed to vouchers or other forms of school choice that allow students to attend private or charter schools, while conservatives may see school choice as a way to increase competition and improve education.

Parental involvement: Progressives may be more supportive of efforts to involve parents in the decision-making process at the school level, while conservatives may prioritize the authority of school boards and administrators.

Explanation:

Answer:

School boards are responsible for setting policies and making decisions that affect the education of students within a school district. The issues that school boards face can be viewed from a progressive or conservative perspective, depending on the individual or group's beliefs and values.

From a progressive perspective, school board issues might include increasing funding for schools and programs to ensure that all students have access to a high-quality education, promoting diversity and inclusion, and implementing initiatives to address social and emotional learning.

From a conservative perspective, school board issues might include reducing spending on schools and programs, promoting traditional values and curricula, and focusing on academic subjects rather than social and emotional learning.

Overall, the issues that school boards face can be complex and varied, and different individuals and groups may have different viewpoints on how to address them.

The Father Christmas version of the Santa Claus emoji, often known as Santa or the Santa Claus emoji, was authorized under Emoji 6.0 in 2010.

The Santa Claus symbol depicts a happy older man with a beard donning a red fur cap with a white pom-pom on the majority of the major platforms.

To include Santa in any of your photos, simply add him to an already-existing one or quickly snap a new one! A limited number of Santa stickers were available for free, unrestricted use, and Catch Christmas in My House can be downloaded for nothing.

Santa, the tree, wrapped presents, bells—there is an appropriate emoji for every holiday-related event.

To learn more about Santa Claus refer to:

https://brainly.com/question/30067575

#SPJ4

Blowing fuses, loose or damaged bulbs, or damaged copper wiring are the only three things that can completely stop string Christmas lights from working (physically cut or corroded).

Christmas lights are a typical type of light used as seasonal décor.

The tradition dates back to the days when candles were used to ornament Christmas trees to represent Christ as the world's light.

Only three things can cause string lights to entirely stop working: blown fuses, loose or damaged bulbs, or compromised copper wiring (physically cut or corroded).

The sun roasts Christmas lights, and UV rays are the leading cause of degradation.

The wind and rain are battering them.

Each holiday season, they have moved around as they go through the cycle of installation, takedown, and storage.

Therefore, blowing fuses, loose or damaged bulbs, or damaged copper wiring are the only three things that can completely stop string Christmas lights from working (physically cut or corroded).

Know more about Christmas lights here:

brainly.com/question/29879257

#SPJ4

The central cause of the Civil War was the issue of slavery and the desire of Southern states to preserve and expand it. The Southern states believed that slavery was necessary for their economy and way of life, and they saw any attempts to restrict or abolish it as a threat to their way of life. The Northern states, on the other hand, were increasingly opposed to slavery and saw it as a moral and economic evil. This fundamental disagreement between the North and the South over slavery led to a series of events that eventually led to the outbreak of war.

One of the major events that led to the Civil War was the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. This act allowed the residents of Kansas and Nebraska to determine whether they wanted to be a slave or free state through a process known as "popular sovereignty." This sparked a series of violent clashes between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups, known as "Bleeding Kansas," which further deepened the divide between the North and the South.

Another major event that led to the Civil War was the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Lincoln was an outspoken opponent of slavery and had pledged to prevent its expansion into the Western territories. The Southern states saw Lincoln's election as a threat to their way of life and began to secede from the Union. The first state to secede was South Carolina, followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. These states formed the Confederate States of America, with Jefferson Davis as their President.

The Confederate states were determined to maintain their right to own slaves and to expand slavery into the Western territories. The Union, on the other hand, was determined to preserve the United States as a single, united country and to prevent the spread of slavery. This fundamental disagreement led to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, with the Confederates attacking Fort Sumter in South Carolina. The war would last for four years, claiming the lives of over 600,000 soldiers and civilians. Despite significant losses, the Union was ultimately able to defeat the Confederacy and preserve the United States as a single country. The end of the Civil War also led to the abolition of slavery in the United States with the passage of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution.

