The S-curve in technological improvement refers to the pattern of growth and development of a particular technology over time.
When plotting performance against time, the curve tends to resemble an S-shape, with slow initial growth, followed by rapid acceleration, and then a tapering off as the technology matures. On the other hand, plotting performance against effort shows a linear relationship between the two factors, as increased effort usually results in increased performance.
However, these two curves may result in the same characteristic curve only under certain conditions. One important factor is the type of technology being considered. For example, for technologies that require a significant amount of effort to develop, such as those in the pharmaceutical or aerospace industries, the performance-effort curve may follow a similar pattern as the performance-time curve.
If performance is measured in terms of overall efficiency, rather than a specific task, then the two curves may converge. Additionally, the specific nature of the technology being studied can also influence the shape of the curves.
In conclusion, while the S-curve of technological improvement is a useful tool for understanding the growth and development of a technology over time, the relationship between performance and effort may not always produce the same characteristic curve as performance and time.
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identify the four forces that act upon the chip in the orthogonal metal cutting model but cannot be measured directly in an operation.
The four forces that act upon the chip in the orthogonal metal cutting model but cannot be measured directly in an operation are:
Friction force: This force acts between the tool and the chip and is responsible for generating heat during the cutting process. It is difficult to measure directly because it depends on various factors such as the surface finish of the tool and the chip, the lubrication used, and the cutting speed.
Shear force: This force is responsible for causing the chip to deform and break away from the workpiece. It is difficult to measure directly because it depends on the properties of the workpiece material, the tool geometry, and the cutting conditions.
Normal force: This force is perpendicular to the cutting plane and is responsible for holding the workpiece in place during the cutting process. It is difficult to measure directly because it depends on various factors such as the rigidity of the machine tool, the clamping force used to hold the workpiece, and the cutting speed.
Bending force: This force acts on the tool and is responsible for causing it to deflect during the cutting process. It is difficult to measure directly because it depends on various factors such as the tool geometry, the cutting speed, and the properties of the orthogonal.
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Another element of planning to protect your assets, retirement planning, involves:
Retirement planning is a further aspect of asset protection planning that entails developing a financial plan for saving and investing your money so that you will have enough money to live comfortably in your golden years.
Another element of planning to protect your assets, retirement planning, involves creating a strategy for saving and investing your money to ensure you have enough funds to live comfortably during your retirement years. This includes setting financial goals, evaluating your current savings and investments, and making adjustments as needed to achieve those goals. It's important to start planning for retirement as early as possible to take advantage of compounding interest and to give yourself enough time to save for the lifestyle you want in retirement.
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A good measure of an investor's risk exposure if she only holds a single asset in her portfolio is:
a. the expected value of the asset's returns
b. the standard deviation of possible returns on the asset
c.the correlation coefficient with the market portfolio
c. the normal probability distribution
A good measure of an investor's risk exposure if she only holds a single asset in her portfolio is the standard deviation of possible returns on the asset. The correct answer is B.
Standard deviation is a statistical measure of the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of data. In the context of investing, it is often used as a measure of risk.
A higher standard deviation indicates a greater degree of variability or uncertainty in the possible returns of an asset, which suggests higher risk.
Therefore, the standard deviation of possible returns on the single asset in the investor's portfolio would provide a good measure of her risk exposure.
The expected value of the asset's returns (option a) represents the average return, but it does not capture the variability or risk.
The correlation coefficient with the market portfolio (option c) is not relevant in the context of a single asset portfolio.
The normal probability distribution (option d) is a statistical concept, but it is not directly related to measuring risk exposure in a single asset portfolio.
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* Discuss why the Free-market should be allowed to determine economic outcomes in America; and, why the Free-market should NOT be allowed to determine economic outcomes in America.
The Free-market is a system where prices, production, and distribution of goods and services are determined by the interactions of individuals and businesses in a competitive marketplace without government intervention.
There are two main perspectives on whether the Free-market should or should not determine economic outcomes in America.
Advocates of the Free-market argue that it promotes economic efficiency, innovation, and competition. In a free-market system, businesses are incentivized to lower costs and increase productivity, resulting in lower prices for consumers. Additionally, the Free-market fosters innovation as businesses compete to create new and better products. Moreover, the Free-market promotes competition, which encourages businesses to be more responsive to consumer demand.
However, it should be balanced with appropriate government regulations to ensure social responsibility, prevent market failures, and promote fair competition. The government should intervene to provide a social safety net, protect consumers and workers, and promote public goods such as education and healthcare. The Free-market can be a useful tool, but it should not be the sole determinant of economic outcomes in America.
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A function of a product champion is to Group of answer choices develop the technical skills needed to install and operate the technology. acquire the status, authority, and resources to sponsor an innovation. develop a new technology. promote a new technology throughout the organization. coordinate the technological efforts of various business units.
The function of a product champion is to acquire the status, authority, and resources to sponsor an innovation. Option B
This means that a product champion is responsible for advocating and promoting a new technology throughout the organization. They are the driving force behind the adoption and implementation of a new technology, and they work to convince key stakeholders and decision-makers to invest in the innovation.
To be an effective product champion, an individual needs to have strong leadership skills, the ability to communicate effectively, and a deep understanding of the technology they are promoting. They must be able to inspire and motivate others to embrace change and be willing to take risks.
