The sigma factor
About sigma factor:
In order for transcription to begin in bacteria, a protein called a sigma factor (also known as a specificity factor) is required. It is a bacterial transcription initiation factor that permits RNA polymerase (RNAP) to specifically bind to gene promoters. It shares homology with the eukaryotic factor TFIIB and the archaeal transcription factor B.
What is RNA?
An intermediary enzyme called ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase is in charge of converting gene sequences into RNA-based genetic material that may be used for protein synthesis.
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: Cytotoxic T cells are rapid killers of infected target cells. Within minutes of the interaction of a cytotoxic T cell with a target cell, the program of apoptosis in the target cell is initiated. This rapid activity is a consequence of:
Cytotoxic T cells are rapid killers of infected target cells. Within minutes of the interaction of a cytotoxic T cell with a target cell, the program of apoptosis in the target cell is initiated. This rapid activity is a consequence of The extremely rapid production of granzymes and perforin by cytotoxic effector cells upon encountering a target cell.
A type of T cell known as a cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ T cell) is in charge of removing things that the immune system recognizes as dangerous. Cytotoxic T cells are essential for controlling bacterial growth and illnesses in the body.By instructing their targets to undergo apoptosis, cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill their prey. Cytotoxic T cells can instruct antigen-specific target cells to die within 5 minutes of coming into contact with them when they are mixed with target cells and quickly brought into contact by centrifugation.The speed with which cytotoxic T cells can induce apoptosis in their targets is due to the release of prepared effector molecules that trigger the target cell's own endogenous apoptotic pathway.learn more about Cytotoxic T cells here: https://brainly.com/question/9292555
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What cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, and mitochondria
1. Eukaryotic
2. Prokaryotic
3. Bacteria
4. An Animal cell
Cell wall, cell membrane and mitochondria are all found in a eukaryotic cell. The correct answer is option 1.
Large and complex organisms are made up of eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane. Eukaryotic cells are found in fungi, plants, animals, and protozoa.
The cell wall comprises cellulose, hemicellulose, proteins and pectin. Function of the cell wall is to maintain the shape of the cell and helps in interacting with other cell.
The cell membrane or the plasma membrane works as a check post for the material entering and exiting the cells. While the mitochondria processes the energy unit.
Therefore, a eukaryotic cell posses a cell wall, plasma membrane and mitochondria. The correct answer is option 1.
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what are some of the complication related to miss match of blood groups during blood transfusion
When a neuron is activated by a stimulus, its plasma membrane will change until it reaches a membrane potential of about 40 mV. What is special about this value
Answer: It is approximately the membrane potential at which the electrochemical gradient for Na+ is zero.
Explanation:
The charge in plasma membrane occurs with diffusion and electric fields.
For example, if there are two solutions, let's assume solution X and Solution Y are separated by a porous barrier (to diffuse in equal proportions).
The fundamental principle of diffusion states that solution from a high concentration diffuses to a lower concentration.
For instance, if the X solution contains 40 sodium ions and 40 chloride ions, the Y solution only has 30 sodium and 30 chloride ions. Due to the diffusion, these two solutions will mix and reach a steady-state.
The like charges repel, and opposite charges attract.
When some organic molecules, such as lipids, are added to water, vesicles can form. Which of the following best describes how scientists hypothesize true cells evolved from vesicles?
Answer:
Vesicles that contained self-replicating RNA grew, split, and passed their RNA to daughters.
Which combination of alleles are always involved in the inheritance of a sex-linked trait?
Answer:
alleles that are carried on X and Y chromosomes
Explanation:
Edge
How do vaccines work if the pathogen in them is dead?
A. The immune system holds on to the dead pathogen from the vaccine, and if you are infected again, the new pathogen recognizes the dead
form of itself and becomes inactive so that it is not killed as well.
B. It causes antibodies to be generated that take the form of the pathogen, so the next time it is encountered, the antibodies make the pathogen
think the body is friendly and not a target.
C. It causes memory cells to be generated so that next time the pathogen is encountered the immune response is very fast, killing the pathogen
before it can do any harm.
D. The vaccine alters your body chemistry so that whichever pathogen you are vaccinated against cannot even enter your body in the first place.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Vaccination is the conferring of immunity to an individual by artificial means. A vaccine can be in the form of weakened or dead disease causing micro organisms. In the body, the dead pathogens stimulate the production of specific antibodies by the body such that next time the body gets infected by the actual pathogens, there will be no serious illness caused.
What does the study of macroevolution examine ?
Answer:
Macroevolution involves studying patterns on the tree of life above the species level, and inferring the processes that are likely to have generated these patterns. Thus, macroevolutionary thinking helps to build a more complete picture about the evolutionary history of primates.
