If the conservative model had been correct, how many generations of bacterial cell division would have had to pass before meselson and stahl would have observed evidence of a band in the cscl gradient corresponding to a hybrid dna molecule containing both 14n and 15n?.
If the conservative model had been correct, No generations; a hybrid would never form had to pass before meselson and stahl would have observed evidence of a band in the cscl gradient corresponding to a hybrid dna molecule containing both 14n and 15n.
What is the Meselson and Stahl experiment about?
In 1958, Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl using three models of conservative, semi conservative and dispersive of how organisms might replicate their DNA for their experiment were able to show that each strand in a DNA molecule serves as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand.
Here's the complete question:
If the conservative model had been correct, how many generations of bacterial cell division would have had to pass before Meselson and Stahl would have observed evidence of a band in the CsCl gradient corresponding to a hybrid DNA molecule containing both 14N and 15N?
A) 1 generation
B) 4 generations
C) More than 10 generations
D) No generations; a hybrid would never form.
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if two (2) molecules of 2-phosphoglycerate is oxidized via glycolysis, the pdc, and the cac in a kidney cell, how many net molecules of atp (plus gtp) will be produced by oxidative phosphorylation and substrate level phosphorylation? assume that this particular atp synthase has 9 c-subunits and that the phosphate translocate symporter is utilized. (net atp
27 that this particular atp synthase has 9 c-subunits and that the phosphate translocate symporter is utilized.
Why is oxidative phosphorylation significant and what does it entail?The majority of the ATP required for higher animals and plants to sustain life is produced by oxidative phosphorylation, which is also in charge of establishing and preserving metabolic equilibrium.
The mechanism through which ATP production is connected to the flow of electrons via the mitochondrial electron transport chain and the resulting oxygen consumption is known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Through a process known as oxidative phosphorylation, energy is converted into ATP by a sequence of protein complexes located inside the inner membrane of mitochondria (the electron transport chain and ATP synthase).
Metabolic control analysis and nonequilibrium thermodynamics are two theoretical methods used to study oxidative phosphorylation.
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Questions on The excretory system
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from an organism's body fluids in order to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent body damage.
The excretory system is what?Organs of the human excretory system enable the elimination of nitrogenous wastes from the body. The kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra are the primary excretory organs. Blood is filtered through the kidneys, and the result is urine.
The answers are follows
The first claim is accurate since diabetes either results in insufficient insulin production or insufficient insulin use by the body. Without insulin, blood glucose levels rise to an unmanageable level that your kidneys are unable to filter and reabsorb.The kidneys receive oxygenated blood from the heart through the renal artery.We discovered that the concentration of urea may be higher in the renal vein than in the renal artery after fruitless attempts to gauge the blood flow rate through the kidney.Nitrogenous wastes are typically present in the deoxygenated blood that passes through the renal vein.More glucose is found in the renal artery than the renal vein.To know more about excretory system, refer
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what is the treaty, now signed by over 136 countries, that lists almost 700 species that cannot be commercially traded as lives specimens or wildlife products because they are endangered or threatened?
C.I.T.E.S. is the treaty signed over by 136 countries , listing 700 species cannot be traded because of endangered or being threatened.
What is species and what is endangered species and what C.I.T.E.S. states?Species is the smallest unit of taxanomy hierarchy, representing lot of characters similar and common.Endangered species are the ones that are threatened to be extinct but are not , so they are under protection .C.I.T.E.S. the convention on international trade in endangered species states the protection of threatened species.It is basically a treaty ensuring the international trade of animals and pants do not disturb the species.Hence C.I.T.E.S. is the treaty signed by over 136 countries listing 700 species that cannot be commercially traded.To know more about species visit:
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The presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood is known as.
Answer: Hyperalbuminemia
Explanation: Hyperalbuminemia, Definition - the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood.
What do chutney soca monarch, calypso monarch, and panorama events have in common?.
a.They are all modern indigenous Tano customs that are exclusive to Trinidad Island.
b. They are all solely descended from the Tassa genre of Indo-Trinidad.