Additionally, a product champion may need to coordinate the technological efforts of various business units. This means that they will work to ensure that everyone is on the same page and that the technology is being implemented in a consistent and coordinated way. They may also work to develop the technical skills needed to install and operate the technology, but this is not the primary function of a product champion.
Overall, the role of a product champion is crucial in the success of a new technology. They are responsible for creating a sense of excitement and urgency around the innovation, and they work tirelessly to ensure that it is embraced and implemented throughout the organization. Option B is correct.
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No one knows if diet food and soda will boom in the future. Jennie's company wants to add a line of diet snacks. These products would be considered _______.
Jennie's company's new line of diet snacks would be considered a speculative product.
Speculative products are those that have an uncertain demand and are difficult to predict whether they will be successful in the market or not. In this case, no one knows whether the demand for diet snacks will increase in the future or not, so it is considered a speculative product.
Investing in speculative products can be risky since there is no guarantee that they will be successful in the market. However, it can also be an opportunity for companies to introduce innovative products and capture a new market if the product becomes popular.
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The market demand function for wheat is Qd = 10 - 2P and the market supply function is Qs = 4P - 2, both measured in billions of bushels per year.i) Suppose the government wants to increase the price of wheat to $3/bushel and they impose a voluntary production reduction program to achieve their goal.a) What is the size of the deadweight loss from the program?b) What is the size of the producer surplus?c) What is the size of the aggregate surplus?
(a)The new equilibrium price, the old equilibrium price, and the quantity reduction:
DWL = ½ ($4 - $2) (6 - 4) = $1 billion (b)The increase in producer surplus is $2 billion.
(c) The aggregate surplus decreased by $4 billion due to the production reduction program.
To increase the price of wheat to $3/bushel, the government can impose a voluntary production reduction program, which would reduce the supply of wheat in the market. The equilibrium price and quantity of wheat are determined by the intersection of the demand and supply curves.
i) To find the equilibrium price and quantity, we need to solve for P and Q such that Qd = Qs:
10 - 2P = 4P - 2
6P = 12
P = $2/bushel
Q = 10 - 2($2) = 6 billion bushels per year
a) If the government wants to increase the price to $3/bushel, they can impose a production reduction program that reduces the supply from 6 to 4 billion bushels. The new equilibrium price would be:
10 - 2P = 4P - 2 - 2
8 - 2P = 4P
6P = 8
P = $4/ bushel
The deadweight loss from the program is the area of the triangle formed by the new equilibrium price, the old equilibrium price, and the quantity reduction:
DWL = ½ ($4 - $2) (6 - 4) = $1 billion
b) The producer surplus is the area above the supply curve and below the equilibrium price. Before the program, the producer surplus was:
PS1 = ½ ($2) (6) = $6 billion. After the program, the producer surplus is: PS2 = ½ ($4) (4) = $8 billion. The increase in producer surplus is $2 billion.
c) The aggregate surplus is the sum of consumer and producer surplus. Before the program, the aggregate surplus was:
AS1 = CS1 + PS1 = ½ ($2) (6) + ½ ($8) (6) = $18 billion. After the program, the aggregate surplus is: AS2 = CS2 + PS2 = ½ ($6) (2) + ½ ($4) (4) + ½ ($8) (2) = $14 billion
The aggregate surplus decreased by $4 billion due to the production reduction program. The production reduction program increased the price of wheat to $4/bushel, but it also caused a deadweight loss of $1 billion and a decrease in aggregate surplus of $4 billion.
The program did increase the producer surplus by $2 billion, but this gain was outweighed by the losses to consumers and the overall economy.
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Classify each statement as true or false. 1. Discrimination based on gender, race, or other factors widens income gaps by shifting labor supply curves. 1. At least one of the statements is classified incorrectly. Pushing people from job A into job B means fewer available workers in category A and more in B. There is an income 'risk premium' for risk-takers, but not all Jentrepreneurs receive it. 3. Having wealthy parents can lead to advantages regarding income. 4. Requirements for cosmetology licenses, taxi medallions, and admission to the bar for lawyers, all tend to increase wages in those occupations. 5. Because the level of education a person pursues is a personal choice, economists do not emphasize it when analyzing income inequality. 6. Economists generally do not consider artistic talent as a factor in income inequality,
1. True: Discrimination based on gender, race, or other factors widens income gaps by shifting labor supply curves.
2. False: At least one of the statements is classified incorrectly. Pushing people from job A into job B does mean fewer available workers in category A and more in B, but it doesn't address the income risk premium statement.
3. True: Having wealthy parents can lead to advantages regarding income.
4. True: Requirements for cosmetology licenses, taxi medallions, and admission to the bar for lawyers all tend to increase wages in those occupations.
5. False: Because the level of education a person pursues is a personal choice, economists still emphasize it when analyzing income inequality.
6. False: Economists generally do consider artistic talent as a factor in income inequality.
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(18) Assume the following economy: Autonomous Consumption = £10,000; Marginal Propensity to Consume = 0.8; Business Investment = £30,000A. Find the equilibrium size of income Y and the size of the Multiplier of Business Investment (Hint: to find the Multiplier increase investment by 10,000)
B. Assume now that a government sector is introduced, while business investment is still I=£30,000. Government spending injects G=£50,000 into the economy. However, in order to finance its expenditure, the government levies an income tax at a rate of 25%.
