β-barrel
What is the structure of β-barrel proteins?A beta barrel is a beta sheet made of tandem repetitions that twists and coils to form a closed toroidal structure in protein structures. The first strand of the beta barrel is connected to the last strand (hydrogen bond). Many beta-barrels have an antiparallel arrangement of the beta-strands. The majority of them are proteins that are soluble in water and typically bind hydrophobic ligands in the middle of the barrel, like lipocalins. More than 600 proteins with a variety of functions have been shown to include the beta barrel shape.
In many cases, the strands contain alternating polar and non-polar (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) amino acids. As a result, the polar residues are oriented toward the solvent-exposed surface of the barrel and the hydrophobic residues are oriented into the interior of the barrel to form a hydrophobic core.
I understand the question you are looking for is this:
If a transmembrane domain of protein contains -sheet structure, the overall structure of the transmembrane portion is likely a ____________.
A) β-barrel
B) β-tube
C) β-turn
D) β-helix
E) none of the above
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Explain/describe how a presynaptic neuron causes an electrical signal on a postsynaptic neuron, when they do not actually touch.
The action potential causes information to be transmitted from the axon of the first neuron (presynaptic neuron) to the dendrites or cell body of the second neuron (postsynaptic neuron) by secretion of chemicals called neurotransmitters.
How do synaptic transmissions occur?Synapse is the junction between neurons where information gets exchanged.The axon of the presynaptic neuron does not actually touch the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron and is separated from them by a space called the synaptic cleft. Stimulation of the presynaptic neuron to produce an action potential causes the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.Neurotransmitters are stored in small vesicles located in knoblike structures on the axon tips.Most of the released neurotransmitters bind with molecules at the receptors on the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron.The combination of the neurotransmitter molecules to receptor cell molecules in the postsynaptic cell membrane produces a change of potential in the postsynaptic cell membrane called the postsynaptic potential (PSP).Thus a signal is caused on a postsynaptic neuron.Learn more about neuron here:
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The visual predation hypothesis of primate origins proposes that Group of answer choices primate characteristics evolved as adaptive advantages in a purely TERRESTRIAL environment. mammalian characteristics evolved as adaptive advantages in a purely ARBOREAL environment. primate characteristics evolved as adaptive advantages in the forest undergrowth. primate characteristics evolved as primates adapted to the highest tiers in the forest canopy.
The visual predation hypothesis of primate origins proposes that primate characteristics evolved as adaptive advantages in the forest undergrowth.
A small, nocturnal, insectivorous mammal is most likely where the early primates originated. The two species that are most closely related to primates are tree shrews and colugos, commonly referred to as flying lemurs. The tree shrew serves as a living example of how early primates, or primate ancestors, might have looked. Primates or their predecessors entered the trees and adapted to an arboreal environment at some point. The Arboreal and Visual Predation Theories are two hypotheses for how various ape traits, like grasping or prehensile hands, forward-facing eyes, and depth perception, evolved.Although primates are assumed to have originated in Asia, the majority of the earliest fossils, which date to the Eocene Epoch, are found in North America and Europe.learn more about primate origins here: https://brainly.com/question/22097207
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Which type of mutation is seen in a sperm cell but not in a skin cell?
Answer:
An alteration in DNA that occurs after conception. Somatic mutations can occur in any of the cells of the body except the germ cells (sperm and egg) and therefore are not passed on to children. These alterations can (but do not always) cause cancer or other diseases.
Explanation:
when a skin stem cell harbors a cancer-driving mutation, it becomes more likely to generate two specialized skin cells when it divides. Over time, the mutated skin stem cell fails to renew itself and turns into cells that eventually slough off, allowing the skin to expel mutated cells as needed.
Errors in DNA copying during cell division and development can cause new mutations — called de novo mutations — at any time from the moment of conception. Mutations that occur in the germ line — the cells that develop into sperm or eggs — can be passed on to the next generation and, perhaps, cause disease in children.
Rahul get tired very easily doctor says that he lacks mineral in his doet which mineral it?
Answer:
iron
Explanation:
Iron deficiency may cause fatigue
sorry if wrong
Ecology and evolution are closely related, as are evolution and genetics. All have an impact on the world around us.
Describe at least 5 ways that you currently or could help with conservation. Include practical ways you and your family can reduce, reuse, and recycle in your day-to-day lives.
