A base analog that can cause A-T > G-C or G-C>A-T transitions.
Thymine's base analog is 5BU. The thymine analog 5BU pairs with Guanine while thymine pairs with Adenine. The bromine atom in 5BU can switch between its keto and enol forms.
During replication, an A-T pair generates an A-5BU pair when 5BU in keto form replaces the thymine. The unusual enol form of 5BU pairs with G in the first mutagenic phase of replication, and then G couples with C in the subsequent replication cycle. Consequently, the change from the A-T to the G-C pair takes place.
Rarely, the 5-BU in enol form can function as a cytosine analog. This causes C to be replaced by 5BU, turning the G-C pair into a G-BU pair, which eventually transforms into an A-T pair during the second replication cycle.
Therefore, 5BU is a base analog that can lead to transitions from A-T to G-C or G-C to A-T.
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when more than one gene controls a trait and the result is often a continuum (gradient) of phenotypes rather only two distinctive options this is called what?
when more than one gene controls a trait and the result is often a continuum (gradient) of phenotypes rather only two distinctive options this is called Polygenic Trait.
A Polygenic Trait that is influenced by two or more genes, such as height or skin tone, is referred to as a polygenic trait and Polygenic Trait characteristics of phenotypes do not follow the laws of Mendelian inheritance since several genes are involved. Polygenic Trait inheritance refers to the regulation of a characteristic by more than one gene in which the dominant allele of each gene expresses just a portion of the Polygenic Trait and the whole phenotype is only produced in the presence of the dominant alleles of all multiple genes.
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what are the sequences of the newly synthesized dna strands the gene for cystic fibrosis has been isolated
Health Features of Cystic Fibrosis Patients with a Nucleotide Sequence Variant in Their Genotype and Functional Analysis of This Variant.
How was the gene responsible for cystic fibrosis found?In 1989, geneticist Lap-Chee Tsui and his research group discovered the gene linked to cystic fibrosis, the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) (CF).
When you have cystic fibrosis, what happens to the DNA?The normal synthesis or operation of the CFTR protein, which is present in the cells of the lungs and other regions of the body, can be affected in CF patients by mutations in the CFTR gene. One example of a recessive disease is cystic fibrosis.
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when eating or drinking something ice cold, what branch (division) of the trigeminal nerve serving the palate receives the initial cold stimulus? when eating or drinking something ice cold, what branch (division) of the trigeminal nerve serving the palate receives the initial cold stimulus? pharyngeal maxillary mandibular ophthalmic
The initial cold stimulus received by the palate when eating or drinking something ice cold is transmitted through the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve.
The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve is a major component of the facial nerve, and is responsible for the transmission of sensation from the skin and mucosa of the face. It is also the nerve that is responsible for controlling the muscles of the face in regards to facial expressions.
The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve begins at the mandibular foramen (hole) located at the base of the skull and consists of three main branches: the anterior, middle, and posterior divisions. The anterior division is responsible for sensation in the upper lip, the middle division innervates the cheek, and the posterior division is responsible for sensation in the back of the throat, nose, and palate. Thus, when eating or drinking something ice cold, the initial cold stimulus is received by the posterior division of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve and is transmitted to the brain.
In conclusion, the initial cold stimulus received by the palate when eating or drinking something ice cold is transmitted through the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve, specifically the posterior division. This division of the trigeminal nerve is responsible for the sensation of the back of the throat, nose, and palate.
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henry has a mutation in the gene that codes for a certain blood protein. however, these proteins function normally. what best explains how this is possible?
A silent mutations occur when the change of a single DNA nucleotide within a protein-coding portion of a gene does not affect the sequence of amino acids that make up the gene's protein.
For example For example, AAA (codes for the amino acid lysine, Lys) being mutated to AAG (which also codes for Lys).
what is the evidence that human activity is causing increased atmospheric co2 levels?
It is possible to measure the isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2, which demonstrates that the current source of CO2 addition to the atmosphere is the burning of fossil fuels.
How do we know that people are the cause of the CO2 in the atmosphere?Crisp notes that because carbon created by burning fossil fuels has a particular ratio of heavy-to-light carbon atoms and thus leaves a specific "fingerprint" that devices can analyze, scientists can be certain that increases in carbon dioxide are primarily the result of human activity.
What factors have caused the levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide to rise?By using fossil fuels and growing the economy, humans have aided in the rise in carbon dioxide levels. Another method is the burning that occurs during the removal of forests, which releases carbon dioxide.