Explanation:
https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/macroevolution-examples-from-the-primate-world-96679683/
What is a gene?
the different forms of a trait
Answer:
A gene is the basic physical unit of heredity. Genes are made up of a sequence of DNA and carry all the information needed to make us who we are. Genes are passed from parent to child in a specific sequence that decides our traits. Will you be short or tall, have straight hair or curly hair, blue eyes or green?, are a few examples of physical traits.
Which two major parts of the Earth system does this photo most clearly
show?
A. Biosphere
M B. Atmosphere
C. Cryosphere
D. Geosphere
Answer:
C. Cryosphere
Explanation:
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Evolutionary adaptations for survival on land produced tetrapods, which later evolved into _____________________________.
Evolutionary adaptations for survival on land produced tetrapods, which later evolved into amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
Evolution: It can be defined as a natural phenomenon that involves the modifications in physical, biological, and metabolic characteristics of any species which get inherited from one generation to another resulting in better, more advanced new forms of species. This is a very slow process that usually took millions of years to establish a new species from a preexisting one.
The evolution of tetrapods started in the devonian period at around 400 million years ago which are kept under superclass tetrapoda which includes amphibians, reptiles, bird and mammales. The body plan, breathing plan, navigating plan all evolved with time and the tetrapods gets cherecterised into amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
These facts were estabilished by the transitional fossils collected in late 20th century which are tested and studied on the basis of modern phylogenetic analysis.
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Iron released from hemoglobin is transported through the blood by ______________ to the ______________.
Iron released from hemoglobin is transported through the blood by transferrin to the bone marrow.
Transport of Iron
The cellular iron homeostasis is controlled by the iron and heme transport proteins. They work with chaperones, ferrireductases, and ferroxidases which guide the movement of iron within and in & out of the cells. In the blood, the ion released from the hemoglobin molecule is bound to the transport protein transferrin which carries the iron into the bone marrow. Inside the bone marrow, the iron is delivered to the precursors of RBCs, the erythrocyte progenitor cells. Inside the bone marrow, the heme units in the EPC take up the iron to which oxygen will bind as they become mature RBCs. The flow of iron in the blood plasma is controlled by the protein hepcidin whose production is positively influenced by transferrin in the plasma. In the case of damaged RBCs, they are processed by the macrophages of the spleen, liver, and bone marrow which releases the iron molecule.
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which combinations of alleles are always involved in the inheritance of a sex-linked trait?
Answer:
The "x" and "y"
Explanation:
Answer:
alleles that are carried on X and Y chromosomes
Explanation:
Edge
why does a fresh wound on the skin bleed more on a hot sunny day than on a cold chilly day
Answer:
Explanation:
When your skin is cut, scraped, or , you usually start to bleed. Within minutes or even seconds, blood cells start to clump together and clot, protecting the wound and preventing further blood loss. These clots, which turn into dry wounds as they dry, are created by a type of blood cell called a platelet.
Which quadrant number and
location of the pig's ears is the
only one that works in increments
of 1?
A. Bottom of the ear close to the tip
B. Top of the ear close to the tip
C. Bottom of the ear close to the jaw
D. Top of the ear close to the forehead
The quadrant number and location of the pig's ears is the only one that works in increments of 1 Bottom of the ear close to the tip.
Location of pig ears:-
the backside of the ear near the end the pinnacle of the ear close to the end bottom of the ear close to the jawtop of the ear close to the browEar-notching helps discover a pig's muddle and which one of the muddles its miles, giving each pig a completely unique identity number. Notches are positioned in one of five places in the pig's proper ear to show the clutter range and in certainly one of 3 places inside the left ear.
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The passage of IgG antibodies from mother to fetus illustrates: A. natural immunity. B. cell-mediated immunity. C. passive immunity. D. nonspecific immunity.
The passage of IgG antibodies from mother to fetus illustrates:
C. passive immunity.
Antibodies produced outside the body can protect a person from contracting a disease, or they can give passive immunity.Because antibodies are not regenerated as frequently as they would be in a person with a functioning immune system, passive immunity is typically transient.Immunity that is transferred from mother to kid is known as maternal passive immunity or natural passive immunity. Antibodies are transferred to the unborn child by the placenta while they are still in the womb and can offer protection against the corresponding infections in the weeks and months after delivery.An infant's passive immunity to disease is maintained after birth due to antibodies contained in breast milk, particularly in colostrum, the protein-rich milk produced in the first few days after birth. The importance of maternal passive immunity for safeguarding infants until their own immune system is mature enough to protect them.learn more about passive immunity here: https://brainly.com/question/21480961
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Carbohydrates and fats are considered high-energy foods because they _____. have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen.