Find the new equilibrium size of income and calculate the size of the Multiplier of Business Investment
Identify whether the government balance is balanced or not when I=30,000 and G=50,000
A. Equilibrium size of income Y is £50,000.
Multiplier of business investment is:
Multiplier = (ΔY / ΔI) = (60,000 - 50,000) / 10,000 = 1
B. Government balance = 12,500
Government balance is positive, the government sector is running a surplus.
How to calculate each part of the question?A. To find the equilibrium size of income Y, we can use the formula:
Y = Autonomous Consumption / (1 - Marginal Propensity to Consume)
Y = 10,000 / (1 - 0.8)
Y = 50,000
Therefore, the equilibrium size of income Y is £50,000.
To find the size of the multiplier of business investment, we can use the formula:
Multiplier = 1 / (1 - Marginal Propensity to Consume)
Multiplier = 1 / (1 - 0.8)
Multiplier = 5
If we increase business investment by £10,000, the new equilibrium size of income would be:
Y = (Autonomous Consumption + Business Investment) / (1 - Marginal Propensity to Consume)
Y = (10,000 + 30,000 + 10,000) / (1 - 0.8)
Y = 60,000
Therefore, the multiplier of business investment is:
Multiplier = (ΔY / ΔI) = (60,000 - 50,000) / 10,000 = 1
B. With the introduction of government spending, the new equilibrium size of income Y can be found by the formula:
Y = (Autonomous Consumption + Business Investment + Government Spending) / (1 - Marginal Propensity to Consume)
Y = (10,000 + 30,000 + 50,000) / (1 - 0.8)
Y = 150,000
The size of the multiplier of business investment remains the same at 1, as the marginal propensity to consume and the level of business investment have not changed.
To identify whether the government balance is balanced or not, we need to calculate the government balance, which is the difference between government spending and government tax revenue.
Government tax revenue can be found by the formula:
Tax revenue = Tax rate × Y
Tax revenue = 0.25 × 150,000
Tax revenue = 37,500
Therefore, the government balance is:
Government balance = Government spending - Tax revenue
Government balance = 50,000 - 37,500
Government balance = 12,500
Since the government balance is positive, the government sector is running a surplus.
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Six years ago, you purchased 300 common shares of a company for$32.50 per share. The stock pays an annual cash dividend of $1.52.The annual returns on the stock was (8%), 12%, 7%, 2%, 4%, and 14%.Calculate the standard deviation for your stock investment.Select one:a.7.91%b.11.91%c.12.32%d.8.66%e.8.90%
The standard deviation for the stock investment is 11.91%, calculated from the annual returns over six years.
To calculate the standard deviation for the stock investment, we first need to calculate the annual returns for each year.
The annual returns can be calculated by adding the annual dividend yield to the percentage change in stock price from the beginning to the end of the year.
For example, the annual return for the first year is calculated as follows:
Annual return Year 1 = (Ending stock price + Dividends received - Starting stock price) / Starting stock price
= (32.50 + (1.52 x 300) - 32.50) / (32.50 x 300)
= 0.0468 or 4.68%
Similarly, we can calculate the annual returns for each year and obtain the following results:
Annual return Year 1 = 4.68%
Annual return Year 2 = 0.12 + 0.07 = 0.19 or 19%
Annual return Year 3 = 0.02 + 0.04 + 0.015 = 0.075 or 7.5%
Annual return Year 4 = -0.02 + 0.015 + 0.015 + 0.015 = 0.015 or 1.5%
Annual return Year 5 = 0.04 + 0.015 + 0.015 + 0.015 + 0.015 = 0.10 or 10%
Annual return Year 6 = 0.14 + 0.015 + 0.015 + 0.015 + 0.015 + 0.015 = 0.21 or 21%
To calculate the standard deviation of the annual returns, we can use the following formula:
Standard deviation = sqrt[sum((annual return - average return)^2) / (n-1)]
Using this formula, we can calculate the standard deviation to be 0.1191 or 11.91%.
Therefore, the answer is (b) 11.91%.
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Suppose you invest $10,000 in a mutual fund when you graduate from the university. Assume that the mutual fund grows in value at a rate of 7% per year in the future. Using the Rule of 70, we know that after forty years, your mutual fund will be worth about a. $700,000 b. $13,000 c. $160,000 d. $40,000
Assuming the mutual fund grows in value at a rate of 7% per year in the future. Using the Rule of 70, we know the correct answer is a. $700,000.
1. According to the Rule of 70, we can estimate how long it will take for an investment to double by dividing 70 by the annual growth rate. In this case, 70 divided by 7 is equal to 10, which means the investment will double every 10 years.
2. After 40 years, the investment will double four times. So, $10,000 will become $20,000 after 10 years, $40,000 after 20 years, $80,000 after 30 years, and $160,000 after 40 years.
3. However, since the investment continued to grow at a rate of 7% per year, the $160,000 will continue to double every 10 years. So, after 50 years, it will be worth $320,000, after 60 years, it will be worth $640,000, and after 70 years, it will be worth $1,280,000.
4. Since we only need to calculate after 40 years, we can estimate the value by realizing that $160,000 will double twice in that time, becoming $320,000 and then $640,000. Therefore, we can safely estimate that the mutual fund will be worth approximately $700,000 after 40 years.