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for a certain trait, a heterozygous individual has a selective advantage than a homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive individual. this is called
A heterozygous person has a selection advantage above a homozygous dominant a hereditary recessive person for a certain characteristic. This is referred to as overdominance.
What is an example of homozygosity?You are considered to be dominant for a gene if you have two identical versions of it. In contrast, a genotype with heterozygosity has different alleles. Everyone with a recessive trait—like red hair and blue eyes, for example—is dominant for such a gene.
Or AA is homozygous?Homozygous people have two copies with same allele. That might be homozygous dominant or hereditary recessive, AA or aa. A person with two dominant "A" genotypes for a certain gene is said to be homozygous dominant for that gene.
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in becoming human, the filmmakers posit that it is possible to determine the timeline for human ancestors losing their body hair by examining the evolution of which parasite?
They say humans lost their hair to ward off ectoparasites that live in their fur.
Strong evidence supports that the human lineage diverged from the lineage that gave rise to the great apes in Africa 6-7 million years ago. Evidence of tool-making dates back to about 3.3 million years ago in Kenya.
Prehistory is the period that began with the appearance of humans about 5 million years ago and ended with the invention of writing about 6,000 years ago. It is a long period of time divided into three phases Paleolithic-Neolithic and Metallic. Indeed, after the last common ancestor with chimpanzees and before the origin of Homo sapiens.
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True or false?
Convection currents keep our atmosphere mixed.
what type of transport is needed to move molecules of the substance from outside the cell to inside
One primary function of the cell membrane is…
The cell membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.
Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure except
increased levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone).
increased levels of angiotensin II.
increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).
increased blood volume.
increased levels of aldosterone.
Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure except increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).
The nerve cells in the hypothalamus produce Anti-diuretic hormone. Anti-diuretic hormone acts on the kidneys and blood vessels to lower blood pressure. Antidiuretic hormone levels above a certain threshold narrow (constrict) blood artery, raising blood pressure.
Angiotensin II increases salt, body water, and blood pressure all at once. Blood arteries become constricted (narrowed) when angiotensin II is present in high level, which increases blood pressure.
By altering cardiac output, variation in blood volume have an impact on arterial pressure. Rising blood volume leads to an increase in central venous pressure. When there is more fluid present, more of it presses against the artery walls, increasing the pressure.
The kidneys release potassium through urine when aldosterone is present. Water retention results from an increase in salt in your bloodstream. Blood pressure and blood volume are raised as a result.
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) is released by the heart in response to elevated blood pressure and blood salt levels. It stimulates salt excretion, reduces blood volume, and relaxes the vessel when it binds to its receptor in the kidney and blood vessels. By reducing venous compliance, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) lowers mean circulatory filling pressure and arterial blood pressure.
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simple diffusion requires energy to move materials through the membrane that is why it is called passive ___
Simple diffusion is energy-free, making it passive. Simple diffusion allows for the passage of small, neutral molecules like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water through cell membranes.
Passive transport is the most basic type of transfer over a membrane. A substance diffuses over a membrane through passive transport as it diffuses along its concentration gradient without requiring any energy from the cell. While assisted diffusion needs an ATP source, simple diffusion doesn't. B. Facilitated diffusion moves materials both with and against a concentration gradient, whereas simple diffusion merely moves material in the direction of a concentration gradient.
Passive transport is a phenomena that happens naturally and doesn't require the cell to use energy to move. Diffusion is the process by which chemicals travel passively from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
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Correct Question:
Simple diffusion requires energy to move materials through the membrane that is why it is called passive?
Which of thee need to be done by a cientific committee before the drug i made available to the general public
Clinical trials need to be done by a scientific committee before the drug is made available to the general public.
What is a drug?
Any substance (apart from food) used to cure, prevent, or relieve the symptoms of a disease or other abnormal state. Drugs can also alter how the brain and the rest of the body function, resulting in alterations in mood, consciousness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior.
What are clinical trails?
Clinical trials are prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies involving human subjects that are intended to provide answers to particular questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including novel therapies and established interventions that call for more research and analysis.
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True or false? Usually, people consider only one property when choosing a material.
Answer: False
hope that help
topic 2 what is adaptive radiation? what makes it a macroevolutionary process (rather than a microevolutionary process)?
Adaptive radiation describes how species spread out over new geographic space and then adapt. In time, speciation is possible which is a maco process.