What does the name "chutney soca," a Trinidadian musical style, mean?Drupatee Ramgoonai of Trinidad and Tobago originally used the name "chutney soca" in her first album, Chutney Soca, which mixed Trinidadian English and Trinidadian Hindustani versions of the songs. She spelled the term "Chatnee Soca" because the modern spelling of the word had not yet been established.
Who is the chutney music king?By incorporating western guitars and early electronics into his music, Sundar Popo revolutionized the genre. Although Sundar Popo came to be recognized as the "King of Chutney," a singer from the town of Felicity, Chaguanas, by the name of Lakhan Kariya, established the art of singing songs in the "Chutney" style before Popo.
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This difference between scientific theories and scientific laws is:
Group of answer choices
A. laws always conform to "common sense" and theories do not.
B. there is no difference
C. a law tells what happens; a theory explains why
D. a law is just a hypothesis ; a theory is known to be true
When growing living cells in test tubes, biologists are very careful to use a solution known as Ringer's solution. Why is it important that Ringer's solution has a salt concentration. on h exactly equal to body and cellular fluids?
The ringer's solution is used to rapidly restore the circulating blood volumes in the patients. This solution contains salt to irrigate and replenish the fluids and electrolytes in patients.
What is Ringer's solution?The ringer's solution is an aqueous solution of salts such as calcium chloride, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride that provides a medium which is isotonic to the animal tissues and it is used topically for irrigating tissues or intravenously to replenish the fluids and electrolytes in the patient.
Ringer's solution is used to maintain the osmotic balance in bacteria. It is used for the preparation of different suspension of samples and other biological matter in dilution techniques. It is also used for the microbial control of apparatus used in the laboratory by the rinse and swab method.
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which statement is an example of a chemical change? group of answer choices a plant converts carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. ice cubes are formed in the freezer. a tree is cut down in the forest. confetti is cut from pieces of paper. water evaporates from a lake.
An example of a chemical change: A plant converts carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. Ice cubes are formed in the freezer.
Chemical change arises when a substance combines with every other to form a new substance, known as chemical synthesis or, as an alternative, chemical decomposition into extra distinctive substances. those tactics are called chemical reactions and, in widespread, are not reversible except by using similar chemical reactions. Wikipedia
The five conditions of chemical exchange: coloration exchange, formation of a precipitate, formation of a fuel, smell trade, and temperature trade. A chemical exchange happens when one chemical substance is transformed into one or more one-of-a-kind materials, such as when iron will become rust. Chemical adjustments occur through the method of chemical reactions, and the ensuing materials have different residences because their atoms and molecules are organized otherwise.
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I want to help me with questions
A rubber ball dropped from a certain height has constant uniform acceleration due to gravity. Therefore, rubber ball dropped from a certain height is an example of uniform acceleration.
Elastic potential energy causes a ball to bounce as it is transformed into kinetic energy, which then brings the ball back up. However, the ball does not get high as in the start, because some of its energy is transferred to the floor or into sound.
And also, as the ball hits the ground, or a table, it changes shape for a split second, even though we don't see it. This also requires energy.
Therefore, we can observe that the height of each bounce is a little less than the previous one. Some of the kinetic energy of the ball is retained, when it strikes the floor but all the other is transformed. It loses a bit of its kinetic energy every time the ball bounces and after that it ceases to bounce after several strikes.
While playing tug of war, one person pulls the rope to the left with 50N force and another pulls to the right with 65N force.
A rope will have same tension throughout even when forces acting on both ends are different when the rope considered is massless and inextensible. The rope does not exert any force other than tension. As the tension on an ideal rope is uniform, the forces ( although not same) produce uniform tension.
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The below sequence is RNA? How do you know?
To know a sequence is RNA chain is decided by the complementary base-pairing between incoming nucleotides and therefore the deoxyribonucleic acid.
Ribonucleic acid (abbreviated RNA) may be a macromolecule gift altogether living cells that has structural similarities to deoxyribonucleic acid.
Unlike DNA, however, RNA is most frequently fiber associate RNA molecule features a backbone made from alternating phosphate teams and therefore the sugar saccharide, instead of the carbohydrate found in deoxyribonucleic acid.