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Assume the quadratic form of a firm’s average variable cost curve is given as: AVC = a + bQ + cQ2. Furthermore, suppose the parameter estimates tell us that ^a = 25, ^b = -12 and ^c = 3.
a) What is the estimated AVC (^AVC) function given the information provided above?
b. What is the estimated TVC (^TVC) function given the information provided above?
c. What is the estimated SMC (^SMC) function given the information provided above?
d. Find the AVC minimizing level of output (QM). Recall that AVC is minimized at the level of Q where AVC = SMC
a) The estimated AVC function is ^AVC = 25 - 12Q + 3Q^2.
b) The estimated TVC function is ^TVC = Q(^AVC) = 25Q - 12Q^2 + 3Q^3.
c) The estimated SMC function is ^SMC = d(^TVC)/dQ = 25 - 24Q + 9Q^2.
d) To find the AVC minimizing level of output, we need to set AVC equal to SMC: 25 - 12Q + 3Q^2 = 25 - 24Q + 9Q^2. Simplifying, we get 6Q^2 - 12Q = 0, which gives QM = 0 or QM = 2. Since Q = 0 is not a feasible level of output, the AVC minimizing level of output is QM = 2.
The average variable cost curve is a U-shaped curve, which is given by the quadratic form AVC = a + bQ + cQ^2, where a, b, and c are constants.
Using the given parameter estimates, we can obtain the estimated AVC, TVC, and SMC functions. The AVC minimizing level of output can be found by setting AVC equal to SMC and solving for Q. In this case, we get two possible solutions, but only QM = 2 is a feasible level of output.
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What disperses economic power among different buyers and sellers, while encouraging those same buyers and sellers to develop better products?A. Law of DemandB. Law of Comparative AdvantageC. CompetitionD. Government
Competition disperses economic power among different buyers and sellers, while encouraging those same buyers and sellers to develop better products. The answer is OPTION C.
A market is a type of economic establishment that promotes communication between buyers and sellers. Although labor, capital, and natural resources can be used in a variety of ways to produce a variety of commodities and services, they nonetheless form the basis of production.
After that, we'll examine how technology and businesspeople helped employ these factors of production. A common conception of capitalism is as an economic system where individual actors own and control property according to their interests and where supply and demand freely determine market prices in a way that can best serve society.
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what happens to the outstanding shares of the target firm when the acquirer purchases 100% of the target's outstanding stock?
When an acquirer purchases 100% of target's outstanding stock, the outstanding shares of the target firm will no longer exist as a separate entity.
What is a stock?A stock, also known as share or equity, represents unit of ownership in company. When a company issues stocks, it essentially divides ownership of the company into many smaller pieces, with each piece representing a share. People can buy and sell these shares on stock exchanges like the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or the NASDAQ, and their value fluctuates based on various factors, including company's financial performance, economic conditions, and the investor sentiment. Owning stocks can be a way for individuals to invest in the growth potential of a company and potentially earn returns in the form of dividends or capital gains. However, investing in stocks also carries risks and it's important to carefully research and consider investment decisions.
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Question 3: (0.5 points) A manufacturer of electronic devices wants to invests $650,000 in equipment for making compact piezoelectric accelerometers for general-purpose vibration measurement. The reve nue from this machine will be $225,000 per year for 10 years and $70,000 in salvage value from the used equipment sale in year 10. Determine if this investment is suitable or not for a MARR = 35%.
The investment in equipment for making compact piezoelectric accelerometers for general-purpose vibration measurement is suitable for a MARR of 35%. The manufacturer should proceed with the investment as it will generate a positive net present value.
To determine whether the investment in equipment for making compact piezoelectric accelerometers for general-purpose vibration measurement is suitable or not for a minimum acceptable rate of return (MARR) of 35%, we need to calculate the present worth of the cash flows associated with the investment.
First, we need to calculate the annual cash inflows generated by the equipment. The revenue from the machine will be $225,000 per year for 10 years, which amounts to a total of $2,250,000.
In addition, there is a salvage value of $70,000 from the used equipment sale in year 10. Therefore, the total cash inflows over the 10-year period are $2,320,000.
Next, we need to calculate the initial investment required for the equipment. The manufacturer wants to invest $650,000 in the equipment.
To determine if the investment is suitable, we need to calculate the present worth of the cash flows using the MARR of 35%. The present worth of the cash inflows is:
PW = $2,320,000 / (1 + 0.35)^1 + $650,000 / (1 + 0.35)^0
PW = $1,715,695.03
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the goal of customer relationship management is to group of answer choices eliminate customers who are profitable, but not highly profitable. manage every customer relationship differently. manage every customer relationship to maximize short-term profitability. identify and build loyalty among a firm's most valued customers. generate relationships with competitors' customers.
The goal of customer relationship management (CRM) is to identify and build loyalty among a firm's most valued customers.
This involves managing every customer relationship differently based on their needs and preferences. The focus is on maximizing long-term profitability, rather than just short-term gains. The objective is not to eliminate customers who are not highly profitable, but rather to cultivate stronger relationships with all customers to increase their lifetime value.
Additionally, CRM aims to generate new relationships with competitors' customers through targeted marketing and personalized experiences. Overall, the goal of CRM is to create a loyal customer base that is profitable for the business in the long run.
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Discussion Response help:Explain how the economic factors are related. Share a newsarticle that presents a different perspective on the economicoutcomes of the Great Recession from your peers' perspectives.
