In Eukaryotes, the respiratory chain occur inside the cell in the place called as Mitochondria.
An organelle called a mitochondrion may be found in the cells of the majority of eukaryotes, including mammals, plants, and fungi. The voluntary muscles of insects employ adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is produced by mitochondria via aerobic respiration and used as a source of chemical energy throughout the cell.
In certain multicellular animals, some cells (like adult human red blood cells) lack mitochondria. Numerous unicellular organisms have shrunk or changed their mitochondria into different structures, including microsporidia, parabasalids, and diplomonads. One multicellular creature, Henneguya salminicola, is known to have preserved mitochondrion-related organelles in conjunction with a full loss of their mitochondrial DNA. Monocercomonoides, a eukaryote, is known to have entirely lost its mitochondria.
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The manufacture of infant formula in the United States is closely regulated by the ___.
The manufacture of infant formula in the United States is closely regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
The FDA is a federal agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services that is responsible for ensuring the safety and efficacy of a wide range of products, including foods, drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics. The agency is tasked with regulating the manufacture, labeling, and distribution of infant formula in the United States to ensure that it meets certain safety and nutritional standards.
The FDA has established specific requirements for the composition, quality, and safety of infant formula, including guidelines for the types and amounts of nutrients that must be included in the formula. Manufacturers of infant formula are required to comply with these regulations and must obtain FDA approval before marketing their products in the United States.
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Question 18 Marks: 1 The female and male mosquito feed only on the blood of humans and animals.Choose one answer. a. True b. False
The given statement "The female and male mosquito feed only on the blood of humans and animals" is false because Male mosquitoes do not bite humans or animals, and their primary role is to mate with female mosquitoes
While female mosquitoes need a blood meal to lay eggs, both male and female mosquitoes get their energy from plant nectar and other sugar sources.
Female mosquitoes are the only ones who feed on human and animal blood in order to get the protein they need to lay eggs.
Male mosquitos do not bite humans or animals, and their main function is to mate with female mosquitos. As a result the given is false.
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the second agricultural revolution coincided with...
a. the Enlightenment
b. the Industrial Revolution
c. Imperialism
d. the Age of Revolutions
e. the first wave of European migration
The Second Agricultural Revolution coincided with b. the Industrial Revolution.
The Second Agricultural Revolution was a period of agricultural development that took place in Europe and North America between the 17th and 19th centuries, and it coincided with the Industrial Revolution. The Second Agricultural Revolution was characterized by a range of technological innovations and improvements in agricultural practices, including the use of new tools and machinery, the development of new crop varieties, and the adoption of new methods of crop rotation and soil management. The innovations of the Second Agricultural Revolution helped to increase agricultural productivity and efficiency, which in turn supported the growth of urbanization and industrialization. As agriculture became more productive, fewer people were needed to work in the agricultural sector, freeing up labor for other industries. Additionally, the increased productivity of agriculture helped to support the growth of populations in urban areas, which in turn created new markets for agricultural products and other goods.
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Question 66
It is estimated that less than 62% of water and foodborne diseases are not reported.
a. True b. False
a. True. It is estimated that less than 62% of water and foodborne diseases are not reported.
Water and foodborne diseases are a significant public health concern worldwide, and many cases go unreported due to a variety of factors. These diseases can be caused by a range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which can contaminate food and water sources. One reason that many cases go unreported is that symptoms of these diseases can be relatively mild and may not be immediately recognized as being caused by a food or waterborne illness. Additionally, many people may not seek medical care for these types of illnesses, particularly in areas where access to healthcare is limited. Underreporting of food and waterborne diseases can make it difficult to accurately track the incidence and prevalence of these illnesses, which can in turn make it challenging to develop effective prevention and control strategies.
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The ___________ is composed of epithelia and connective tissues that reduce friction between organs in the abdominal cavity.
The peritoneum is composed of epithelia and connective tissues that reduce friction between organs in the abdominal cavity.
The serous membrane, also known as serosa or serous lining, is composed of epithelia and connective tissues that reduce friction between organs in the abdominal cavity. The serous membrane covers the organs and lines the walls of the abdominal cavity, allowing them to move and slide against each other with minimal friction during movements such as digestion or respiration. The serous membrane consists of two layers: the visceral layer that covers the organs and the parietal layer that lines the abdominal cavity. Between these two layers, there is a small amount of serous fluid that acts as a lubricant, reducing friction and allowing the organs to move smoothly against each other.
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Does NAD+ or NADH have more energy?
