OBJECTIVE: To utilise indicators to check different meals for the content of lipids, carbs, and proteins.
What macromolecules will you be analysing in the laboratory?The presence of simple carbs (glucose, sucrose), complex carbohydrates (starch), and proteins will mostly be tested for. The signs you'll use to search for these macromolecules are listed below.
Understanding macromolecules is crucial to comprehending how nutrients are taken in and used by cells. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four main substances that are referred to as macromolecules, which simply means huge molecules. Each of them is distinct in its structure and purpose.
Proteins play the broadest range of functions of any macromolecule, making them one of the most common organic molecules in biological systems.
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In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, all of the dna is divided into multiple , which are continuous, long strands of dna wrapped around proteins.
In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, all of the DNA is divided into multiple chromosomes, which are continuous, long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins.
What are chromosomes?
The related proteins that give the connecting nucleic acid bases on a chromosome their shape are made up of a string of DNA. Since the chromosome is in a loose shape during the interphase of the cell cycle, proteins may be translated from the DNA and DNA can be duplicated. The chromosome condenses during mitosis and meiosis in order to be arranged and divided.
Chromatin is the material made up of all the chromosomes in a cell and all the proteins that are connected to them. Prokaryotes typically have a single chromosome that is arranged in a ring-like or linear pattern. Most eukaryotic species have many chromosomes in their chromatin, as will be discussed later in the article. A portion of the genetic code required to create an organism is carried on each chromosome.
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What are reactants of the Light Dependent Reaction?
1. Carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP
2. Water, sunglight, NADP+, and ADP
The reactant of light dependent reactions are: (2) Water, sunlight, NADP+, and ADP.
The light dependent reaction is the one which depends upon the direct source of sunlight energy to make the products like ATP and NADPH. These are the sources of energy that are used in the dark reactions for the synthesis of glucose.
NADP+ is an electron carrier. The full form is Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate. It is an oxidized form while its reduced form is NADPH. It is the product of light reaction and is also an essential part in dark reaction for the synthesis of glucose.
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The enzyme amylase will affect the breakdown of carbohydrates, but it will not affect the breakdown of proteins. The ability of an enzyme molecule to interact with specific molecules is most directly determined by
A) shapes of the molecules involved
B) number of molecules involved
C) sequence of bases present in ATP
D) amount of glucose present in the cell
The ability of an enzyme molecule to interact with specific molecules is most directly determined by the shapes of the molecules involved (option A).
What is an enzyme?Enzyme is a globular protein that catalyses a biological chemical reaction. Enzymes are generally known to be substrate-specific, meaning that they target specific substrate molecules.
According to this question, an enzyme called amylase will affect the breakdown of carbohydrates, but it will not affect the breakdown of proteins.
Enzymes have a component called active sites, which attach specifically to the substrate for a chemical reaction to occur. The active sites of the enzymes are built specifically to fit the shape of molecules they catalyse.
Therefore, the shape of the molecules or substrate is what determines the actions of enzymes.
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Do you think that humans have a responsibility to monitor how they influence the biosphere?
if an adult hamster with a 24-hour endogenous rhythm receives a lesion to the scn and a subsequent scn transplant from a young hamster with an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours, which outcome occurs?
If an adult hamster with a 24-hour endogenous rhythm receives a lesion to the SCN and a subsequent SCN transplant from a young hamster with an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours, the adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm will occur.
What Exactly Is Exogenous Rhythm?Exogenous rhythm is the term used to describe environmental variables that affect natural circadian rhythm cycles over the course of a twenty-four-hour period. These variables include light exposure, temperature, ambient noise, regular diet, different time zones, traumatic events, injuries, and occupational stress. Light-sensitive cells in the retina, which are responsible for the body's biorhythms' response to light absorption, set off physiological cues that correspond to sleep/wake cycles. If these cues are out of sync, sleep patterns might be disrupted.
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What structural aspect of the dna facilitates dissociation of the two dna strands for replication?.
The structural aspect of the DNA facilitates the dissociation of the two DNA strands for replication Base pairs are connected via hydrogen bonds.
Bases and hydrogen bonds combine to produce the double helix structure of DNA. While C and G are joined by three hydrogen bonds, A and T are bound together by just two. Multiple hydrogen strands and the DNA helical structure work together to maintain the structure even though hydrogen bonds are noncovalent, weak connections.