Adaptive radiation is a process in which a single ancestral species diverges into multiple new species in response to the availability of new ecological niches. This can happen when a species expands into a new geographic area with a different set of environmental conditions or when a species evolves new adaptations allowing it to exploit the latest ecological niche.
As the ancestral species adapt to the new environment and evolves traits, it may eventually diverge into multiple new species through the process of speciation. Speciation is the process by which two populations of a species become reproductively isolated from each other and evolve into distinct, genetically distinct species. This can happen through a variety of mechanisms, such as geographic isolation, behavioral isolation, or reproductive isolation.
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Which is the reproductive strategy to produce as many offspring as possible in a
short time period in order to take advantage of some environmental factor?
k-strategy
l-strategy
r-strategy
s-strategy
The correct answer is C . r-strategy , reproductive strategy to produce as many offspring as possible in a short time period is r-strategy.
What are R and K's reproductive tactics?In population biology mathematics, the phrases "r-strategy" and "K-strategy" denote two positions on a spectrum where gamete production and lifespan engage in a compensatory exchange (the K-strategy).
What are two methods of reproduction?Sexual reproduction occurs whenever the genetic material from two persons is mixed to produce genetically diverse children, as opposed to asexual reproduction, which occurs when one individual creates genetically identical offspring.
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Question of the picture is below
This patent foramen ovale is normally closed before the baby is born to enable the baby use its own lungs for gaseous exchange.
Failure of the hole to close would lead to damage to the heart and lungs in the baby.
What is the patent foramen ovale?The patent foramen ovale is a hole that exists between the left and right atria (upper chambers) of the heart.
The hole is present in every human fetus as the fetus is developing within the womb. The hole links the two upper chambers (atria) so that blood can pass between them.
The presence of the hole in the fetal heart is necessitated because, in the developing fetus, the lungs are not being used.
This hole is normally closed before the baby is born because when the fetus is delivered, it would begin to use its own lungs for gaseous exchange.
Failure of the hole to close after birth leads to a disease known as an atrial septal defect.
The effect of this condition on the baby is that it causes the inability of the baby to thrive.
It can also lead to damage to the heart and lungs.
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seedless plants a.help form communities.b.reduce soil erosion.c.add to soil depth.d.all of the above
Seedless plants reduce soil erosion, add soil depth, and help to form communities. Therefore, options A, B, and C are all correct (option D is the answer).
Seedless plants are plants that do not produce seeds. Instead, most of them primarily use haploid, unicellular spores to reproduce. Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails are some examples of seedless plants.
Seedless plants have an important role in the environment. Some of them are as follows:
They live in a new environment, such as newly exposed rock. When they die, their decomposed remains help to form a new, thin layer of soil, allowing other plants to grow in that area.They help to prevent and reduce soil erosion.While lichens and mosses tend to be the ones that create a new layer of soil, ferns add to soil depth.Learn more about seedless plants at https://brainly.com/question/19908918
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You seal a 1 lb plant in a large container with 10 lb of soil and 1 lb of water, you unseal it a month later and take the weight again, you find the plant is now 7 pounds, the soil is 10 lb, and water is 0.5 lb. define the law of conservation of matter, with this law in mind, where do you think that the plant gained most of its new weight.
The plant could have only gained most of its weight from the water and the atmosphere within the container by photosynthesis.
What is the law of conservation of matter?The law of conservation of matter states that matter is conserved in all circumstances. They can neither be created nor destroyed but their forms can change.
With this in mind, we now know that it is not possible for the plant to have gained its weight without explanations. 1 lb plant, 10 lb soil, and 1 lb water were all sealed in a large container. The only way the plant could have gained its weight was from the soil, the water, and or the atmosphere within the container.
After a month, the weight of the soil remains 10 lb. Thus, it is now sure that the plant did not gain any of its weight from the soil. The water is now 0.5 lb. This means that the plant has gained 0.5 lb from the water while the remaining weight gained by the plant can be traced to the atmosphere within the container.
This is explainable if the plant photosynthesized while sealed in the container. During photosynthesis, the plant would have gained more matter as a result of fixing carbon dioxide in the atmophere within the container into carbonhydrate with the help of water.
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Our modem system of classifying organisms is based on cider systems, mosdy that of
Carl Linnaeus. The system developed by Linnaeus classified organisms using what
characteristic?