NADH has more amount of energy as compared to NAD+ as it contains more number of bonds as well as electrons.
NADH basically has more amount of energy as compared to the NAD+ because it carries two extra electrons as well as one extra hydrogen ion. These extra electrons and the hydrogen ions are highly energetic and can be used to produce ATP which is basically the primary energy currency of the cell.
In the process of cellular respiration, NADH donates its electrons and hydrogen ions to the ETC or the electron transport chain, which produces ATP through a process called oxidative phosphorylation.
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action potentials are propagated from the surface to the interior of a muscle fiber by way of a. the sarcomeres. b. the sarcoplasmic reticulum. c. the endomysium. d. the myofibrils. e. the t tubules.
The correct answer is e. the t tubules. Action potentials are generated on the surface of a muscle fiber and are then propagated to the interior of the muscle fiber by way of the t tubules.
Action potentials are propagated from the surface to the interior of a muscle fiber through the t tubules, which are invaginations of the sarcolemma that allow for the rapid spread of electrical impulses throughout the muscle fiber. The sarcoplasmic reticulum plays a role in the release and reuptake of calcium ions during muscle contraction, but it is not directly involved in the propagation of action potentials. The sarcomeres, myofibrils, and endomysium are all structural components of the muscle fiber, but they do not play a direct role in the propagation of action potentials.
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Question 36
Parts of the country that fail to bring their pollution levels into compliance with National Ambient Air Quality Standards are called:
a. Defect action areas
b. Deficit areas
c. Non-attainment areas
d. Non-compliant areas
The parts of the country that fail to bring their pollution levels into compliance with National Ambient Air Quality Standards are called non-attainment areas. option (c)
These areas are defined by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and include geographic regions or metropolitan areas that exceed federal air quality standards for one or more pollutants such as ozone, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. Non-attainment areas are required to develop and implement plans to reduce their pollution levels and meet the air quality standards.
This may involve implementing emission control measures, improving transportation systems, and other strategies aimed at reducing air pollution.
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Question 5 of 25
An environmental impact statement (EIS) for a new highway would be most
likely to include which of the following?
O A. Potential profits from tolls
B. Possibility of using Superfunds to offset pollution
C. Potential light, noise, air, and water pollution
OD. Possibility of new jobs
SUBMIT
An environmental impact statement (EIS) for a new highway would most likely include Potential light, noise, air, and water pollution. Option C
What does An environmental impact statement (EIS) entail?An environmental impact statement (EIS) focuses on assessing the potential environmental consequences of a proposed project. It would likely include an evaluation of potential light, noise, air, and water pollution resulting from the construction and operation of the new highway.
The EIS is typically required by law for large projects that may have significant impacts on the environment, and it provides decision-makers and the public with information about the potential environmental effects of the proposed project.
The EIS may also include alternatives to the proposed project, as well as measures to mitigate or minimize the potential environmental impacts.
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The discovery of a gene associated with short sleepers means that
The discovery of a gene associated with short sleepers means that there is now a better understanding of the genetic basis of sleep duration and its associated health outcomes.
It is understood that the DEC2 gene regulates circadian rhythm. This finding may shed light on why some people naturally require less sleep than others and why prolonged sleep is linked to a higher risk of disease.
Additionally, this gene may shed light on the possibility of creating fresh treatments for illnesses linked to sleep deprivation and irregular circadian rhythms.
Additionally, it might open the door for improved sleep tracking and monitoring technology, which might be applied to assist people in better managing their sleep.
Complete Question:
The discovery of a gene associated with short sleepers means that ______.
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As discussed in lecture, early evidence suggests that CNVs are associated with genes involved in:
As discussed in the lecture, early evidence suggests that CNVs (Copy Number Variants) are associated with genes involved in various biological processes such as neurodevelopment, immunity, and metabolism.
For example, CNVs in the CNTNAP2 gene have been associated with language impairment and an autism spectrum disorder.
Similarly, CNVs in the FCGR3B gene have been linked to autoimmune diseases like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
In addition, CNVs in the AMY1 gene, which encodes an enzyme involved in starch digestion, have been associated with differences in dietary habits and metabolic traits.
While the specific mechanisms underlying these associations are not yet fully understood, these findings suggest that CNVs may play a significant role in the genetic basis of complex traits and diseases.
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_____ is the process where new genes evolve from duplicates of old ones.Duplication and divergenceInversionReciprocal translocationDeletionCentromere dosage
The process where new genes evolve from duplicates of old ones is called duplication and divergence.