Since hydrogen bonds are noncovalent and weak, enzyme activity during the development of the replication fork when DNA replication occurs can easily break them. In order to serve as the parent strand on which the new daughter DNA strands are created, two DNA strands must be separated throughout this process.
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which of the following serves as the sensory relay center whose neurons project to both the amygdala and the higher cortical regions for further processing? question 3 options: 1) hippocampus 2) both the thalamus and the hippocampus 3) thalamus 4) hypothalamus
Sensory impulses from all across the body are sent to the cerebral cortex by the thalamus.
The thalamus receives sensory impulses from the body's surface and interprets them as sensations. Following that, the cerebral cortex processes the sensation and interprets it as touch, pain, or temperature.
The neurons in the thalamus, which functions as a sensory relay center, send signals to the amygdala and higher cortical areas for additional processing. Processing emotional information and transmitting it to cortical areas are both functions of the amygdala.
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The locations for three genes have been added to this cartoon. For clarity, the locations have only been noted on one chromatid. The lowest frequency of crossovers would occur between genes ____ and ____.
The locations for three genes have been added to this cartoon. For clarity, the locations have only been noted on one chromatid. The lowest frequency of crossovers would occur between genes a and b.
What are chromatids?
A chromatid is known as one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division. There are normally two “sister” chromatids which are joined at a constricted region of the chromosome called the centromere but during the anaphase stage of a cell division, They get torn apart and they are distributed among the cytoplasm of each daughter cell.
A vast quantity of DNA that is arranged physically into a single structure is called a "chromosome." Because of this, the "sister chromatids" are regarded as being separate chromosomes even though they are joined together. Each chromatid is thought to be its own chromosome once they are divided during anaphase.
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scientists make , which are specific statements about what might be observed. a. hypotheses b. variables c. predictions d. models
Imagine you are at the cafeteria for lunch. Your nose smells pizza. Your legs move over to where the food is being served. You have to balance the tray holding your plate and drink with both hands, look around for a free seat, and then sit down. This may seem simple; many different parts of your body have to work together to make all of that happen. To make sure your body can work correctly, even when it does many things at once, your body must be carefully organized.
a) explain how the organs worked together.
b) explain how the body works
Explanation:
the smell receptors in the nose would detect the smell from the pizza and send signals as impulses to the brain which identifies this. the brain would then send impulses to the leg muscles to coordinate contractions and relaxations to move the leg. the brain then coordinates both the hand muscles simultaneously and balance the tray in both hands, at the same time the eyes detect light and send impulses to the brain which studies it to find a free seat. following which the leg muscles coordinate to be seated.
the body works as organ systems by which organs that carry out similar functions work together by coordinating their functions.
Type your response in the box.
Think of an organism that you find interesting. Research the organism using credible websites. Then list one
structural, one behavioral, and one functional adaptation that the organism uses.
Answer:
Explanation:
я не знаю
Answer: The Cat, The cat has 230 bones and the most common cat behaviors include purring, grooming, kneading and climbing. The one functional adaptaton of the feline is its retractable claws, acute eyesight, and agility. Together, these adaptations enable cats to capture prey with great skill and efficiency. (My Answer)
Explanation: Edmentum Answer:
Black widow spiders have the ability to create and inject venom into their prey, which is a functional adaptation. The red hourglass marking on their body warns other organisms that they’re toxic, so this is a structural adaptation. These spiders spin and repair their webs. This action is a behavioral adaptation that helps them catch prey
the binding of a growth factor to an rtk activates the pi 3-kinase–akt signaling pathway, which promotes both cell survival and cell growth. how does akt stimulate cell growth?
Akt, a serine or threonine kinase also known as PKB, is essential for controlling a variety of cellular processes, including as EC migration and survival, gene transcription, and protein synthesis important for angiogenesis.
Akt activates mTOR, which in turn regulates protein synthesis and cell growth. p70-S6 kinase-1 and 4E-binding protein 1 are phosphorylated by mTOR, which controls the synthesis of proteins important for angiogenesis. The activation of the highly conserved PI3K-PKB/Akt pathway is carefully regulated by a multistep process. Class 1A PI3Ks bound via their regulatory subunits or adaptor molecules, such as the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins, are directly stimulated by activated receptors. Phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate (PIP2) lipids are converted to phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate by the catalytic domain of PI3K as a result of this (PIP3).
