During exercise, muscles produce: 1. pyruvate from glycolysis
2 NH2 generated by typical protein breakdown
Pyruvate + NH2 = Alanine
The blood transports alanine to the liver.
Alanine is converted back to pyruvate by the liver.
Pyruvate: Alanine + NH2
Glucose is produced from pyruvate (gluconeogenesis)
Muscle receives glucose to be used as energy once more.
NH2 is converted by the liver to urea for excretion.
Organic substances known as amino acids have both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Alpha-amino acids, which make up proteins, are by far the most significant of the hundreds of amino acids found in nature. In the genetic code, only 22 alpha amino acids are present.
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Which of the statements is a correct description of the role of enzymes in catalyzing biochemical reactions?
Enzymes provide the necessary activation energy to reach the transition state.
Enzymes decrease the ΔG of reactions, making them proceed rapidly.
Enzymes increase the ΔG of reactions, making them proceed rapidly.
Enzymes stabilize the transition state and decrease its free energy.
"Enzymes stabilize the transition state and decrease its free energy" is correct about the role of enzymes.
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts with the aid of accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may also act are known as substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into distinct molecules known as products.
Enzymes are crucial for digestion, liver function, and much more. An excessive amount of or too little of a sure enzyme can reason fitness issues. Enzymes in our blood can also assist healthcare carriers to check for injuries and sicknesses.
Characteristics of enzymes:
* Enzymes are complicated macromolecules with a high molecular weight
* They catalyze biochemical reactions in a cell.
* Enzymes have an effect on the rate of biochemical response and not the direction.
* Enzymes are unique in movement.
* Enzymatic activity decreases with growth in temperature.
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Figure 2: Organisms to be identifiedFigure 3: Dichotomous keyWhat do you notice about the options of each step as they go from number one up?How does your answer from Question 1 relate to the Linnaean classification system?
Dichotomous means divided into two parts, and in a dichotomous key, each step attempts to narrow the choices based primarily on the characteristics of an organism and assist the user in identifying the item.
A dichotomous key is a useful scientific tool for identifying different organisms based on their observable characteristics. Dichotomous keys are made up of a series of statements, each with two options, that guide users to the correct identification. It starts with tree, flower, animal, vegetable, or mineral and continues until all other possibilities are exhausted.
The three most common types of dichotomous keys are nested, linked, and branched dichotomous keys. In the nested type, humans get the answer to each statement that is nested right next to it. We use text lists to identify objects in linked types. The dichotomous key inside the branched type is created using a tree diagram.
Linnaeus didn't take into account the relationships among similar species, and the classification is a rank-based system. As a result, the Linnaean classification scheme as well as Dichotomous key use physical characteristics of organisms to group people together.
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There is a certain grammar to the genetic code, or rules to follow so that the message can be effectively translated from DNA into functional protein. Codons are y base "words" that code for specific amino acids. They are and never the words. Reading Frame T6] G G A Cl Isi UAU UIA HA NA strand 3' There is a certain grammar t0 the genetic code;or rules t0 follow So that the message can be effectively translated from DNA into functional protein Te d Codons are base words" that code for specific amino hcids. They are and never the words: on DONB'
Of signs, words, messages sent by code, or other noises. Short sentences, words, or syllables used in standardized articulation tests provide a measurement
At specific locations on the DNA known as replication origins, a protein complex called a DNA helicase attaches to the DNA. The genetic code's base substitution symmetry predicts 2' or 3' REFERENCE WORDS: Photoionization, R-matrix, Cross section, and ion that resembles beryllium Participants read 54 genuine words ending in /a, e, o/, with either final /e/ or /o/, to determine which final form best fits the complete framework for orthogonal polynomials. An Integrative Molecular Biology Kinetic Formalism: appearance in The words themselves can be anything from a collection of consensus amino acid sequences
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would administration of a drug formulation with clavulanic acid as its only active ingredient combat a bacterial infection? why or why not?
No, the administration of a drug formulation with clavulanic acid as its only active ingredient would not combat bacterial infection.