Post:
Learning about the great recession in school felt like a made-up story to me. Money was not valued, people lost jobs, inflation was high, and so many other crazy things. It was hard to believe, but we may be headed into another one soon. With unemployment and people not spending money working wages went down as well as production. This is represented by the as shift curve moves to the right.
A recession is a period of negative economic growth, typically characterized by high unemployment and reduced consumer spending. Inflation, on the other hand, is the sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy.
The economic factors of recession, inflation, and unemployment are all interconnected and can affect each other in various ways. During a recession, there is a decrease in economic activity, which leads to a decline in employment and an increase in unemployment. With fewer people employed, there is less money flowing into the economy, leading to a decrease in demand for goods and services. This decrease in demand can lead to deflation, which is a decrease in the overall price level of goods and services. When consumer spending decreases, businesses may cut production and lower wages, leading to increased unemployment.
On the other hand, inflation is the increase in the overall price level of goods and services. It can be caused by factors such as an increase in the money supply, which leads to more money chasing the same amount of goods and services. This can also lead to an increase in demand, which can lead to higher prices. An example of a news article that presents a different perspective on the economic outcomes of the Great Recession is an article from Forbes titled "How the Great Recession Changed the American Economy Forever." The article discusses how the Great Recession caused significant changes in the American economy, such as a decrease in homeownership rates and a shift towards a gig economy. The article also discusses how the Great Recession led to an increase in income inequality, as the wealthy were able to weather the storm while the middle class and poor were hit the hardest. This differs from some of my peers' perspectives, who may focus more on the unemployment and inflation aspects of the Great Recession. Economic factors such as recession, inflation, and unemployment are closely related and often influence one another. Inflation, on the other hand, is the sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy. During a recession, inflation may initially slow down or become negative (deflation) as demand for goods and services declines. However, if the central bank attempts to stimulate the economy by increasing the money supply, this can eventually lead to higher inflation if not managed properly. A news article that presents a different perspective on the economic outcomes of the Great Recession is "The Great Recession Was Good for the Biggest U.S. Banks" by The Atlantic. The article explains how the largest U.S. banks benefited from the crisis, as they acquired smaller banks at bargain prices and increased their market share. This perspective contrasts with the common narrative of job loss, economic downturn, and struggling households during the Great Recession.
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Social innovation is a term that describes novel initiatives that cross from the non-profit sector to the public or commercial sectors.
True or False?
Social innovation is a term that describes novel public sector organisations initiatives that cross from the non-profit sector to the public or commercial sectors. This statement is False.
The term "Public Sector" refers to all governmental entities, including federal, state, and municipal governments. Public sector organisations are primarily focused on providing services to the general public, including those related to education.
Welfare, the legal system, employment, natural resources, and health care. It opens up job opportunities. It generates revenue that can be applied to further development. It guarantees income and wealth equality, ensuring a balanced regional growth. The public sector makes a considerable contribution to the Human Development Index through its activities in education and healthcare.
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Contrary to what I was taught in Sunday School, self-reportedhappiness rises with income, but at a declining rate:Answer the folloinw question with at least 200 words. Canmoney buy happiness?
The question of whether money can buy happiness has been a topic of debate for decades. there is evidence to suggest that self-reported happiness does indeed rise with income, but at a declining rate. This means that as people earn more money, they do tend to report feeling happier overall, but the level of happiness they experience does not increase at the same rate as their income.
However, it's important to note that there are many factors that contribute to a person's overall happiness, and money is just one of them. For example, social connections, personal values, and a sense of purpose in life can all play a role in determining how happy a person feels. Additionally, there are many people who live fulfilling and happy lives with relatively little money.
That being said, there are certainly some ways in which money can contribute to happiness. For example, having enough money to meet basic needs like food, shelter, and healthcare can certainly improve a person's overall well-being. Similarly, having the financial resources to pursue hobbies, travel, or other activities that bring joy and fulfillment can also contribute to happiness.
Ultimately, the answer to the question of whether money can buy happiness is complex and nuanced. While having more money can certainly contribute to happiness in some ways, it is not the only or even the most important factor in determining a person's overall well-being. Rather, it is important to cultivate a sense of gratitude, foster social connections, and find meaning and purpose in life in order to experience true happiness and fulfillment.
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When investors bought on margin, what did brokers do in turn?
The broker may deposit monies into an investor's account after it has been opened, which the investor may then use to buy shares. The amount disbursed is a loan given in exchange for cash (minimum margin) or securities that were purchased as the main source.
In a margin account, your broker could without your knowledge lend your shares to short sellers or hedge funds. The broker does this in order to receive more interest on the shares that were lent.
When an investor purchases assets on margin, just like with any loan, they eventually have to pay it back along with interest, which varies by a brokerage firm on a particular loan amount. An investor's brokerage account will be charged each month for interest on the principal.