B
C
D
Anatomical simlarnes
Kind of habitat
Mode of reproduction
Genetic makeup
Answer:
Anatomic similarities
Explanation:
To caue cancer proto-oncogene require…. Allele to be mutated and therefore are conidered…. The mutation reult in a…. Of function
The answer for the first blank is “one”.
The answer for the second blank is “dominant”.
The answer for the third blank is “gain” of function.
Proto-oncogenes need or demand only "one" allele (gene copy or variant) to be altered in order to cause cancer (changes in the deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA). One allele is all that is required for a proto-oncogene to develop into an oncogene that causes cancer. Since only one allele (or gene copy) is required to create an oncogene that induces cellular transformation and resulting in cancer, it is referred to as a "dominant" mutation. This type of mutation causes a "gain" in function since the affected cells can now divide uncontrollably and serve a new purpose.
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what physical feature of tortoises did darwin notice differed from island to island?
Darwin observed that the vegetation and wildlife on the various islands varied as well. As an illustration, the sea turtles on one beach had shells that were saddle-shaped, whereas those on some other island had shells.
What are some illustrations of the theory of evolution by Darwin?The tortoises, for instance, varied slightly between each island. According to Darwin, the vice governor of the colony "could at once detect out of which island any individual had brought" by glancing at a turtle's shell.
What distinguishes pinzn tortoises from Duncan tortoises?Pinzn Islands (formerly Duncan Island) tortoises are "saddle-backed," which refers to the way their shells raise in the front like a saddle. They can more easily elevate their necks to feed on taller cacti because to this modification. Tortoises originating in Santa Cruz.
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tenostosis is: a.fusion of a tendon. b.suture of a tendon. c.pertaining to a tendon. d.ossification of a tendon.
Tenostosis is the conversion of a tendon into the bone, thus the correct answer is option (D). Ossification of a tendon.
Connective tissue includes tendons. They are less flexible than other types of fibrous tissue but have considerable strength like rope and are formed of collagen fibers. Tendons' primary job is to join bones and muscles so that the body can work as it should. Tendon sheaths are tissue tubes that encircle the tendons like a tunnel and are filled with lubricating fluid. The tendon sheath shields the tendon from excessive friction and fraying. Synovial fluid covers the sheath's interior surface. The tendon can move forward and backward as a result. This indicates that the lengthy tendons are shielded as they pass through the synovial joints by tendon sheaths. When the tendon gets converted or ossifies into bone the condition is called as tenostosis.
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monocytes move from the systemic circulatory system into general connective tissues, where they differentiate into what phagocytic cell type?
Macrophage. When monocytes go from the rotation to the apkins, they develop into macrophages. When an infection arises, monocytes resettle to the apkins. Over the course of around 8 hours, the monocytes grow significantly, induce grains, and transfigure into macrophages.
What about cells?The lowest unit in biology that can sustain life on its own and makes up all living effects as well as the body's apkins.The cell membrane, the nexus, and therefore the cytoplasm are the three primary factors of a cell.The chemicals that enter and leave the cell are governed by the cell membrane, which encloses the cell.There are numerous billions of cells within the mortal body.They give the body structure, absorb nutrients from reflections, turn those nutrients into energy, and perform certain tasks.Intricate arrangements of bitsy filaments and hundreds or indeed thousands of bitsy, unique structures mentioned as organelles can be set up in the cytoplasm.All living effects have cells as their abecedarian structure blocks.Cells Give the structure, absorb nutrients from reflections, and perform critical tasks.Cells are frequently stretched, globular, or indirect.Some cells have lengthy ends that are pointed.They've a spindle-like appearance.Occasionally, cells might be rather lengthy.Some have branches, kind of a neuron or a whim-whams cell.Learn more about cell here:
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it is experimentally determined that the percentage of adenine in the dna of a particular organism is equal to approximately 32 % 32%. what proportion of guanine would be expected in this dna?
The percentage of guanine in a DNA molecule can be determined from the percentage of adenine. Each of the four nucleotide bases that make up DNA—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine—are present in equal proportions. This means that if adenine is present at 32%, then guanine must also be present at 32%.
Adenine and guanine are two of the four bases of DNA, and they are complementary bases. This means that if one is present in a DNA strand, then the other must also be present. This is due to the fact that adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine always pairs with cytosine. Therefore, if the percentage of adenine in a particular organism’s DNA is 32%, then the percentage of guanine must be 32% as well.