DNA utilizes four bases, purine (A), purine (G), C (C), and T (T), in its code. RNA conjointly uses four bases. However, rather than victimization 'T' as deoxyribonucleic acid will, it uses U (U). Therefore, if your deoxyribonucleic acid sequence is 3' T C G T T C A G T 5', the ribonucleic acid sequence would be 5' A G C A A G U C A 3'.
As in deoxyribonucleic acid replication, the ester sequence of the RNA chain is decided by the complementary base-pairing between incoming nucleotides and therefore the deoxyribonucleic acid
example once an honest match is created, the incoming ribonucleotide is covalently coupled to the growing RNA chain in associate enzymatically catalyzed reaction.
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explain importance of water potential gradient and osmosis in uptake and loss of water
Answer:
Mark Brainliest
Explanation:
If the water potential around the plant cell is high, water enters the cell via osmosis. (Movement of water molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration). Hence, the plant cell is turgid (swollen or full of water) now. Having a turgid plant cell is very important as turgidity of a cell prevents the plant from wilting as the cell is firm. Also, a turgid cell pushes the guard cells open (a flaccid cell doesn't as it is limp) and allows gas exchange for photosynthesis and respiration.
Both water potential gradient and osmosis are important for the overall development of plants.
What are the importance of water potential and osmosis in plants?For photosynthesis to occur, plants use water potential to move water to the leaves. The difference between the potential in a specific water sample and pure water is known as the "water potential," which is a measurement of the potential energy in water.
Osmosis aids in preserving the water content of plant cells. It is a technique that enables plants to retain water despite ongoing water loss. It gives the plant body's softer cells a turgidity. Water is absorbed by root hairs from the soil by osmosis. It regulates the movement of water from xylem components to surrounding cells.
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Please help
Which position shows the sun setting?
3
1
4
2
Position 3 in the image shows the setting of the sun as it is towards the West direction.
Sun is a large ball of fore and hence is very hot. The sun is actually a star but is the closest to the Earth and hence appears very large. It is the center of the solar system. The sun is also the source and light and energy for Earth. It rises in the East and sets in the West.
Direction in science is the location of any object. It is a relative term where the location of an object is described in relation to another object. The universal directions used on the earth are: East, West, North and South. These are also called cardinal directions.
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when an infectious disease cannot spread in a population because it lacks a significant number of susceptible hosts, the phenomenon is referred to as contact immunity herd immunity. active immunity. passive immunity.
An infectious disease cannot spread in a population because it lacks a significant number of susceptible hosts, the phenomenon is called contact immunity herd immunity.
What is herd immunity?
Herd immunity, also known as herd effect, community immunity, population immunity, or mass immunity, is an indirect kind of defense that only works against infectious illnesses. It happens when a sizable portion of a population has developed an immunity to infection, whether from prior infections or vaccinations, decreasing the risk of disease for others who do not have immunity.
When herd immunity is attained, illness progressively vanishes from a community and, if accomplished globally, may lead to zero elimination or a permanent reduction of infections.
The creation of herd immunity through vaccination has helped to reduce the prevalence of numerous illnesses.
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you are studying 12 new isolates from the human skin. their average nucleotide identity for shared orthologous genes is 97%. the isolates would most likely be
The isolates would be classified as individual strains of the same species.
The average nucleotide Identity (ANI) above 95% are considered of same species.
What is Average nucleotide identity?
Average nucleotide Identity is a method of comparing sequenced microbial genomes. It is used for prokaryotes. As, 12 new isolates from the human skin have 97% average nucleotide identity for shared orthologous genes , so they are classified as individuals strains of the same species.
Therefore if you are studying 12 new isolates from the human skin, their average nucleotide identity for shared orthologous genes is 97%, then isolates would most likely be classified as individual strains of the same species.
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8. What is happening to the surface area to volume ratio as the cell size increases?
Answer:
gets smaller
Explanation:
as the cell gets larger. Thus, if the cell grows beyond a certain limit, not enough material will be able to cross the membrane fast enough to accommodate the increased cellular volume.As a cell's size increases, what happens to the ratio of its surface area to its volume? As a cell grows, its surface area-to-volume ratio decreases.
in the first step of glycogenolysis, the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase acts on glycogen to produce glucose-1-phosphate. what must happen to this product before it can enter the glycolysis pathway?