The reason why Carbohydrates and fats are considered high-energy foods is because they have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen.
What are carbohydrates?The carbohydrates are a class of food that are known to be rich in energy. Carbohydrates are broken down to release energy.
The reason why Carbohydrates and fats are considered high-energy foods is because they have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen.
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__________ is a hormone, whereas __________ is an enzyme. A. Gastrin; secretin B. Secretin; pepsin C. Gastrin; cholecystokinin (CCK) D. Enteropeptidase; pepsin
Secretin is a hormone, whereas pepsin is an enzyme.
What is secretin?Secretin is a hormone that regulates water homeostasis throughout the body and influences the environment of the duodenum by regulating secretions in the stomach, pancreas and liver. Peptide hormone produced in the S cells of the duodenumWhat is pepsin?Pepsin is a stomach enzyme that serves to digest proteins found in ingested food. It is secreted in inactive form (zymogen) celled pepsinogen by Gastric chief cells.Learn more about enzymes and hormones here:
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If a follicle does not reach maturity during one ovarian cycle, it can finish maturing during the next cycle. True False
The statement 'if a follicle does not reach maturity during one ovarian cycle, it can finish maturing during the next cycle' is False.
What is a follicle?A follicle is a multicellular structure located in the ovaries that is able to release reproductive hormones during menstruation.
The ovarium follicle is fundamental during the menstrual cycle rate of a woman.
In conclusion, if a follicle does not mature during the ovarian cycle, then it won't continue the process during the next cycle and will become a structure known as corpus luteum.
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What does happen with a human body after death?
Answer:
Once the heart stops beating, that means the blood in the body is no longer circulated, meaning that gravity starts to do its work. The blood starts to pool (liver mortis) at the bottom of wherever the body was positioned (which can help indicate if a body has been moved since they died in homicide cases etc.), and the body starts to turn that green-ish blue color, with a dark-purpley color forming at the bottom of wherever gravity takes it (for example, if the body died and remained in a position standing up, then the blood would pool at the feet, whereas if the body died and remained laying on its back, then the pooling would occur in the back area of the body). Additionally, rigor mortis (you can remember it as being rigid) occurs, which is when the body locks up, so the joints lock and are unable to move, which is why it is often hard to get rid of/pack up and throw away a body because over the span of several hours the body locks up (it eventually wears off). Lastly, we have algor mortis, which is the change in temperature of the cadaver. Since the blood is no longer circulating, the body has nothing to retain a constant temperature anymore. The body will begin to change the temperature accordingly based on the surrounding temperature (environments that are hotter than the body will heat it up and similarly to cooler environments). If the body is found before it reaches the local temperature, then the current temperature can be used to help estimate and determine the time of death (there is a formula for this, but I'll leave it up to you if you want to look into it). After a few days, the body will start to decompose, and it will inhabit insects, especially flies and such, and the stage of development of the larvae and/or fly can also help estimate and determine the time and date of death.
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If the average length of a woman's ovarian cycle is 30 days, the average length of her uterine cycles is most likely ____ days.
If the average length of a woman's ovarian cycle is 30 days, the average length of her uterine cycles is most likely 28 days.
What is the ovarian cycle?The female ovarian cycle refers to the sequence or cycle that controls the production and release of eggs as well as the the monthly secretion of the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Hence, if the average length of a woman's ovarian cycle is 30 days, the average length of her uterine cycles is most likely 28 days.
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Stem cells isolated from the embryo can be cultured in the laboratory. What should be provided to the cells for their growth and division?
A. Antibiotics
B. Antibodies
C. Electric shock
D. Proteins and sugars
That should be provided to the cells for their growth and division is Antibodie.
How is stem cell culture done in the laboratory?This procedure consists of the infusion of hematopoietic stem cells from a donor. For the graft to be successful, it is essential that the infused cells proliferate and form all the blood cells in the recipient.
Stem cells multiply through the process of cell division called meiosis. Umbilical cord tissue is a rich source of young stem cells, which can give rise to a multitude of cell types.
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The human intestinal tract is colonized with bacteria that consume resources and usually prevent other harmful bacteria from causing infections. This is an example of ______ among the bacteria.
Probiotic is an example.
Probiotics are good living bacteria for us, balancing the good and bad gut microbiota, helping digest food, and helping digestive problems such as diarrhea and abdominal pain.
Some probiotic bacteria can produce bacteriocins. Bacteriocin is a small secretory antibacterial protein that inhibits a variety of other bacteria. They are diverse in molecular properties, thermal stability, resistance to enzymes, target bacteria, and antibacterial mechanisms of action.
This is an overview of the major health benefits of probiotics.