In the years leading up to the Civil War, a number of events contributed to the deepening divide between the North and the South over the issue of slavery. The Missouri Compromise of 1820, which admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, was intended to maintain a balance between slave and free states. However, the growing strength of the abolition movement and the increasing settlement of the Western territories led to further tensions. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which required Northern states to return escaped slaves to their owners, was particularly unpopular in the North and sparked outrage among abolitionists.

In addition to these political events, there were also economic and social factors that contributed to the tensions between the North and the South. The North was becoming increasingly industrialized, with a growing economy based on manufacturing and trade. The South, on the other hand, was largely agricultural and relied on slave labor to produce crops such as cotton and tobacco. As the economy of the North grew, Southern leaders began to fear that they would become economically dependent on the North. This fear, combined with the growing abolition movement in the North, led to increasing hostility between the two regions.

The events leading up to the Civil War were complex and interconnected, but the central issue was the disagreement between the North and the South over slavery. The North saw slavery as a moral evil and a hindrance to economic progress, while the South saw it as a necessary part of their way of life. The failure of political and economic leaders to find a solution to this fundamental disagreement ultimately led to the outbreak of war.

If this was helpful a brainliest is much appreciated, this information is unforged and original.

The ways to keep a Christmas tree away from dying are many. Few of them are : Give water immediately to the tree.

Place the tree trunk in a large bucket of water. Almost like a gallon of water. And check the water levels everyday. In general, a tree can absorb up to a quart of water per day for every inch of its diameter, especially in the first week.

Keep the tree cool.  Place the tree away from heating vents and out of direct sunlight.

Check the quality of tree. Before bringing a tree home, run your fingers along the branches and look for soft, flexible needles that have a rich, deep green color.

Give a near cut. Cut the tree from the bottom. Because when a tree is first cut, air gets into the plant tissues and disrupts the tree’s ability to absorb water.  

To know more about Christmas tree, click on https://brainly.com/question/15297521

#SPJ4

The first timeline is titled Ancient Egypt and shows 4 events. The second timeline is tilted Ancient Rome and shows 4 events. Comparing events across time and place is the main use of this type of timeline.

What is timeline?

A timeline is a portrayal of an event's chronological order along a drawn timeline that helps viewers quickly comprehend temporal linkages. The phrase is also used to refer to a purely conceptual, year-by-year, or tabular chronology.

What is a timeline chart?

Visual representations of timelines are used to illustrate a series of events chronologically. They're a great resource for conceiving event chains or procedures to learn more about the intricacies of a project.

To know more about timeline, click here- brainly.com/question/24508428

#SPJ1

The first timeline is titled Ancient Egypt and shows 4 events. The second timeline is tilted Ancient Rome and shows 4 events. Comparing events across time and place is the main use of this type of timeline.

A timeline is a representation of an event's timeline along a drawn timeline that aids viewers in quickly understanding temporal relationships. Also referred to as a year-by-year, tabular, or merely conceptual timeline.

Timelines are visualized to show a sequence of events in chronological order. They're an excellent tool for thinking of event chains or procedures to develop a better understanding of the complexities of a project.

A timeline is a portrayal of an event's chronological order along a drawn timeline that helps viewers quickly comprehend temporal linkages. The phrase is also also used to refer to a purely conceptual, year-by-year, or tabular chronology.

To know more about timeline, click here- brainly.com/question/24508428

#SPJ1

Southern states continued to limit the rights of freed slaves even after the ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments during the Civil War. The amendment has been superseded by a second class citizenship for former slaves and their children as a result of both domestic terrorism and state regulations. Although the 13th Amendment's ban on slavery remained in effect, millions of previously enslaved individuals in rural regions were compelled to become heavily indebted tenant farmers, which effectively converted them into serfs. Numerous thousands of African males were compelled to labor unpaid and occasionally under cruel conditions under the convict leasing system.

13th amendment: Slavery and involuntary servitude are illegal inside the United States, unless they are used as a punishment for a crime for which the individual has been found legally guilty.