In the first step of glycogenolysis, it must isomerize to glucose-6-phosphate before it can enter the glycolysis pathway.
The metabolic process known as glycolysis is what turns glucose into pyruvate. The high-energy molecules reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and adenosine triphosphate are created using the free energy released during this process. A series of 10 events known as glycolysis are facilitated by enzymes. By dissolving glucose into two molecules with three carbons each, the cytoplasmic mechanism of glycolysis produces energy. Hexokinase, an enzyme, aids in the process of phosphorylation, which traps glucose. In this process, ATP is utilised, and the end product, glucose-6-P, inhibits hexokinase. One 6-carbon molecule of glucose is oxidised in the cytoplasm during glycolysis to produce two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules. Pyruvate's fate is determined by whether cells have mitochondria and oxygen or not.
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Answer:
Explanation:Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose-6-phosphate by process of phosphorylation. In our body glycogen is stored in the liver.
In the first step of glycogenolysis, enzyme glycogen phosphorylase does an isomerization process and after that converted form of glycogen can enter into the glycolysis pathway; so, this isomerization process must happen for the entry of glycogen into the glycolysis cycle.
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Explain, in your own words, how you would use the light microscope to view a wet mount of a protist, assuming the microscope is plugged in and that the light source is on.
A light microscope is an instrument commonly used in the laboratory which makes use of light rays for viewing and enlarging smaller objects/organisms.
The wet protist is first of all put on the slide then the slide is placed on the Stage which is the flat podium where the slides containing the samples are put for viewing.
The Stage clips are then used to hold the slide containing the wet protist in proper place for a better viewing result.
The Coarse and fine focus knobs are used to adjust the stage by raising and lowering it .
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Would hurricane-force winds along a coastline produce wind related erosion?
An hurricane-force wind can be seen as the strongest wind and one that is greater than 72 miles per hour (32 meters per second), but is not necessarily a hurricane.
What is the Effect of hurricane- force winds on coastline?The greatest threat to life and property along the shore is by far the coastal flooding brought on by hurricanes, which may be just as fatal and equally destructive to property as wind.
Significant wind erosion occurs when strong winds travel across light-textured soils that have been severely grazed during droughts. Wind erosion is a natural phenomenon.
Therefore an hurricane-forced wind can produce wind related erosion
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Which statement describes the movement of water when a cell shrinks and shrivels due to osmosis?
Water went into the cell because the concentration of water inside the cell was lower than the concentration outside the cell.
Water went out of the cell because the concentration of water inside the cell was higher than the concentration outside the cell.
The cell membrane used energy to move water into the cell through passive transport.
The cell membrane used energy to move water out of the cell through passive transport.
Mark this and return
Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement or diffusion of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from a high water potential to a low water potential to equalize solute concentrations. Thus option (B) is correct.
What is osmosis?Osmosis transports a solvent through a semipermeable membrane between two solutions of different solute concentration. Osmosis transfers solvent from low-solute to high-solute solutions.
Osmosis occurs in both the small and large intestines, with the majority of osmosis occurring in the large intestine. As your body processes food, it moves from the esophagus to the stomach and then to the small intestine. While there, your body absorbs important nutrients via osmosis.
Osmosis helps in stabilizing the internal environment of the organism by balancing the levels of water and intracellular fluids. Also, the nutrients and minerals enter the cell by osmosis which is necessary for the survival of cells.
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50 POINTS!!!!!!!
A dichotomous key works on the principle of asking yes-or-no questions about the organism. To identify it, the answers for that organism are then compared to existing organisms to identify it. Prepare a list of four to five questions about each of the organisms listed below to help you create your own key. For each question, make sure the answer isn’t the same for all four organisms. For example, Does the organism have cells? would be an inappropriate question, because all organisms have cells.
brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
E. coli bacteria (Escherichia coli)
green hydra (Hydra viriadissima)
house cat (Felis catus)
The dichotomous key can be used to identify and classify an organism. 1) Is the organism unicellular 2) Does the organism has nuclei? 3) Is the organism a vertebrate? 4) Does the organism have hair and mammal glands?