When PKB/Akt binds to PIP3 at the plasma membrane, PDK1 can enter the "activation loop" and phosphorylate T308 to partially activate PKB/Akt. By directly phosphorylating and inactivating tuberous sclerosis protein 2 (TSP2) and proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa (PRAS40), this PKB/Akt alteration is sufficient to activate mTORC1 (TSC2). By influencing a variety of downstream components involved in regulating the G1/S and G2/M transitions, growth-factor-activated Akt signaling supports progression through regular, undisturbed cell cycles.
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what are Two identical strands of DNA that make up a chromosome?
Answer:
Chromatid
Explanation:
A chromatid is one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division. The two “sister” chromatids are joined at a constricted region of the chromosome called the centromere.
4) What type of connective tissue is this? a) Elastic cartilage b) Areolar connective tissue c) Hyaline cartilage d) Adipose tissue I
Answer:
c Hyaline cartilage
because Hylaine cartilage have one or two nuclei
Hyaline cartilage is the type of connective tissue in this figure. So, the correct option is (C).
What are Connective tissues?Connective tissue is defined as the tissue that supports, protects and structures other tissues and organs in the body that also stores fat, helps transport nutrients and other substances between tissues and organs and helps repair damaged tissue. Connective tissue is made up of cells, fibers, and a gel-like substance.
Connective tissue can be divided into three categories:
1. Loose connective tissue,
2. Dense connective tissue,
3. Specialized connective tissue
The hyaline cartilage matrix is composed of type II collagen and chondroitin sulfate, both of which are also found in the elastic cartilage present at the sternal ends of the ribs, in the larynx, trachea and bronchi, and on the articular surfaces of bones. They contain more than one nucleus.
Thus, Hyaline cartilage is the type of connective tissue in this figure. So, the correct option is (C).
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A Seed-Bearing Starts Its Growth From?
A: An egg cell
B: A Sperm Cell
C: The Joining Of Egg And Sperm Cells
A Seed-Bearing Starts Its Growth From the process of fecundation which involves joining egg and sperm cell (Option C).
What is a seed?A seed is the beginning of life for the sporophytic generation in Angiosperm and Gymnosperm seed plants. In these plants, seeds are formed after fecundation from the pollen to the egg cell to form the zygote egg cell and the endosperm that nourishes the embryo during its development.
Therefore, with this information, we can conclude that seeds are formed through the process of fecundation and it involves the fusion of pollen with the egg cell.
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since his cerebrovascular accident, a man has been denying his left hemiplegia. what term is used to describe this finding?since his cerebrovascular accident, a man has been denying his left hemiplegia. what term is used to describe this finding?
Anosognosia is the term for hemiplegia.
What is hemiplegia?Hemispatial neglect patients are a common source of anosognosia, a condition with a well-known example. This disorder, which affects attention and spatial awareness of the left side of space, is typically brought on by a stroke to the right parietal lobe. They frequently act as if there is no left side to the universe.
Anosognosia is the lack of awareness of or underestimating of a particular loss in motor, emotional, cognitive, sensory, or perceptual functioning as a result of a brain injury. The majority of stroke patients with hemiplegia who have this self-awareness impairment have been investigated; these patients may claim no deficiency, exaggerate their abilities, or deny that they are unable to move a paretic limb.
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which essential organelle, which is present in all other eukaryotes, is functionally absent in the parabasilids and diplomonads? group of answer choices
The mitochondrion is present in all other eukaryotes but functionally absent in the parabasilids and diplomonads.
In general, mitochondria are called powerhouses of the cell as they transform energy from one phase to another and also provide energy to the cells in the form of ATP.
Eukaryotic cells have high metabolic rates meaning their energy requirements are quite high which ultimately leads to the presence of a high number of mitochondria.
On the other hand, arabasalids and diplomonads are anaerobic with low metabolic rates and thus lack mitochondria.
Instead of mitochondria, these organisms have a special organelle called the hydrogenosome which regulates the activities of metabolism in them.