According to the 14th amendment, anyone who is governed by the United States and who was born or naturalized there is a citizen of both the country and the state in which they presently reside. No state may pass or enforce laws that limit the rights or privileges of US residents; no state may take away someone's life, liberty, or property without providing them with a fair trial; and no state may deny anybody living within its boundaries the equal protection of the law.

According to the 15th amendment, neither State or the federal government may restrict or reject a citizen's right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or previous servitude.

We can learn more about the civil wars here:

https://brainly.com/question/11874600#

#SPJ4

Norris utilized his time during the Senate's discussion of Taft's measure to advocate for the complete elimination of the lower federal courts and the transfer of all jurisdiction back to the state courts.

More so than Roosevelt, President Taft was dedicated to boosting American trade abroad. He pursued "dollar diplomacy," a plan intended to promote American investments in South and Central America, the Caribbean, and the Far East. The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909 raised rates when most people expected decreases in trade tariffs, which the Taft administration intended to lower. The democratic, social welfare, and economic reform objectives were all met by his policies.

Taft had issues with the Insurgents, a faction of Progressive Republicans in Congress. The rebels said Taft had renounced the Roosevelt policies. The House of Representatives' procedural rules were altered by the Insurgents and Democrats in March 1910. Taft's unpopularity grew as a result of his failure to back the Insurgents in this debate.

To learn more about Taft, visit:

https://brainly.com/question/492898

#SPJ1

When it concerns traditional holiday decorating, the angel topper for Christmas trees is a perennial favorite.

Ancient people placed evergreen boughs over its doors and windows, just as people these days deck out their homes with pine, spruce, & fir trees during the holiday season. Evergreens were thought to ward off witches, ghosts, evil spirits, & disease in many cultures.

Fir trees were utilized by the Romans to adorn their residences again for New Year. Evergreens were seen by Christians as a symbol of eternal life with God. The original Christmas trees were made of fir trees. It presumably started in Northern Europe some 1,000 years ago.

To learn more about Christmas trees visit:

https://brainly.com/question/29761977

#SPJ4

Answer:

The Albany Plan of Union was a proposal put forth by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 at the Albany Congress. The plan called for the creation of a united colonial government that would have the power to levy taxes, raise armies, and make treaties with Native American tribes. The plan was designed to help the colonies better defend themselves against French aggression and to improve relations with Native American tribes.

The Iroquois Confederacy, on the other hand, was a political and military alliance of Native American tribes in the northeastern part of North America. The Confederacy was formed in the 16th century and included the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora tribes. The Confederacy was based on a system of governance that allowed each tribe to retain its own autonomy and decision-making power, while also providing for cooperation and collective action on issues of mutual concern.

The Albany Plan of Union and the Iroquois Confederacy differed in several key ways. The most significant difference was in their purposes and goals. The Albany Plan was designed to help the British colonies in North America defend themselves against French aggression and to improve relations with Native American tribes. The Iroquois Confederacy, on the other hand, was formed to provide a framework for cooperation and collective action among its member tribes.

Another significant difference between the two was in their structures and methods of governance. The Albany Plan called for the creation of a united colonial government with the power to levy taxes and raise armies. The Iroquois Confederacy, on the other hand, was based on a decentralized system of governance that allowed each tribe to retain its own autonomy and decision-making power.

In summary, the Albany Plan of Union and the Iroquois Confederacy were different in their purposes and goals, as well as their structures and methods of governance. The Albany Plan was a proposal for a united colonial government, while the Iroquois Confederacy was an alliance

Answer: Japan surrendered unconditionally.

Explanation:hope you get a good score on your test! or quiz lol!

In Hong Kong, you have chines Christians who celebrate their Christmas with church services in Chinese.

To learn more about Christmas refer to:

brainly.com/question/25861763

#SPJ4

Answer:

(A) In 2-3 sentences, describe TWO ways in which colonists "have been driven to madness by injustice."

The colonists have been mistreated and wronged by the British government through the imposition of the Stamp Act.

The injustice of the Stamp Act has caused the colonists to become angry and unruly, leading to acts of resistance and protest.