Clavulanic acid is a beta lactum drug that acts as an inhibitor. It has a fairly weak antibiotic property. That means a drug that only has clavulanic acid as its only active ingredient won't be able to combat any bacterial infection.
Clavulanic acid can be combined with other drugs, such as amoxicillin. When combined with amoxicillin, it can combat bacterial infection pretty effectively. Amoxicillin degrades the bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis and weakening them, while clavulanic acid prevents the inactivation of amoxicillin by binding to the active site of the enzyme that is related to beta-lactamases. This drug combination is used to treat sinus, UTI, and many other bacterial infections.
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what is the general relationship between species richness and ecosystem function and resilience to disturbances? and, why?
The mechanism of cohabitation shapes the link between species richness and ecosystem variability. theory linking environmental diversity to species richness.
What distinguishes species diversity from species abundance?The number of members of each species in a region is known as its species abundance. Additionally, it has a numerical quality. The phrase "species diversity" refers to the variety of species present in a region (also known as "species richness"), as well as their abundance and distribution within that ecosystem. It serves as a gauge of the ecosystem's diversity.
Does the functioning of an ecosystem at the landscape scale depend on species richness?The association between species richness and ecosystem functioning may thus generally be stronger at the landscape size than at lower ones, according to our findings.
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Which of the following is NOT an example of big data at play?
•list of the largest stellar-mass black holes in the universe
•national chain of restaurants trying to figure out how to bring in more customers P
• large apartment complex hoping to understand the average age of its residents
•government study that calculates which states have the highest voting rates
Restaurant chains around the country are attempting to increase their consumer base.
A biological chain is what?A set of species that are devoured in a logical order, distributing calories and nutrients along the way, is referred to as a food chain. Each organism in a food chain is at a particular trophic level, which is determined by the amount of energy transfers distance it from the chain's primary energy source.
What makes it the "food chain"?All living organisms get their energy from eating.For food, animals rely on other living things. While some animals only eat plants, others devour other creatures. A food chain is the progression of energy supplied by the sun to plants, animals, and then more animals.
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2. Which statement best describes an event that contributes to the production of ATP?
A. Pyruvic acid is broken down to form carbon dioxide.
B. Oxygen molecules are broken down and converted into pyruvic acid.
C. High-energy electrons are passed to NAD+ forming NADH.
D. Carbon atoms in glucose are transformed into energy in the form of ATP.
Answer:
Explanation:
The raw materials for a model summarizing cellular respiration is ; ( B ) Glucose and oxygen.
The statement that best describes an event in the model which contributes to ATP production is ; ( D ) carbon atoms in the glucose are transformed into energy in the form of ATP
Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions whereby the cells in an organisms take in oxygen and converts glucose found in the cells into ATP ( emergy ) needed by the organisms. while carbon dioxide and water is given out as a by product in the process. while
During ATP production the carbon atoms in the glucose are transformed into energy in the form of ATP
Hence we can conclude that The answer to your questions are B and D
explain why allopatric speciation would be less likely on an island close to a mainland than on a more isolated island.
An isolated island is where allotropic speciation is most likely to happen. Because of the island's proximity to the mainland, there is less chance of gene , the emergence of new species.
A nearby island to the mainland would have a lower probability of allopatric speciation than an isolated island of the same size. The breakaway group's gene pool could not be reflective of the parental population due to its tiny number. We anticipate this outcome because allotropic speciation ongoing gene flow between populations on the mainland and those on a neighboring island lowers the likelihood that there will be sufficient genetic diversity to lead to allopatric speciation.
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what is the difference between structural support in plant and mechanical support in plant
The structural support of the plant is provided by the cellulose embedded in the cell wall while the mechanical support is provided by collenchyma cells.
How is the plant supported structurally?Plant structural support is the permanent deposition of polymers such as lignin or cellulose in cell walls to maintain the shape of the plant and its cells.
Cellulose is an important structural component of the cell walls of plant cells. Cellulose provides structural rigidity and tensile strength to these cells. Cellulose is made from many covalently-linked glucose monosaccharides.