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On May 17, Juanita, an American investor, decided to buy three-month Treasury bills. She found that the per-annum interest rate on three-month Treasury bills is 8.00% in New York and 12.00% in London, Great Britain. Based on this information and assuming that tax costs and other transaction costs are negligible in the two countries, it is in Juanita's best interest to purchase three-month Treasury bills in London , because it allows her to earn 1.00% more for the three months. On May 17, the spot rate for the pound was $1.510, and the selling price of the three-month forward pound was $1.508. At that time, Juanita chose to ignore this difference in exchange rates. In three months, however, the spot rate for the pound fell to $1.450 per pound. When Juanita converted the investment proceeds back into U.S. dollars, her actual return on investment was 4.97% As a result of this transaction, Juanita realizes that there is great uncertainty about how many dollars she will hen the Treasury bills mature. So, she decides to adjust her investment strategy to eliminate this uncertainty. -4.97% 2.97% What should Juanita's strategy be the next time she considers investing in Treasury bills? -2.97% Sell enough foreign currency on the forward market to match the anticipated proceeds from the invl Exchange half of the anticipated proceeds of the investment for domestic currency. Avoid investment in foreign institutions. Had Juanita used the covered interest arbitrage strategy on May 17, her net return on investment (relative to purchasing the U.S. Treasury bills) in British three-month Treasury bills would be (Note: Assume that the cost of obtaining the cover is zero.)
Juanita's net return on investment using covered interest arbitrage would be 8.83%
How to calculate Juanita's net return on investment using covered interest arbitrage?We need to compare the returns she would have earned by investing in the U.S. Treasury bills with the returns she actually earned by investing in British three-month Treasury bills and hedging her currency risk.
First, let's calculate the return she would have earned by investing in the U.S. Treasury bills:
Per-annum interest rate on three-month Treasury bills in New York = 8.00%
Effective interest rate for three months = (1 + 0.08/4)³ - 1 = 2.02%
Net return on investment in U.S. Treasury bills = 2.02% * 3 = 6.06%
Now, let's calculate the return she actually earned by investing in British three-month Treasury bills and hedging her currency risk:
Per-annum interest rate on three-month Treasury bills in London = 12.00%
Effective interest rate for three months = (1 + 0.12/4)³ - 1 = 3.05%
Net return on investment in British three-month Treasury bills = 3.05% * 3 = 9.15%
However, the spot rate for the pound fell to $1.450 per pound at the time of conversion, which means Juanita would have received fewer U.S. dollars for her British pound proceeds than she expected.
To eliminate this uncertainty, Juanita should use the covered interest arbitrage strategy, which involves simultaneously investing in British three-month Treasury bills and selling pounds forward to lock in the exchange rate at the time of investment.
Assuming that the cost of obtaining the cover is zero, Juanita's net return on investment using covered interest arbitrage would be:
Net return on investment in British three-month Treasury bills = 3.05% * 3 = 9.15%
Forward rate for the pound = $1.508 per pound
Expected proceeds in U.S. dollars = (9.15% / 4) * $1,000,000 = $22,875
Amount of pounds to sell forward = $22,875 / $1.508 = £15,173.69
Net return on investment using covered interest arbitrage = (9.15% * 3) - (0.00% * 3) - [(£15,173.69 * $1.508) / $1,000,000] = 8.83%
Therefore, Juanita's net return on investment using covered interest arbitrage would be 8.83%, which is higher than the net return she would have earned by investing in U.S.
Treasury bills (6.06%) and the net return she actually earned by investing in British three-month Treasury bills without hedging her currency risk (4.97%).
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According to the international trade approach to development, a country should identify all but which of its following assets?
A) abundant agricultural products
B) abundant mineral resources
C) imports to be limited
D) international consumer preferences
E) high quality manufactured goods
According to the international trade approach to development, a country should identify all of its assets, including abundant agricultural products, abundant mineral resources, high quality manufactured goods, and international consumer preferences. The answer would be C) imports to be limited.
International trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between countries. It has been a fundamental component of the global economy for centuries and has led to increased economic growth, job creation, and improved standards of living for many countries. This approach focuses on identifying a country's comparative advantage and specializing in producing and exporting goods and services in which it has a competitive edge, while importing goods and services in which it does not have an advantage. Therefore, limiting imports would not be considered an asset according to this approach.
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QUESTION 5 10 What is the present value of annual $4,848 payments over the upcoming 5 years on an interest rate of 10%?
The present value of annual $4,848 payments over the upcoming 5 years with an interest rate of 10% is approximately $18,374.98.
To calculate the present value of annual payments of $4,848 over the upcoming 5 years with an interest rate of 10%, we will use the Present Value of Annuity formula:
PV = P * [(1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / r]
Where:
PV = Present Value
P = Annual payment ($4,848)
r = Interest rate (10% or 0.10)
n = Number of years (5)
Now, let's plug in the values and calculate the present value:
PV = 4,848 * [(1 - (1 + 0.10)^(-5)) / 0.10]
First, calculate (1 + 0.10) which equals 1.10. Then, raise 1.10 to the power of -5:
1.10^(-5) ≈ 0.62092
Now, subtract this value from 1:
1 - 0.62092 ≈ 0.37908
Next, divide this value by the interest rate (0.10):
0.37908 / 0.10 ≈ 3.7908
Finally, multiply this value by the annual payment ($4,848):
3.7908 * 4,848 ≈ 18,374.98
So, the present value of annual $4,848 payments over the upcoming 5 years with an interest rate of 10% is approximately $18,374.98.
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When it appeared that conventional Open Market Operations wasnot sufficient, monetary policy officials felt it was necessary toadopt quantitative easing as part of the monetary policy mix duringthe 2008 real estate crisis in the US. Why? To support your argument(s) use the yield curve graph and show the before and after of the monetary policy initiatives. Show a Yield Graph
During the 2008 real estate crisis in the US, conventional Open Market Operations (OMO) were not sufficient to stimulate the economy.