(B) In 2-3 sentences, describe TWO ways in which the law encouraged greater organization and unity among colonists.

The Stamp Act brought together colonists from different regions and backgrounds in opposition to the law.

The law encouraged the formation of organizations and committees to coordinate resistance to the Act, fostering greater unity among the colonists.

(C) In 2-3 sentences, explain how Pitt's statement foreshadows the passage of the Declaratory Act.

Pitt's statement suggests that the British government plans to repeal the Stamp Act while also asserting its authority over the colonies in other ways.

The passage of the Declaratory Act, which asserted the British government's authority to legislate for the colonies, would be consistent with Pitt's statement and could be seen as a response to the colonists' resistance to the Stamp Act.

Answer:

Explanation:

can you please give me an explanation on what to do what is the Doll House Literary Analysis , is it a story that i have to read and write a essay about that?

Answer:

Monroe initially voted against the ratification of the Constitution because he had several concerns about the document. He was particularly worried about the lack of a bill of rights, which he believed was essential to protect the individual liberties of American citizens. He was also concerned about the power of the federal government, which he thought could potentially be used to oppress the states and the people. Ultimately, however, Monroe voted in favor of ratification after the Constitution was amended to include a bill of rights.

Weebles were advertised with the slogan "Weebles wobble, but they don't fall down" as their reputation expanded in the 1970s. Walter Cohen, a director of advertising, came up with the phrase.

The Weebles in 1971. Weebles is a line of roly-poly children's toys that has been created by Ted Strongin and is a product of Hasbro's Playskool division. When an egg-shaped Weebles is tipped, a weight in the bottom center is raised off the floor.

Weebles are diminutive creatures lacking legs and feet in favor of weighted, spherical bottoms. They would rock back and forth when you pushed then until they stopped upright.

To know more about wobble visit :-

https://brainly.com/question/27983682

#SPJ4

The war provided Great Britain enormous territorial gains in North America, but disputes over subsequent frontier policy and paying the war's expenses led to colonial discontent, and ultimately to the American Revolution.

War is an intense armed conflict[a] between states, governments, societies, or paramilitary groups such as mercenaries, insurgents, and militias. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, destruction, and death using regular or irregular military forces. Warfare refers to the common activities and characteristics of types of wars or wars in general. Total war is warfare that is not limited to purely legitimate military objectives and can result in massive suffering and loss of civilians or other non-combatants.

While some scholars of war studies view war as a universal and gendered aspect of human nature, others argue that it is the result of specific sociocultural, economic, or ecological circumstances.

Learn more about  war   here

https://brainly.com/question/1120447

#SPJ4

Answer:

The principle of "all men are created equal" is expressed in the structure of the Constitution in several ways.

One way is through the Preamble, which states that the Constitution was created in order to "form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity." This language suggests that the Constitution was designed to promote equality and justice for all citizens of the United States.

Another way that the principle is expressed in the Constitution is through the Bill of Rights, which guarantees certain fundamental rights and freedoms to all citizens, including freedom of speech, religion, and the press; the right to bear arms; and the right to a fair and speedy trial. These rights are guaranteed to all citizens regardless of their race, religion, or other characteristics, which helps to promote equality among all citizens.

As for linkage groups that promote or oppose this principle, one example of a group that promotes it is the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). The ACLU works to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed by the Constitution and laws of the United States, including the principle of equality. An example of a group that opposes this principle is the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist organization that has a long history of promoting discrimination and violence against people of color and other minority groups.

In terms of how this principle has affected government policies in the modern era since 1945, one example is the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. This act was passed in response to the widespread discrimination and segregation that was prevalent in the United States at the time, and it has had a significant impact on promoting equality and reducing discrimination in the country. Other examples include the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which prohibits racial discrimination in voting, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968, which prohibits discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing. All of these policies were aimed at promoting equality and combating discrimination in the United States.

Explanation:

Answer:

Explanation: Augustus Caesar, also known as Augustus, was the great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar. After Julius Caesar's assassination in 44 BC, Augustus became one of the leaders of the Roman Republic and eventually rose to become the first Roman Emperor.