This occurs when a gene is duplicated and the new copy is free to evolve independently from the original. Over time, mutations and other genetic changes can cause the two genes to diverge and develop unique functions.
Inversion, reciprocal translocation, and deletion are other types of genetic mutations that can alter the structure of genes or chromosomes. Inversion involves a segment of DNA reversing its orientation, while reciprocal translocation involves two chromosomes swapping segments. Deletion, on the other hand, is the loss of a segment of DNA.
Centromere dosage is another factor that can affect gene expression and evolution. Centromeres are specialized regions of chromosomes that play a crucial role in cell division. Changes in the number or position of centromeres can alter the balance of genetic information between daughter cells, affecting the expression of genes and potentially driving the evolution of new traits.
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Why would Gleevec most probably cause remission of the disease?
The Gleevec most probably cause remission of the disease because the drug inhibits the specific thymine kinase receptor, option E.
An enzyme called thymidine kinase, also known as 2'-deoxythymidine kinase or ATP-thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, has the EC 2.7.1.21 code.[2][3] The majority of live cells contain it. It exists in mammalian cells in two different forms, TK1 and TK2.
Additionally, some viruses include the genetic code needed to produce viral thymidine kinases. Since they are a vital component of the special reaction chain that introduces thymidine into the DNA, thymidine kinases play a crucial role in DNA synthesis and therefore in cell division. Thymidine is found in bodily fluids as a result of DNA from dead cells and from food degrading.
Many antiviral medications need thymidine kinase to work. In order to produce monoclonal antibodies, it is necessary to choose hybridoma cell lines.
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Complete question:
Why would Gleevec most probably cause remission of the disease?
A) It reverses the chromosomal translocation.
B) It eliminates the Ph' chromosome.
C) It removes Ph'-containing progenitor cells.
D) The drug inhibits the replication of the affected chromosome.
E) The drug inhibits the specific thymine kinase receptor.
TRUE OR FALSE nuclei relating to the startle reflex are located in the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain.
Answer: True
Explanation:Nuclei relating to the startle reflex are located in the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain. Specific motor and sensory functions are localized in specific areas called domains, whereas memory and language have overlapping domains. A flat EEG is a good indication of deep sleep.
t Answer 1. Identify the structure indicated by the label line and state what type of cell is shown in the photograph below.
The structure indicated by the label line is called chromosome. The type of cell shown is Plant cell.
What is chromosome?A chromosome is described as a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism.
Chromosomes enable daily actions by safeguarding our DNA. Certain cells must continuously divide and replace older, worn-out cells with new ones for an organism to operate effectively.
DNA may be precisely duplicated during these cell divisions thanks to chromosomes. Chromosomes enable daily actions by safeguarding our DNA. Certain cells must continuously divide and replace older, worn-out cells with new ones for an organism to operate effectively. DNA may be precisely duplicated during these cell divisions thanks to chromosomes.
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Can somebody help me with this question
(1) Blastocyst (2) chromosomes (3) epididymis (4) egg (5) sexually transmitted diseases (6) menstrual cycle (7) laying eggs (8) fertilization (9)asexual reproduction (10) fallopian tubes (12) sperm cells (13) vagina.
What is asexual reproduction?Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes (reproductive cells from two parents). In asexual reproduction, a single organism can reproduce without the involvement of a partner or a mate.
There are several different types of asexual reproduction, including binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis. Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction in which an organism simply splits into two identical daughter cells. Budding involves the development of a new individual from a small outgrowth or bud on the surface of the parent organism.
Fragmentation occurs when a single parent organism breaks into several pieces, each of which can regenerate into a new individual. Parthenogenesis involves the development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg.
Asexual reproduction is common in many types of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and some plants and animals.
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High affinity rxns have a ______ k off and off rate
High affinity reactions typically have a low k_off and off rate.
The term "k_off" refers to the dissociation rate constant, which measures how quickly a complex formed between two molecules dissociates or falls apart. A low k_off indicates that the complex remains stable for a longer period of time, as it takes longer for the molecules to dissociate.
Similarly, the term "off rate" refers to the rate at which molecules dissociate from a complex. A low off rate means that the dissociation occurs slowly. In the context of molecular interactions, high affinity typically implies a strong binding between molecules, resulting in a stable complex with a slow dissociation rate and a low k_off value.
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The defecation and urination reflexes are integrated in theA) cerebral cortex. B) brain stem. C) spinal cord. D) hypothalamus.
The defecation and urination reflexes are integrated into the spinal cord. So the correct option is C.