Probiotics help balance the friendly bacteria of the digestive system. ...Probiotics may help prevent and treat diarrhea. ...Probiotic supplements improve some mental illnesses. ..Learn more about bacteria here:https://brainly.com/question/6941760
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When O2 binds to heme in hemoglobin, the ____ ion is drawn into the plane of the ____ causing a conformational change that is transmitted to adjacent subunits enhancing the ____ for additional O2 binding.
When O2 binds to heme in hemoglobin, the Fe3+ ion is drawn into the plane of the Porphyrin causing a conformational change that is transmitted to adjacent subunits enhancing the affinity for additional O2 binding.
Oxygen binds to the iron inside the heme, forming an octahedral iron complicated. This form is referred to as oxyhemoglobin; the form without the sure oxygen is known as deoxyhemoglobin. masses of exciting matters occur as a result of oxygen binding, structurally speaking, initially, the heme adjustments form.
Hemoglobin can be the concept of a tetramer made from alpha-beta dimers. The conformational trade that happens at some point of the T to R transition takes region in most cases inside the positions of those two dimers relative to one another (as opposed to among the alpha and beta subunits inside the equal dimer).
The hemoglobin molecule has four binding websites for oxygen molecules: the iron atoms in the four heme companies. For this reason, every Hb tetramer can bind four oxygen molecules. From the molecular weight of Hb, you can actually calculate that 1 g of Hb can combine with 1.39 ml of oxygen.
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If you see a diseased plant, it is most likely in the stage of its life cycle.
O death
Ogrowth
Obeginning
adult ?
Answer:
death
Explanation:
it's diseased so it's not growing nor beginning adult
what are the effects of haemophilia
Answer:
Hemophilia can cause joint bleeding, which can lead to persistent joint illness and discomfort. Bleeding in the skull and, in certain cases, the brain can result in long-term complications such as convulsions and paralysis. If the bleeding cannot be stopped or if it happens in a crucial organ such as the brain, death may result.
Explanation:
During the complete catabolism of a molecule of glucose by aerobic cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation accounts for how many times more ATP than does substrate-level phosphorylation
About 4 times more ATP is generated during oxidative phosphorylation than substrate-level phosphorylation.
Oxidative phosphorylation:In the metabolism process known as oxidative phosphorylation, also known as electron transport-linked phosphorylation or terminal oxidation, cells employ catalysts to oxidize carbohydrates, liberating chemical energy and producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a consequence.
According to some modern studies, the ATP output after aerobic respiration is only approximately 30-32 ATP molecules /molecule of glucose, rather than 36-38, because:During oxidative phosphorylation,
the ATP: NADH+H+ and ATP: FADH2 ratios appear to be 2.5 and 1.5 instead of 3 and 2, respectively. Substrate level phosphorylation:Substrate-level phosphorylation is a metabolic activity that produces ATP or GTP by the direct transfer of a phosphoryl (PO3) group from another phosphorylated chemical to ADP or GDP.Substrate level phosphorylation happens via glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. It happens in two phases during glycolysis, and because 2 molecules are involved, it eventually creates 4 ATP from a glucose molecule.As a result, the total ATP molecules generated from substrate-level phosphorylation of a glucose molecule during aerobic respiration will be 4+2 = 6.Therefore, it is concluded that ATP generated during oxidative phosphorylation is 30-6=24 or 32-6=26 i.e., about 4 times than substrate-level phosphorylation.
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This cell is in a(n) _____ solution. This cell is in a(n) _____ solution. hypertonic isotonic hypotonic and isotonic hypotonic hypertonic or isotonic
This cell is in hypertonic solution.
What is hypertonic?In comparison to blood, hypertonic has a higher percentage of fluid, carbohydrates, and salt. Similar fluid, sugar, and salt concentrations exist in isotonic and blood.The salt solution is hypertonic with regard to the interior of the cells if there is a larger concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside it, as would occur if you placed red blood cells in a concentrated salt solution.A liquid that has a higher concentration of dissolved particles than regular cells and blood do, like salt and other electrolytes.Learn more about hypertonic here:
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Disclaimer: The question was given incomplete on the portal. Here is the complete question.
Question: This cell is in a(n) _____ solution.
A) hypertonic or isotonic
B) hypotonic and isotonic
C) hypotonic
D) hypertonic
E) isotonic
______________ epithelium appears to have multiple layers of cells with nuclei at differing heights, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.
Answer:
pseudostratified columnar
Explanation:
What happen to plant wound after 2 days
Answer:it starts healing after 2 days
Explanation:
its hard life being a plant! from pathogens and herbivores are un-favourable wether they are constantly ingured or picked they get eaten when a plant gets a wound it regrows cuz it has the hormones of both male and fe-male so they can re-grow their body parts after 2 days its starts healing