People looked to Augustus for support after the death of Julius Caesar because he was a strong and capable leader who was able to bring stability to Rome after the tumultuous period following Julius Caesar's assassination. Augustus was able to use his military and political skills to gain the support of the Roman people and the military, and he was able to establish a new form of government that lasted for more than three centuries. Augustus also initiated a number of social and economic reforms that helped to improve the lives of the Roman people and strengthen the Roman state. Overall, Augustus was seen as a strong and effective leader who was able to provide the stability and security that the Roman people needed after the tumultuous events of the previous years.

It is said that this day—which commemorates the day the Three Kings came to visit the infant Jesus and present gifts—is the ideal time to take down all of your holiday decorations, such as the Christmas tree.

The Christmas tree is Araucaria columnaris. The Cook pine, popularly known also as Christmas tree in India, is found on the Cook Island, which is located in the South Pacific to a northeast of Australia.

The Christmas tree represents the birth & resurrection of Jesus in Christianity. The massive tree branches and bushes are thought to represent Christ's crown of thorns while also serving as a symbol of immortality and eternal life.

To know more about Christmas tree visit:

https://brainly.com/question/30062586

#SPJ4

With $60 to spend on packages of popcorn and candies, Benjamin and his kids entered a theater. Create an inequality to reflect the range of values for the amount of popcorn bags that could be purchased. Therefore, option (A) is correct.

Theatre, or theater, is a collaborative performance art form that employs live performers, typically actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before Benjamin a live audience in a particular setting, sometimes a stage.

A combination of gesture, voice, song, music, and dance may be used by the performers to convey this experience to the audience.

Learn more about a theater, from :

brainly.com/question/5055655

#SPJ1

The maya and inca both were dependent on the trade in precious metals. The markets abroad had an impact on them. They focused on products for industry.

There were many similarities among the former thriving civilizations of South and Central America's Maya, Aztec, and Inca. People constructed armies, practiced agriculture, built social structures, and worshipped a diverse range of deities. Wheeled vehicles were not used by the Aztecs or the Mayans for either transportation or travel. Both societies had a long history of monarchy. Aztecs and Mayans both built pyramids. The same human sacrifice custom was practiced in both societies. Agriculture was the backbone of the economies of the Maya, Aztecs, and Inca. Bean, squash, and corn output was heavily dependent on all three.

To know more about civilizations visit:

https://brainly.com/question/29835039

#SPJ4

utilized a labor tax system flourished in the 15th century located near the andes mountains emperors considered descendants of the sun the given statement is true.

Employers or employees may be subject to payroll taxes, which are often computed as a proportion of the salary that employers pay their employees. According to the legislation, some payroll taxes fall on the employee while others are the employer's obligation. However, practically all economists concur that the underlying economic impact of a payroll tax is unaffected by this distinction and affects workers primarily or wholly in the form of decreased earnings. Payroll taxes may cause underinvestment in human capital, such as higher education, as they are levied solely on wages and do not apply to returns on financial or physical investments.

learn more about labor tax here
https://brainly.com/question/29416098

#SPJ4

The birth of Jesus is commemorated during the Christmas season. Christians believe that God's Son is Jesus Christ. Christ's mass is where the word Christmas comes from.

Why is Christmas celebrated so widely?

Since two thousand years ago, people have celebrated it with both religious and secular traditions and customs. Christians mark Christmas Day as a day to remember Jesus of Nazareth's birth.

Do the holidays represent love?

The actual essence of Christmas, according to a Christian website, is love. God, who is love, made a way—the only Way—for His people to spend all of eternity with Him. To atone for our sins, He sacrificed His one and only Son. He paid the entire price,

To know more about christmas visit:

https://brainly.com/question/29772454

#SPJ4

Answer:

Explanation:

Industry. Abundant forests attracted both the lumbering and shipbuilding industries to the Middle Colonies. These industries, along with the presence of deep river estuaries, led to the appearance of important ports like New York and Philadelphia.