The spinal cord is a crucial part of the central nervous system responsible for transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body. It also plays a role in coordinating reflexes, including the defecation and urination reflexes. These reflexes involve a series of coordinated muscle contractions and relaxations that allow the body to expel waste products through the rectum (defecation) and the urinary bladder (urination). The defecation reflex begins when stretch receptors in the rectal walls are stimulated by the presence of feces.
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which data presented in the animation best supports the hypothesis that biodiversity increases with increasing island area? a general trend in a rise in number of species occurs with increasing island size. islands of similar size showed a trend in which more species were found with decreasing distance from the mainland. islands of similar size and distance from the mainland had similar numbers of species. fewer species were counted on islands farther from the mainland than were counted on islands closer to the mainland.
The data presented in the animation that best supports the hypothesis that biodiversity increases with increasing island area is A, "A general trend in a rise in the number of species occurs with increasing island size."
What is biodiversity?Biodiversity refers to the variety of all living organisms on Earth, including the diversity of species, genetic diversity within species, and diversity of ecosystems and their functions.
This trend suggests that larger islands can support more diverse habitats and ecosystems, which can in turn support a greater number of species. This is consistent with the theory of island biogeography, which suggests that larger islands are able to support larger populations and a greater variety of species than smaller islands.
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how does glutamate facilitate the long term potentiation between neurons
Glutamate facilitates LTP by activating NMDA receptors and intracellular signaling pathways that lead to changes in synaptic strength and the formation of new connections between neurons.
Glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain and plays a crucial role in synaptic plasticity, which is the process by which synapses (connections) between neurons are modified in response to experience. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a form of synaptic plasticity that involves the strengthening of synapses between neurons, and it is thought to be a cellular mechanism for learning and memory.
Glutamate acts on specific receptors called NMDA receptors, which are located at the synapse between two neurons. When glutamate binds to these receptors, it opens an ion channel that allows calcium ions to enter the postsynaptic neuron. The influx of calcium ions triggers a series of intracellular signaling pathways that lead to the strengthening of the synapse and the formation of new connections between neurons.
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The _____ has(have) the thinnest walls.A aortaB capillariesC posterior vena cavaD pulmonary arteryE right ventricle
The capillaries have the thinnest walls.
This is because their primary function is to facilitate the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the bloodstream and the body's tissues.
Their thin walls allow for easy diffusion of these substances. In contrast, the other options listed have thicker walls because they have different functions. The aorta and pulmonary artery have thicker walls to withstand the pressure of blood flow, the posterior vena cava has thicker walls to prevent collapse under negative pressure, and the right ventricle has thicker walls to pump blood to the lungs.
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Describe how crossing over gives rise to diff. combos of alleles in gametes (2)
Crossing over is a process that occurs during meiosis, specifically during prophase I of meiosis I, in which homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material.
During crossing over, homologous chromosome chromatids couple up and exchange DNA segments. Chiasmata, which are generated by the physical breakage and rejoining of chromatids, are where genetic material is exchanged.
The interchange of genetic material can result in the exchange of various versions of the same gene (alleles) between homologous chromosomes, resulting in new allele combinations.
Consider a pair of homologous chromosomes, one from the mother and the other from the father.
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Arrange the teeth in the order they would be encountered, starting at the midsagittal plane and moving laterally __________.
We would begin with the central incisors, followed by the lateral incisors, then the canines, first premolars, second premolars, first molars, second molars, and finally, the third molars.
Starting at the midsagittal plane and moving laterally, the teeth would be encountered in the following order: central incisor, lateral incisor, canine, first premolar, second premolar, first molar, the second molar, and third molar (wisdom tooth, if present). It takes strength to break down food to initiate digestion, and opening the jaw is usually not burdensome. Arrange the teeth face-to-face, starting in the mid-sagittal plane and then moving. The front teeth are the incisors, followed by the canines, premolars, and finally the molars.
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What does appropriate provenance mean with regards to the embryo?
Appropriate provenance with regards to the embryo means that the embryo was obtained in a way that is ethical and legal, and that the source of the embryo is clearly documented and traceable.
In the context of assisted reproductive technologies, acceptable provenance indicates that the embryo was developed with the gametes (sperm and egg) of consenting individuals who gave informed approval for the embryo's development and usage.
It also implies that any unused embryos are handled in a manner that respects their potential for human life while also complying with applicable laws and ethical principles.