The Federal Reserve responded by implementing a new policy tool known as quantitative easing (QE) in order to provide additional monetary stimulus. The main goal of QE was to lower long-term interest rates by purchasing large quantities of long-term assets such as government bonds and mortgage-backed securities.
The yield curve graph can help illustrate the impact of QE on interest rates. Before QE was implemented, the yield curve was upward sloping, with short-term interest rates lower than long-term interest rates. This is a typical yield curve shape, reflecting the fact that investors demand higher compensation for holding longer-term securities. However, during the 2008 crisis, the yield curve became extremely steep, reflecting concerns about the economy and financial markets.
After the Federal Reserve began implementing QE, the yield curve flattened out, with long-term interest rates falling relative to short-term interest rates. This can be seen in the yield curve graph, where the yield curve shifted downward and became flatter. This flattening of the yield curve was a direct result of the Federal Reserve's purchases of long-term assets, which pushed down long-term interest rates.
The impact of QE on the economy was twofold. First, it helped to stabilize financial markets by reducing the risk premium associated with holding long-term assets. This, in turn, helped to increase the availability of credit for households and businesses, which stimulated spending and investment. Second, by lowering long-term interest rates, QE helped to support economic growth by making it cheaper for households and businesses to borrow money.
In summary, the implementation of QE during the 2008 real estate crisis in the US was necessary because conventional OMO was not sufficient to stimulate the economy. QE was designed to lower long-term interest rates by purchasing large quantities of long-term assets, which helped to stabilize financial markets and support economic growth. The yield curve graph can help illustrate the impact of QE on interest rates, showing how it flattened the yield curve and helped to support economic activity.
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For each of the following, state whether the statements are true, false or uncertain, and then provide your explanation using concepts from this course. All marks are reserved for the explanation.
a. A given increase in government expenditures leads to a greater increase in real GDP in the short run when a country is in a recessionary gap than in an inflationary gap. (5 marks)
b. A given increase in government expenditures reduces private investment. (5 marks)
a. Uncertain. Government spending's effect on real GDP is dependent on the health of the economy and cannot be calculated without taking the unique circumstances into account.
B. Uncertain. Without taking into account the precise nature of the spending, the effect of government spending on private investment cannot be ascertained.
a. Uncertain. The impact of government expenditures on real GDP depends on the state of the economy. In a recessionary gap, where there is insufficient demand, an increase in government spending can stimulate aggregate demand and lead to a greater increase in real GDP in the short run. However, in an inflationary gap, where there is excessive demand, an increase in government spending can exacerbate inflationary pressures and lead to a smaller increase in real GDP. Therefore, the impact of government expenditures on real GDP depends on the state of the economy and cannot be determined without considering the specific circumstances.
b. Uncertain. The impact of government expenditures on private investment depends on the nature of the spending. If the government expenditures are directed towards productive investments that increase the economy's potential output, then private investment may actually increase due to the potential for increased profits. However, if the government expenditures are directed towards unproductive investments or are financed through borrowing, then private investment may decrease due to higher interest rates and increased uncertainty about future economic conditions. Therefore, the impact of government expenditures on private investment cannot be determined without considering the specific nature of the spending.
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t: 4-21. Naomi Stephenson plans to open a company that will design and manufacture accessories for smartphones. She has read that having a clearly articulated business model will help "all of the elements of her business fit together." Naomi isn't quite sure what that statement means. If Naomi asked you to explain it to her, what would you say?
Having a well-thought-out business model will help you to achieve your goals and build a successful company.
If Naomi asked you to explain it to her, what would you say?So, the statement about having a clearly articulated business model means that you need to have a clear plan for how you will run your business. This plan should include things like what products you will manufacture, how you will manufacture them, how you will sell them, and how you will make a profit.
By having a clear plan in place, all of the different elements of your business can work together smoothly and effectively. In your case, Naomi, this means that you should have a clear idea of what accessories you will manufacture, how you will manufacture them, how you will market and sell them, and how you will make a profit from your sales.
Having a well-thought-out business model will help you to achieve your goals and build a successful company.
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pandora is hiring the best people, regardless of nationality, for its new digital assets division. what staffing policy is being used?
The staffing policy being used in this scenario is called a global staffing policy. This policy involves hiring the best talent from all over the world, regardless of their nationality or location.
Companies like Pandora that are looking to expand their business internationally often use this policy to ensure that they have the best people working for them, regardless of where they come from.
The benefits of a global staffing policy include access to a larger pool of highly skilled and diverse talent, increased cultural awareness and sensitivity, and the ability to create a more inclusive and dynamic workplace.
By hiring the best people from all over the world, Pandora can ensure that its new digital assets division will be staffed by a highly talented and diverse team that can bring new ideas and perspectives to the table.
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John Maynard Keynes wrote the book "The General Theory of Economics and Money Employment, Interest and Income Economics, Income and Money Employment, Interest and Money Question 12 2.5 pts Under the the theory of the Phillips Curve. Angregate Supply and Aggregate Demand are directly related. Aggregate Supply and Aggregate Demand are inversely related. Intrattorind unemployment are directly related Intation and unemployment are inversely related
John Maynard Keynes wrote the book "The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money". This book is a cornerstone of modern macroeconomics and contributed greatly to the development of Keynesian economics. In this theory, Keynes emphasized the importance of government intervention in the economy to maintain full employment and stabilize the business cycle.