Collenchyma cells have thick walls that are especially thick at their corners. These cells provide mechanical support for the plant.
Collenchyma is a living, elongated, mechanical and flexible ground tissue with angular pectin depositions; present just under leaves, tendrils and stems of climbers; formed before vascular differentiation.
The major difference between the mechanical support and structural support can be found mentioned above.
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the synthesis of sugar molecules through photosynthesis requires energy to be absorbed from sunlight. considering this fact, what kind of reaction is photosynthesis?
Energy from sunlight must be absorbed for the photosynthesis of sugar molecules to occur. Therefore, photosynthesis is an endergonic process.
Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction since it uses energy. This energy comes from light, most often from sunshine. The process transforms the electromagnetic energy of the sun into hydrogen gas, which is subsequently kept in the plant through chemical bonds. On Earth's surface, sunlight serves as the main energy source. Plants use their leaves to capture light energy during photosynthesis. Water and carbon dioxide are converted by plants into a sugar known as glucose using the power of the sun. Plants use glucose as a source of energy and to create other compounds like starch and cellulose. Because they are autotrophs, plants make their own nourishment. Using photosynthesis, they convert water, sunlight, as well as carbon dioxide into oxygen and simple sugars that the plant consumes as fuel.
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sediment is usually deposited by the stream at locations where the stream...
Sediment is usually deposited by the stream at locations where the stream the speed of the water current decreases.
Sediments are the soils and rocks that rivers and streams deposit. Where the flow of the water is slower, rivers and streams deposit sediment. In rivers, whereas erosion happens along the outside bank of the curve where the water flows much quicker, deposition occurs along the inside bank of the bend where the water flows slower.
Fast-flowing water leads to the formation of a delta. A delta is a fan-shaped mound of debris left behind near a stream's mouth. A delta is often formed of mud and develops on flat terrain.
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the stage of the cell cycle where each chromosome is composed of two chromatids in preparation for mitosis is called phase____.
The stage of the cell cycle where each chromosome is composed of two chromatids in preparation for mitosis is called phase S.
Each chromatid was duplicated as a result of S. The sister chromatids are still referred to as one chromosomes since they have a single centromere. The cells are in G2 and getting ready for M when finished.
phase S. The cell creates a full copy of the DNA in its nucleus during the S phase. Additionally, it makes duplicates of the centrosome, a structure that organizes microtubules. During M phase, the centrosomes aid in the separation of DNA.
A normal diploid somatic cell enters S phase with a 2N complement of DNA and ends it with a 4N complement of DNA. S phase is a period of extensive DNA synthesis during which the cell replicates its genetic material.
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the pelvic splanchnic nerves originate from the neuron cell bodies housed within the lateral gray matter of the ______ spinal cord segments.
Answer: S2 to S4
Explanation:
Is Mm heterozygous or homozygous?
Answer:
Heterozygous
Explanation:
Mm is heterozygous because one is dominant and one is recessive.
Answer: Homozygous genotypes
Explanation: there it is
as noted in our origins, this modern human population exhibits the greatest genetic diversity today?
sub-Saharan Africans human population exhibits the greatest genetic diversity today.
sub-Saharan Africans
Geographically speaking, Sub-Saharan Africa refers to the parts of the African continent south of the Sahara. West Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, and Southern Africa are among them.
Geographically, according to the United Nations definition, the term may also cover polities that only have a portion of their territory located in that region, in addition to the African countries and territories that are totally situated in that particular region (UN). According to the organization defining the region, there are between 46 and 48 countries included in this non-standard geographical area (e.g., UN, WHO, World Bank, etc.). The African Union, which recognizes all 55 of the continent's Member States, divides them into five clearly defined regional groups.
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in what circumstances would natural selection favor individuals with accelerated development of reproduction traits relative to somatic traits?
when prey used during the development of an animal is more common than prey utilized when an animal is an adult.
What is reproduction explain?Procreation and asexual reproduction are the two basic forms. Any organism that reproduces physically inherits both of its parents' genes while also being genetically unique. Genetically identical children are produced through asexual reproduction via having one parent repeat itself.