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what information can be gained from knowing the alpha (impact) angle of a blood stain? assume that the bloodstains all resulted from a single impact source. group of answer choices
By measuring angle of impact help investigators in determining the actions that may have taken place at the scene. The look of the resulting stain varies with the angle of impact.
What is angle of impact?The acute angle created between a blood drop's path and the plane of the surface it touches is known as the "angle of impact." Following the collision, the blood droplets that arise move through the air like a sphere. An ellipse is made when a drop of blood strikes a surface at an angle.
Types of blood stains?Bloodstains can be divided into three categories: projected or impact stains, transfer stains, and passive stains. Passive stains, which can take the form of droplets, flows, and pools, are frequently caused by the weight of an injured body. Transfer stains are caused by things contacting bloodstains already present and leaving behind wipes, swipes, or pattern transfers, such as a bloody shoe print or a smear from dragging a body. Impact stains, which are typically observed as spatter but may also include gushes, splashes, and arterial spurts, are caused by blood that projects through the air.
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members of the gram-negative genera aquifex and hydrogenobacter are hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. an example of their metabolism involves using
Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria are the members of gram-negative bacteria, metabolism involves using hydrogen as an electron source and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor, hence forming water.
Gram-negative genera Aquifex and hydrogenobacter stand for "water-maker" to indicate hydrogen oxidation and terminal electron transfer to oxygen. They are chemoautotrophs, that share the ability to oxidize H₂ and fix CO₂ to provide energy and synthesize cellular material. Applicatated for resource recovery and pollution removal.
They are known to grow at the highest temperature and grow usually at neutral or slightly acidic pH. These microorganisms use CO₂ assimilation pathways. They are metabolically versatile chemolithoautotrophs, using reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle.
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What might happen to life in the oceans if there is increased CO₂ in the water
Answer:
Because of human-driven increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, there is more CO2 dissolving into the ocean. The ocean's average pH is now around 8.1 , which is basic (or alkaline), but as the ocean continues to absorb more CO2, the pH decreases and the ocean becomes more acidic.
Using this phospholipid bilayer cross-section diagram as a reference, which letter best represents an integral protein that spans the membrane?
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Integral proteins can be either monotypic or transmembrane. These last ones span the membrane and usually are channel proteins. In the image, protein G is the integral protein that spans the membrane.
What is an integral protein?
Plasmatic membranes are composed of lipids and proteins.
Among the proteins, we can find integral proteins and peripheric proteins.
Integral proteins are permanently associated with the membrane.
They accomplish many different functions such as substances transport, cellular receptors, and cellular adhesion, among others.
According to how they are incrusted in the lipidic bilayer, integral proteins might be,
Transmembrane proteins ⇒ span the entire membrane⇒ present in every membrane cells
⇒ usually channel proteins
Monotypic integral proteins ⇒ attached to only one of the lipidic layersIntegral proteins provide structure to the plasmatic membrane, but they do not maintain its strength.
In the image, only protein G seems to be integral and transmembrane. This is the only one that spans the entire membrane.
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What is the CO2 that is produced from cellular respiration used for? (Which process uses it?)
C[tex]O_{2}[/tex] produced is used for Photosynthesizing cells to form new carbohydrates.
During cellular respiration carbon dioxide is given off the waste product.
Photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in the cellular respiration to make ATP. The glucose is then turned back into carbon dioxide which is used in photosynthesis. While water is broken down to form oxygen during photosynthesis in the cellular respiration oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water.
Also in the process of cellular respiration oxygen gas serve as an acceptor of electron.
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Can someone help me make a slideshow comparing all of the parts and functions of a plant cell to parts and functions of a zoo (cell membrane=gates of the zoo) for example im really struggling to finish this project
Answer:
One of the main and best known functions of plant organisms is that of photosynthesis, which distinguishes them from any animal or prokaryotic cell. Through photosynthesis, plant organisms are able to make their own food by using sunlight and water.
in the 1940's schultes was looking for curare plants with native groups so he could help people injured in wwii undergo surgery with a more powerful muscle relaxer.
In the 1940's schultes was looking for curare plants with native groups so he could help people injured in WWII undergo surgery with a more powerful muscle relaxer is a true statement.
What is Curare?This is referred to as a type of plant which is an alkaloid and is known for its very high toxic content and is used in different parts of the world for different purposes.