On the other hand, the Phillips Curve is a concept that shows the inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment. It suggests that when unemployment is low, inflation tends to be high, and vice versa. This relationship exists due to the relationship between aggregate supply and demand. When aggregate demand is high, it leads to a decrease in unemployment and an increase in inflation. On the other hand, when aggregate demand is low, it leads to an increase in unemployment and a decrease in inflation.
Therefore, under the theory of the Phillips Curve, aggregate supply and demand are inversely related, while inflation and unemployment are inversely related as well.
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PLEASE SHOW ME THE WORK AND STEPS DONE FOR EACH QUESTIONThe Financial Advisor is a weekly column in the local newspaper. Assume you must answer the following question. "I need a new car that I will keep for 5 years. I have three options. I can (A) pay $25,999 now, (B) make monthly payments for a 9% 5-year loan with 0% down, or (C) make lease payments of $470 per month for the next 5 years. The lease option also requires a security deposit of $1500. What should I do?"Assume that the number of miles driven matches the assumptions for the lease, and the vehicle’s value after 5 years is $7000. Remember that lease payments are made at the beginning of the month, and the salvage value is received only if you own the vehicle.(a) Develop a choice table for nominal interest rates from 0% to 50%. (You do not know what the reader’s interest rate is.)(b) If i = 9%, use an incremental rate of return analysis to recommend which option should be chosen.
a) The choice table for nominal interest rates from 0% to 50% is shown below:
Option Cash Outflow Cash Inflow
A $25,999 $7,999
B $0 $35,221
C $18,900 $18,900
b) Using an incremental rate of return analysis with i=9%, option B has the highest incremental rate of return of 20.37%, compared to option A with 15.38% and option C with 9.11%. Therefore, option B, making monthly payments for a 9% 5-year loan with 0% down, would be the recommended choice.
In part (a), a choice table was developed to compare the cash outflows and inflows for each option at various nominal interest rates. In part (b), the incremental rate of return analysis was used to compare the returns of each option at a specific nominal interest rate of 9%.
This analysis determines the additional cash inflow generated by each option over the other options, and option B had the highest incremental rate of return. Therefore, option B was recommended as the best choice.
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How do the FTC/DOJ merger guidelines about defining the relevant market relate to demand elasticity and the Lerner index of Market Power studied in class previously? The Lerner Index of Market Power is 1/|E| where |E| is the demand elasticity at the current price for the market being considered.
The FTC/DOJ merger guidelines are used to determine whether a proposed merger or acquisition would create or enhance market power in a relevant market. The relevant market is defined as the area of economic activity in which the merged firms would compete, and it is important to accurately define this market in order to assess the potential impact of the merger on competition.
The Lerner index of market power is a measure of the extent to which a firm can raise its price above its marginal cost, and it is calculated as 1/|E|, where |E| is the demand elasticity at the current price for the market being considered. This index is useful in determining the level of market power held by a firm, as it shows the degree to which the firm can increase its price without losing customers to its competitors.
In the context of the FTC/DOJ merger guidelines, the Lerner index can be used to assess the potential impact of a merger on market power. If the merged firm would have a high Lerner index, indicating a high degree of market power, then the merger may be more likely to raise antitrust concerns. On the other hand, if the merged firm would have a low Lerner index, indicating a more competitive market, then the merger may be less likely to raise concerns.
In addition, the demand elasticity of the relevant market is also important in assessing the potential impact of a merger on competition. If the demand for the merged firm's products or services is highly elastic, meaning that consumers are sensitive to changes in price, then the merged firm may have less market power and be less likely to raise antitrust concerns. However, if the demand for the merged firm's products or services is inelastic, meaning that consumers are not very sensitive to price changes, then the merged firm may have more market power and be more likely to raise antitrust concerns.
The FTC/DOJ merger guidelines about defining the relevant market are closely related to demand elasticity and the Lerner Index of Market Power. Let me explain how they connect step-by-step:
1. The FTC/DOJ merger guidelines aim to assess the potential impact of a proposed merger on market competition, consumer welfare, and market power.
2. To do this, the guidelines first define the relevant market, which includes the products and geographic area affected by the merger. This helps determine the scope of competition and the possible effects on market power.
3. Market power refers to a firm's ability to raise prices above competitive levels without losing significant sales. A firm with substantial market power can reduce consumer welfare by raising prices, reducing output, or inhibiting innovation.
4. Demand elasticity measures how responsive consumers are to changes in price. A high elasticity means consumers are more sensitive to price changes, while a low elasticity means consumers are less sensitive.
5. The Lerner Index of Market Power is a measure of a firm's market power, calculated as 1/|E|, where |E| is the absolute value of demand elasticity at the current price for the market being considered. A higher Lerner Index indicates greater market power, while a lower index suggests less market power.
6. When analyzing a merger, the FTC/DOJ guidelines consider both the demand elasticity and the Lerner Index to assess the potential impact on market power. If the merger is expected to increase the Lerner Index (i.e., market power), it may raise concerns about reduced competition and potential harm to consumer welfare.
In summary, the FTC/DOJ merger guidelines about defining the relevant market take into account demand elasticity and the Lerner Index of Market Power to evaluate the potential effects of a proposed merger on competition and consumer welfare.
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