The complementary relationship between the two bases is an important part of DNA and its structure. The base pairs hold the DNA strand together, and if one is missing, then the entire strand can unravel. This is why it is important to ensure that all four of the bases are present in the correct proportions in order for the DNA strand to remain intact and functional.
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What is the part of the enzyme that the substrate fits to either be broken down or built up?
Hello,
I hope you and your family are doing well!
The part of the enzyme that the substrate fits into is called the active site.
The active site of an enzyme is a specific region on the surface of the enzyme that binds to the substrate and allows the enzyme to perform its specific chemical reaction on the substrate. The active site is typically located on a flexible loop or "lid" on the surface of the enzyme and is complementary in shape to the substrate.
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How do you analyze and interpret data and evidence on the classification of organisms using tables, graphs, charts, diagrams, models, or other tools?
Analyzing and interpreting data and evidence on the classification of organisms can be done by using a variety of tools.
What is classification of organisms?Classification of organisms is the process of grouping living things into categories based on similarities. This process is known as taxonomy, and it has been used for centuries to better understand and describe the incredible variety of life on Earth.
Tables, graphs, charts, diagrams and models can all be used to help understand the relationships between organisms and how they are classified. Tables can be used to compare and contrast the characteristics of different species, while graphs, charts, and diagrams can be used to visualize the relationship between different groups of organisms. Models can be used to illustrate the process of how different organisms are classified. By using these tools, it is possible to gain a deeper understanding of the classification of organisms and how they are related.
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Meiosis cell division replicates a cell's DNA ___ then divides ____. None of the answer choices are correct once, twice twice, once twice; twice once; once
Meiosis cell division replicates a cell's DNA once then divides twice.
Meiosis is a method of cell division of germ cells that produces gametes including such sperm or egg cells in organisms that reproduce sexually. It consists of two rounds of segment that yield four cells with only each copy of the each chromosome.
Mitosis is a type of cell division that occurs in somatic cells as well as in the asexual reproduction of unicellular eukaryotic cells. Meiosis is a type of cell division used in sexual reproduction to produce gametes. Meiosis is critical because it ensures that almost all organisms produced by sexual reproduction have the complete set of chromosomes. Meiosis also generates genetic variation through the recombination process.
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complete the following sorting exercise to be sure you understand how the two break repair mechanisms are similar and different.
The two broken repair methods are similar and different when using NHEJ Repair just, HDR Repair alone, or combined NHEJ & HDR Repair.
ONLY NHEJ Repair - The process for repairing DNA double-strand breaks is called non-homologous end joining (NHEJ).
1. More prone to mistakes; more likely to cause indels and frameshift mutations.
2. Frequently generates non-functional null mutants.
3. Only calls for ligating broken DNA fragments.
HDR restoration is preferable for making complex replacements. ONLY 1. Both of these repair mechanisms are active in the majority of cells, but in the presence of a homologous template, the HDR route is often less effective than the NHEJ pathway.
1. The frequency increases following single-strand breakage.
2. Use an immature homologous chromosome as a template.
HDR & NHEJ Repair both; NHEJ is an error-prone method that joins broken ends of DNA, which frequently leads to a heterogeneous pool of deletions and insertions whereas HDR is a precise restoration mechanism that employs homologous donor DNA to mend DNA damage.
1. occurs after a DNA break (including breaks made by Cas9).
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a sea anemone has radial symmetry; its touch receptors and eye spots are located all around its circular body. a deer has large eyes and ears and a sensitive nose, all of which are clustered at the head end of its body. which difference in these two organisms most likely accounts for this difference in the location of sensory organs?
The difference in body shape between a sea anemone and a deer is the most likely cause of the difference in the location of their sensory organs. Sea anemones have radial symmetry, meaning they have a circular body with equal parts radiating outward from the center. This structure allows the anemone to have touch receptors and eye spots located all around its body.
In contrast, a deer has a body that is elongated and asymmetrical. It has a head at one end and a tail at the other. The deer’s large eyes, ears, and sensitive nose are clustered at the head end of its body, allowing it to have a better view of its surroundings and better detect potential threats. This arrangement is advantageous for the deer and allows it to have better survival chances by giving it a greater awareness of its environment.
The differences in body shape between a sea anemone and a deer account for the differences in the location of their sensory organs. The radial symmetry of the sea anemone allows it to have receptors and eye spots located all around its body, while the elongated and asymmetrical body of the deer allows its sensory organs to be clustered at the head end of its body. This arrangement allows the deer to better detect potential threats and increase its chances of survival.
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