In the context of embryonic research, suitable provenance indicates that the embryos were obtained with informed consent and in accordance with applicable ethical rules and legislation.
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Which is the reason botanists believe liverworts are the most primitive terrestrial plant?
Select one:
a. Liverwort spores have a simplistic spore.
b. Liverworts must rely on diffusion to transport nutrients.
c. DNA analysis suggests liverworts lack DNA sequences most plants contain.
d. Liverwort leaves contain a primitive form of stomata.
Since it enables plants to generate flowers and seeds for reproduction, vascular tissue adaptation was the main event.
What is a plant in its most basic form?The oldest living terrestrial plant groups are known as bryophytes. They are unable to carry water from the roots to the leaves like higher plants do because they lack the vascular tissue that does so. Bryophytes are unable to reach particularly great heights because of their poor water transport abilities. ferns, which are adaptable relatives of ferns, which are the first fossilized plants. Despite being frequently labeled as primitive, non-flowering plants including mosses, horsetails, ferns, clubmosses, ginkgos, and cycads are much better characterized as extremely well adapted. The earliest kind of seed plants are gymnosperms. No seeds are produced by pteridophytes or bryophytes. Thallophytes, bryophytes, and pteridophytes are referred to as "cryptogams," whilst gymnosperms and angiosperms are referred to as "phanerogams."To learn more about the primitive terrestrial plants, refer to:
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Question 48
Most pesticide deaths in children and adults in the US are due to
a. inhalation
b. ingestion
c. absorption
d. injection
Use of a refractometer over a urinometer is preferred due to the fact that the refractometer uses a:
A. large volume of urine and compensates for temperature
B. small volume of urine and compensates for glucose
C. small volume of urine and compensates for temperature
D. small volume of urine and compensates for protein
The use of a refractometer over a urinometer is preferred due to the fact that the refractometer uses a small volume of urine and compensates for temperature. Option C.
The use of a refractometer over a urinometer is preferred because the refractometer uses a small volume of urine and compensates for temperature.
A refractometer is an instrument that measures the refractive index of a substance, which is the extent to which light is bent as it passes through the substance. The refractive index of urine is related to its concentration, and therefore, the refractometer can be used to measure the specific gravity of urine.
A urinometer, on the other hand, is a device that measures the density of urine by floating in a sample. It requires a larger volume of urine and does not compensate for temperature.
Since the refractometer requires only a small volume of urine and compensates for temperature, it is a more convenient and accurate tool for measuring the specific gravity of urine. It is commonly used in clinical settings to assess kidney function and hydration status.
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Question 30
The best single measure of polluted water is:
a. 5 day BOD
b. 5 day COD
c. 7 day BOD
d. 7 day COD
The best single measure of polluted-water is (a) 5 day BOD, because it correctly indicates the amount of organic matter
The BOD(Biochemical Oxygen Demand) is defined as a measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen required by microorganisms to decompose organic matter in water.
The 5 day BOD test measures the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms over a period of five days, which provides an indication of the amount of organic matter in the water. This test is widely used as a measure of water quality and is an important tool for monitoring and managing water resources.
While the 7 day BOD and 5 day COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) tests can also provide valuable information about water quality, but
The 5 day BOD test is considered the best single measure of polluted water because it specifically measures the amount of organic matter in the water and provides an indication of the potential for microbial growth and oxygen depletion in the water.
Therefore, the correct option is (a).
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Structure A is most similar to a humans:
A. Placenta
B. Embryo
C. Ovary
D. Sperm
Answer: I bleave it is B
Explanation:
Question 71
It is known that some pathogenic organisms will survive from less than __ day(s) in heat to more than __ in freezing moist soil.
a. 1 and 2 months
b. 2 and 1 month
c. 1 and 2 years
d. 3 and 3 years
It is known that some pathogenic organisms will survive from less than 2 day(s) in heat to more than 1 month in freezing moist soil, option B.
In the 1880s, the word "pathogen" first became in use. The word "pathogen" is often used to refer to an infectious microbe or agent, such as a virus, bacterium, protozoan, prion, viroid, or fungal organism. Insects and helminths are examples of small animals that may carry or spread illness. Instead of being called pathogens, these creatures are more commonly referred to as parasites.
Microbiology is the scientific study of microscopic organisms, especially tiny harmful organisms, whereas parasitology is the study of parasites and otherIn biology, a pathogen is any organism or agent that has the ability to cause illness (Greek:, pathos "suffering," "passion," and -v, -gens "producer of"). Another name for a pathogen is an infectious agent or just a germ.
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