It is used by individuals as a paralyzer of the motor nerves thereby making it to be used in anesthesia when different types of surgeries are being done by the individual.
This is therefore why it was also used for people who were injured in WWII who was going to undergo surgery so as to relax the muscles and ensure that there are no complications and it going on smoothly hence true is correct.
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The full question is:
in the 1940's schultes was looking for curare plants with native groups so he could help people injured in wwii undergo surgery with a more powerful muscle relaxer. true/ false
What happens to this enzyme when the pH rises above 11?
Answer:
The enzyme activity decreases.
Explanation:
Enzyme activity is at its maximum value at the optimum pH. As the pH value is increased above or decreased below the optimum pH the enzyme activity decreases.
thoroughbred horses are among the fastest horses in the world and are used in famous racing events such as the kentucky derby. the mass of a thoroughbred is about 500 kg. if a horse with this mass is galloping with a momentum of 8,220 kgm / s what is its speed? 3
Knowing that momentum is the product of an object's mass by its velocity (M = m*v), and having data about two of the terms, we can calculate any of these values by clearing the equation. In this case, V = 1644m/s (This is the speed).
What is the momentum?Momentum is a term used to refer to the relationship between an object's mass and its linear velocity. It refers to the motion of the object.
Hence, to calculate the momentum of an object, we need to have mass and velocity ⇒ M = mv.
We can determine an object's momentum, but also, a system's momentum. We can do it by adding all the momentums of the objects involved in the system.
In the exposed example, we have the value of momentum (8,220 kgm / s) and the object's mass (horse's mass = 500kg). So we just need to replace the terms with the provided data and clear the equation to get the speed or velocity, v.
Knowing that,
M = momentumm = massv = velocityM = m*v
8,220 kgm/s = 500 kg * v
(8,220 kg m/s) / (500 kg)= v
16.44 m/s = v
The velocity equals v = 1644m/s.
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which of the following are referred to as mononuclear phagocytes? check all that apply.question 4 options:a) mast cellsb) eosinophils) basophils) macrophages) dendritic cellsf) monocytesg) lymphocytes
Dendritic cells and macrophages that are in close contact to the epididymal epithelium make up mononuclear phagocytes.
How were mononuclear phagocytes discovered?Through the use of various immune cell markers, these cells have been identified as epididymides from transgenic mouse models since their recent discovery. They encircle the epithelium's base and project long, narrow dendrites between epithelial cells in the direction of the lumen of the proximal epididymal areas. Dendritic cells can also be extracted from healthy human epididymides, with some subgroups significantly increasing in number under inflammatory circumstances. Although basal cells have characteristics similar to dendritic cells, these two groups exhibit different protein marker expression and are predicted to have different roles in the epididymis.
Dendritic cells and macrophages are referred to as mononuclear phagocytes
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What characteristics of eukaryotic cell gives them greater capacity for specialization than prokaryotic cells?Explain your answer.
Answer:Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells, frequently having a cell volume at least a thousandfold greater. The compartmentalization provided by cytoplasmic organelles is what allows eukaryotic cells to function efficiently.
Explanation:
What type of cell is illustrated here?
cone snails are carnivores that inject a powerful set of toxins into their prey, leading to rapid paralysis. many of these toxins are found to bind to specific ion-channel proteins. why are such molecules so toxic? how might such toxins be useful for biological studies?
a)They contain 100 distinct peptides that are classified as neurotoxins. Each cone snail peptide has the ability to connect to any ion channel.
b)The nervous system of the prey malfunctions because it inhibits action potentials and blocks ion channels. These toxin compounds are helpful for isolating and precisely blocking certain ion channels, just like tetrodotoxin.
Pepsins are created by your body. These are collections of amino acid strands, which serve as the "building blocks" of proteins. A peptide does not, however, contain as many amino acids as a protein.
Some of the peptides your body produces can be replicated in a lab. Some of them are found in used to treat everything from diabetes to multiple sclerosis. According to studies, some kinds may be good for your skin, muscles, and possibly even weight. Therefore, businesses are including them in over-the-counter food supplements and skin care items. Remember that unlike pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and dietary supplements aren't as closely regulated by the FDA. Use cautious therefore when purchasing and utilizing peptide products. A healthy skin produces the proteins collagen and elastin with the aid of collagen peptides.
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