What are types of reproduction?These two different types human reproduction are asexual reproduction and procreation. Even though asexual reproduction is faster and much more energy-efficient, procreation better promotes genetic variety via novel allele combinations throughout meiosis and fertilization.
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given this background extinction rate, how many of the ~40,000 vertebrate species would we expect to go extinct since 1500 under normal circumstances?
There would be 8 extinctions. we expect to go extinct since 1500 under normal circumstances
WHAT IS BACKGRROUND EXTINCTION RATE?
The term "background extinction rate," also known as "normal extinction rate," describes the number of species that, in accordance with non-anthropogenic (non-human) circumstances, would be expected to become extinct over time.“Millions of species years (MSY)” is a unit, which refers to the number of extinctions expected per 10,000 species per 100 years.2 E/MSY, or 2 extinctions per 10,000 species every 100 years, is a conservative estimate of the background extinction rate for all vertebrate creatures.Hence, keeping that in mind there would be 8 extinctions as there are ~40,000 species.
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15 a variety of plant produces small white fruit. a stem was removed from this organism and planted in a garden. if this stem grows into a new plant, it would most likely produce select one: a. large pink fruit, only b. small red and small white fruit on the same plant c. small white fruit, only d. large red fruit, only clear my choice
My choice would be c. small white fruit, only. If the stem of the original organism is planted in a garden, it will most likely produce small white fruit, just like the original organism.
When a stem is removed from a plant and planted in a garden, the chances of it growing into a new plant are quite high. In this case, the original plant produces small white fruit, so if the stem were to grow into a new plant, it would most likely produce small white fruit as well. This is because the stem carries the genetic material of the original plant, which includes the information about the type of fruit it produces.
Large red or pink fruit on the same plant as small white fruit is highly unlikely. This is because the genetic material carried by the stem does not contain the genetic information for the production of large red or pink fruit. Therefore, if the stem were to grow into a new plant, it would most likely produce small white fruit, only.
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describe the route of a protein that is destined to be secreted out of the cell. include all organelles and vesicles used.
The secretory pathway refers to the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and the vesicles that proteins go through in addition to the cell membrane and lysosomes. It's named 'secretory' for being the pathway f which the cell secretes proteins into the extracellular environment. This pathway additionally manufactures proteins that will be membrane-bound (whether in the cell membrane, in the ER or Golgi membranes), lysosomal enzymes, and any proteins that will be alive along the secretory pathway itself.
The secretory pathway transports the proteins to the surface of the cell where they can be secreted. this pathways can be divided into two systems:
The regulated secretory pathway, and the constitutive secretory pathway. For many proteins within the constitutive secretory pathway, this secretory method takes place at a steady rate which is decided by how speedy the proteins are synthesized. However, the regulated secretory pathway operates by creating storage space within the cells where proteins to be secreted are stored. Upon an appropriate stimulus, those spaces fuse with the cell membrane and permit a burst of contents to be secreted. Regulated secretion is used in multicellular organisms to perform a range of functions which include hormonal regulation and neuronal communication.
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8.What type of eruption produces a viscous magma containing 52% silica and a gas
content of 1.5%?
Answer:
A viscous magma containing 52% silica and gas would produce a felsic, or explosive, eruption. Felsic eruptions typically produce lava flows that are thick and sticky, and can contain a high concentration of silica. These eruptions can also produce large ash clouds and pyroclastic flows, as the gas trapped in the magma expands and escapes during the eruption. Examples of felsic volcanic eruptions include the eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 and the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991.
In a single strand from a DNA molecule, nucleotides are linked by covalent bonds between:
a. sugar and phosphate groups
b. sugar and nitrogenous bases
c. phosphate groups and nitrogeneous bases
d. nitrogenous bases
In a single strand from a DNA molecule, nucleotides are linked by covalent bonds between a. sugar and phosphate groups.