What is a dichotomous key?A dichotomous key is a support tool that leads to the identification and classification of organisms according to their characteristics.
The key provides simple morphological descriptions about different taxonomic groups so you can identify these traits in your individual and reach the correct classification.
The term dichotomous refers to how information is provided. You will always have two options (in this case, yes or no), and you will have to choose one of them according to the characteristics of your organism.
In the exposed example, we need to make descriptions about four individuals,
Brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)E. coli bacteria (Escherichia coli)Green hydra (Hydra viriadissima)House cat (Felis catus)You should consider these questions are only based on these organisms, meaning general morphological questions that lead to their identification.
1) Is the organism unicellular ------------------------ Yes go to 2)
No go to 3)
2) Does the organism has nuclei? ---------------- Yes S. cerevisiae
No Escherichia coli
3) Is the organism a vertebrate? -------------------- Yes go to 4)
No Hydra viriadissima
4) Does the organism have hair and mammal glands? ----- Yes F. catus
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Organisms exhibit different type of adoptions as a mean of survival.What type of adoptions do the caterpillar and the plant show in this interaction?
The adaptation in this interaction of the green plant and the caterpillar is an example of structural adaptation.
What is adaptation?The term adaptation has to do with the physical or the structural or even functional changes that is seen to occur in an organism so that the organism can be able to carry out its life activities very easily. We know that there are various kinds of habitat that the organism could be able to find itself and the organism must be able to have within it, the ways that would enable it to survive the harsh conditions of that particular or given environment.
In this case, a green caterpillar feeding on a green leaf. The green color of the caterpillar is an example of a adaptation to avoid predators, while the release of bioactive chemicals by the plant to protect itself from the insect’s attack is a adaptation.
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Missing parts;
Organisms exhibit different types of adaptations as a means of survival. What type of adaptations do the caterpillar and the plant show in this interaction?
a green caterpillar feeding on a green leaf
The green color of the caterpillar is an example of a adaptation to avoid predators, while the release of bioactive chemicals by the plant to protect itself from the insect’s attack is a adaptation.
During pyruvate oxidation pyruvate is converted to a molecule of acetyl. Pyruvate is a 3-carbon molecule while acetyl is a 2-carbon molecule. What do you think happened to the carbon molecule that was lost?.
The lost carbon is released in the form of carbon dioxide.
The oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is a one step process requiring cofactor. The oxidation reaction involves conversion of [tex] {NAD}^{ + } [/tex] to NADH. In the step, [tex] CO_{2}[/tex]
is released.
Also, CoA-SH also enters the reaction for reaction with the molecule of pyruvate. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is used for catalysis of reaction. The resultant product is acetyl CoA.
The reaction is a very important intermediate step. It makes the molecule of pyruvate usable for generation of ATP. The acetyl CoA is used in the next step which is Kreb's cycle.
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A plant grower has a greenhouse where she grows plants in the winter. The greenhouse is exposed to direct sunlight and often gets too hot for the plants. She paints the inside of the glass with chalky white paint, and the temperature drops to comfortable levels. Explain why this procedure works.
This procedure works why because the white paint reflects sunlight in order to prevent it from entering the greenhouse and becoming trapped as heat.
The paint reflects sunlight, which causes the inside to chill. Heat is reflected by the color white, whereas it is absorbed by the color black. You don't see something's color; instead, you see it's not that color ( if something is red, then it absorbs all colors but the color red and the red are instead reflected into your eyes). Since white is made up of all hues, chalk reflects all colors and light. Because light is a kind of heat, it also scatters heat, which causes the heat to dissipate. In order to prevent sunlight from entering the greenhouse, where it can be trapped as heat, the white paint reflects the sunlight. However, it will turn the grower's greenhouse into an oven. Plants need sunshine to develop.