Structure of DNA:
One illustration for the DNA structure is a twisted ladder. The image above shows what is referred to as this structure's double-helix shape. It is a nucleic acid, and nucleotides are the building blocks of all nucleic acids. Each nucleotide, which makes up a portion of the DNA molecule, is made up of three separate substances, including sugar, phosphate groups, and nitrogen bases.
Nucleotides, which consist of a sugar group, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base, are the fundamental components of DNA. Each DNA strand is made up of the nucleotides that are joined by the sugar and phosphate groups.
Through ester linkages, the phosphate of one nucleotide is covalently bonded to the sugar of the following nucleotide (a bond in which one or more pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms).
So, the the link between nucleotides is sugar and phosphate groups.
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7 which statement indicates that different parts of the genetic information are used in different kinds of cells, even in the same organism? select one: a. offspring have a combination of genes from both parents. [2] b. replicated chromosomes separate during gamete formation. c. the cells produced by a zygote usually have different genes. d. as an embryo develops, various tissues and organs are produced.
The correct statement which describes different parts of the genetic information are used in different kinds of cells is b)replicated chromosomes separate during gamete formation. So, correct option is b.
Mendel suggested that matching and partition of a couple of chromosomes at the hour of gamete development will prompt isolation of sets of elements as variables are conveyed by chromosomes. Thus, they demonstrated Mendel's law of isolation that expresses that elements controlling a person separate during gamete development.
The information on chromosomal development and isolation was joined with Mendelian standards and this was called chromosomal hypothesis of legacy. Partition of the sets of chromosomes at the hour of gamete development neither outcomes in the arrangement of zygote nor influences the cycle. The development of zygote happens when the male gamete wires with the female gamete.
Hence, correct option is b.
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A student placed 20 tobacco seeds of the same species on moist paper towels in each of two petri dishes. Dish A was wrapped completely in an opaque cover to exclude all light. Dish B was not wrapped. The dishes were placed equidistant from a light source set to a cycle of 14 hours of light and 10 hours of dark. All other conditions were the same for both dishes. The dishes were examined after 7 days, and the opaque cover was permanently removed from dish A. Both dishes were returned to the light and examined again at 14 days. The following data were obtained. Additional observations were made on day 21, and no yellow-leaved seedlings were found alive in either dish. This is most likely because: ________
This is most likely because the tobacco seeds required light in order to germinate, and the opaque cover prevented the seeds in Dish A from receiving any light.
The dishes were placed equidistant from a light source set to a cycle of 14 hours of light and 10 hours of dark. All other conditions were the same for both dishes. The dishes were examined after 7 days, and by the time the cover was removed on day 7, the seeds in Dish A were already too far behind in their development, as the seeds in Dish B had been receiving light for 7 days and had already begun to germinate.
By day 14, the seeds in Dish A had not had enough time to catch up to the seeds in Dish B, and so none of the yellow-leaved seedlings survived in either dish.
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the enzyme dna covalently links nucleotides to synthesize new dna strands together during dna replication. t or f
The assertion is true. During DNA replication, the enzyme DNA Polymerase covalently joins nucleotides to create new DNA strands.
Semi-conservatism applies to DNA replication. The double helix's strands serve as models for the creation of new, complementary strands. DNA polymerases, which require a template and a primer (beginning) and synthesise DNA in the 5' to 3' orientation, are the enzymes responsible for creating new DNA.
Only strands or primers of DNA or RNA that are base paired with the template can have nucleotides added to them by the DNA synthesis enzyme, DNA polymerase. The covalent binding of the incoming nucleotide to the primer requires the enzyme DNA polymerase.
Therefore, we can conclude that the proposition is accurate. During DNA replication, the enzyme DNA Polymerase covalently joins nucleotides to create new DNA strands.
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Most body water comes from _____, whereas most body water is lost via ___.A) metabolic water; cutaneous transpiration
B) metabolic water; sweat
C) drinking; cutaneous transpiration and expired air
D) drinking; urine
E) drinking; radiation
Answer:
c answer is correct please
Pathogens of the skin often enter via hair follicles and ducts of the sweat glands.
Skin pathogens frequently enter the body through sweat gland ducts and hair follicles. The assertion is accurate.
There are numerous methods for bacteria to enter your body. They just need an opening to squeeze through. For instance, they might get into your body through your mouth, nose, or ears. Bacteria can even enter through extremely small openings, such as the pores on your skin.
Hair has a role in pathogen defense, a critical biological process in addition to helping us stay warm.
Instead of entering through the hair follicles and sweat glands, skin pathogens enter by breaching the skin barrier.
The claim is therefore false
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heart rate and stroke volume decrease under decreased parasympathetic stimulation.truefalse
Heart rate and stroke volume decrease under decreased parasympathetic stimulation is True.
When the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated, the heart rate decreases and the stroke volume increases. This is because the parasympathetic nervous system stimulates the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which binds to muscarinic receptors on the sinoatrial node of the heart, causing a decrease in the heart rate and an increase in the stroke volume. The decrease in heart rate is due to a decrease in the release of excitatory neurotransmitters, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, which stimulate the heart rate. The increase in stroke volume is due to the increased relaxation of the atrioventricular valves, which allow more blood to be pumped out of the heart with each beat.
Parasympathetic stimulation is responsible for slowing the heart rate and increasing the stroke volume of the heart. When parasympathetic stimulation is decreased, both the heart rate and the stroke volume decrease. This can be seen in cases of increased sympathetic stimulation, such as during exercise or periods of stress. During these times, the heart rate increases and the stroke volume decreases as the parasympathetic system is inhibited.
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Select the part whose main job is to sort and package proteins and other substances in an animal cell.
answer choices
mitochondria
golgi
nuclues
The Golgi apparatus alters, sorts, and bundles various substances for secretion out of the cell, or for use inside the cell.
The Golgi apparatus is an enormous organelle that processes proteins and sets them up for utilize both inside and outside the cell. It was recognized in 1898 by the Italian doctor Camillo Golgi. The Golgi apparatus alters, sorts, and bundles various substances for secretion out of the cell, or for use inside the cell. The Golgi apparatus is found near the core of the cell where it alters proteins that have been conveyed in transport vesicles from the Harsh Endoplasmic Reticulum. It is additionally engaged with the vehicle of lipids around the cell. Bits of the Golgi film squeeze off to form vesicles that transport atoms around the cell. The Golgi apparatus can be considered like a mail center; it bundles and names "things" and afterward sends them to various pieces of the cell. The Golgi apparatus will in general be bigger and more various in cells that orchestrate and discharge huge amounts of materials; for instance, the plasma B cells and the counter acting agent emitting cells of the safe framework have noticeable Golgi edifices.
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considered efferent nerves; transmit impulse away from neural cell body in cns to stimulate a target muscle, organ, or gland
These are majorly motor nerves.
Efferent nerves and afferent nerves are the two primary types of nerves found in the peripheral nervous system of vertebrates.The efferent nerves are the nerves responsible for transferring nerve impulses out from the central nervous system. They deliver impulses to the organs and muscles.Efferent nerves include motor nerves, which are composed of a series of motor neurons. They supply muscle innervation and come from the spinal cord. They take in central nervous system impulses and use the effector to trigger the proper reaction.The motor neurons' health or injury would impact how muscles move.Therefore, motor nerves are responsible for signal transduction and stimulation of targeted muscle, organ or gland.
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in classical conditioning, repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus lead to
In classical conditioning, repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus (CS) without the unconditioned stimulus (US) can lead to extinction of the conditioned response.
Extinction is the process by which the conditioned response becomes weaker or disappears over time due to the absence of the unconditioned stimulus. For example, consider a person who has been conditioned to associate the sound of a bell with the sight of food. When the bell is rung, the person salivates (a conditioned response). If the bell is rung repeatedly without the food being presented, the person's salivation response will eventually decrease or disappear. This is because the absence of the food (the unconditioned stimulus) means that the conditioned response is no longer reinforced, and the association between the bell and food becomes weaker over time. In summary, repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus can lead to extinction of the conditioned response.
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