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students conducted a controlled experiment to investigate whether sawdust provides enough nutrients to support plant growth. the students separated ten nearly identical sunflower seedlings into two groups. they grew the seedlings in the first group in potting soil and the seedlings in the second group in sawdust composed mostly of cellulose. after twenty days, the students recorded observations about the seedlings
The observed differences between the groups most likely resulted from differences in the ability of the seedlings to produce glucose monomers.
What are the nutrients required for plant growth?Nutrients are those compounds or substances that provide living organisms with the materials they require for their growth and metabolism.
The main nutrients required for the growth and development of plants include:
carbohydratesproteinslipidsminerals such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, oxygen, etc,The nutrients required by plants for their growth are obtained from the soil, the atmosphere, as well as from water.
Plants require these minerals from fertilized soil, else they will have as stunted growth and will not be able to produce their food in the form of glucose monomers.
Saw dust lack these nutrients and plants will not grow well in sawdust.
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Complete question:
Students conducted a controlled experiment to investigate whether sawdust provides enough nutrients to support plant growth. The students separated ten nearly identical sunflower seedlings into two groups. They grew the seedlings in the first group in potting soil and the seedlings in the second group in sawdust composed mostly of cellulose. After twenty days, the students recorded observations about the seedlings in each group. The students’ observations are presented in the table. Treatment Group Mean Seedling Height Observations Seedlings in potting soil 18.5 cm The leaves have a dark green color and are normal in size. Seedlings in sawdust 4.8 cm The leaves have a grayish color and are small in size. The observed differences between the groups most likely resulted from differences in the ability of the seedlings to produce which of the following monomers?
Questions on The excretory system
The proximal convoluted tubule is located within the renal cortex and is continuous with the capsular space. The straight proximal tubule (or thick descending limb) extends down into the medulla. Both parts are composed of simple cuboidal epithelium, rich in mitochondria and microvilli (brush border).
Medulla of the Kidney?The adult renal medulla, or interior of the kidney, is made up of the vasa recta, the interstitium, the loops of Henle, and the medullary collecting ducts. For the control of urine concentration and other specialized kidney activities, the specific spatial configuration of these components is crucial.The tissue that makes up both kidneys' central and inner parenchyma is known as the renal medulla. Renal pyramids are located in the renal medulla, where waste is gathered and eliminated.
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A pick up line( school appropriate) about cytoskeleton
If the concentration of glucose was equal inside and outside of the cell, do you think
there would be a net flow of glucose across the cell membrane in one direction or the
other? Explain your answer.
Answer:
If concentration of glucose were the same inside and outside of a cell then equilibrium is already established so there's no concentration gradient to cause movement of glucose in either direction,thus,in or out
Taxol is an anticancer drug extracted from the pacific yew tree that binds to microtubules and prevents their depolymerization. Which phase of mitosis or cell division would be inhibited by treatment with taxol?.
Metaphase stage of mitosis or cell division would be inhibited by treatment with taxol.
Microtubules are structures that help in the alignment of the chromosomes in the phase referred to as the metaphase. The alignment and splitting of the chromosomes occur due to the microtubules.
The organization of the microtubule will be affected by the anticancer drug called as taxol because taxol binds to microtubules and prevents their depolymerization.
As a result of taxol, the microtubules would not be able to align the chromosomes and hence the chromosomes will not be able to split.
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pongids: a. are incapable of walking bipedally b. can walk bipedally only by holding on to branches with their arms c. are capable of bipedal locomotion, but inefficiently d. are, in fact, habitually bipedal
One of the earliest adaptations made by hominids was bipedalism, and there are several theories as to how the human ancestors acquired it. One of them claims that after a group of our ancestors started living in Savannah habitats, bipedalism emerged (open areas covered with grasses). The Savannah lineages didn't have many trees to climb, so the upright posture let them see predators in the distance. Other lineages remained in the forests, where they could use the treetops and branches for protection and to collect food.
The second theory links the use of tools to the evolution of human bipedalism. The two forelimbs are free to explore the environment, aid in the use of tools, and even gather food while moving because a species does not move on all four limbs.
With this knowledge, we can conclude that bipedalism gave the human race a free arm to build technology and allowed them to move more slowly while walking, among other benefits.
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