Explain the roles of natural selection and mutation in evolution. In your response, describe how genetics and evolution are related and explain at least 2 pieces of evidence for evolution.
Ecology is the science that studies the interaction between living beings and the environment in which they live.
How can I help with conservation?Buy recycled paper avoiding the death of more treesHave a recycling bin for paper, plastic, metal and glass, to reduce the environmental damage in waste and for the waste to be reusedRecycle toner and ink cartridges from empty printers, to avoid polluting rivers and streams.If possible buy remanufactured cartridges, avoiding environmental impactRecycle old newspapers, avoiding the death of more trees.What is the evidence for evolution?Anatomy. Species may share similar physical features because those features were present in a common ancestor (homologous structures).Molecular biology. DNA and genetic code reflect the common ancestry of life
With this information, we can conclude that Ecology is concerned with the living beings on the planet and their relationships with each other and with the environment.
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Gene got Medicare before he turned 65 and enrolled into a Medicare Advantage plan. He calls in February the month before his 65th birthday and is unhappy with his current plan. On the date of the call, what can Gene do about his coverage?
On the date of the call, the thing that Gene can do about his Medicare coverage is that he can change it since he's dissatisfied.
What is Medicare?It should be noted that Medicare simply means a government health insurance program that is found in the United States.
In this case, Medicare Advantage has two opportunities to change plans each year. This occurs between October 15th to December 7th and January 1st to March 31st.
Here, Gene calls in February the month before his 65th birthday and is unhappy with his current plan and since he has a Medicare Advantage plan, he can switch to another Medicare Advantage plan as well as changing change to original Medicare and then join a Part D plan. He had to do this before the end of March.
In conclusion, the coverage begins the first day of the month after he switches.
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Answer:
Explanation:gene has until the end of March to make a place change
Both steroid and protein hormones have their cell receptors in the same area of the cell. multiple choice 1 True False 2. Steroid hormones bind directly to the DNA. multiple choice 2 True False 3. What codes for the synthesis of proteins
The genetic codes stored in DNA codes for the synthesis of proteins in the cell.
What is the DNA?The DNA is the acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the molecule that contains the genetic information of an organism.
The following statements are below categorized as true or false;
Both steroid and protein hormones have their cell receptors in the same area of the cell - False
Steroid hormones bind directly to the DNA - True
The genetic codes contained only in DNA is responsible for the synthesis or the production of proteins in the cell.
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Which chemical disinfectant works by inactivating enzymes and nucleic acids and is known for being toxic and carcinogenic
Formaldehyde chemical disinfectant works by inactivating enzymes and nucleic acids and is known for being toxic and carcinogenic.
What is formaldehyde?A pungent, colorless gas called formaldehyde is a component of numerous household goods and building materials.
What does formaldehyde do in human body?Some people may experience negative symptoms like watery eyes, burning sensations in the eyes, nose, and throat, coughing, wheezing, nausea, and skin irritation when formaldehyde is present in the air at levels above 0.1 ppm.
What is nucleic acids?A nucleic acid is a polymeric macromolecule made up of repeating units of monomeric "nucleotides" made of a pentose (five carbon) sugar (either ribose or 2′-deoxyribose) and one to three phosphate groups. The nitrogenous heterocyclic base can be either a purine or a pyrimidine.
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Sensory impulses traveling through the posterior root will reach the _______ upon entering the spinal cord.
Sensory impulses traveling through the posterior root will reach the posterior horn upon entering the spinal cord.
Posterior Part of Spinal Column
It is one of the three grey columns seen in the spinal cord and it receives various sensory information. The sensory information can be touch, vibration, and proprioception.
Transmission of Signals from Posterior root to Posterior horn
The posterior root is also called the dorsal root and it emerges from the spinal cord. It contains afferent nerve fibers that are responsible for bringing sensory information from various parts of the trunk to the central nervous system. The signals are then transmitted to the posterior horn. The posterior horn is also called the dorsal horn and it is one of the divisions of grey matter. The posterior horn has interneurons that are responsible for connecting the CNS and the neurons entering the ascending sensory pathways.
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A neurotransmitter may have an excitatory or an inhibitory effect on the postsynaptic cell, depending on __________.
A neurotransmitter can have an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the postsynaptic cell, depending on which of its receptor(s) are present on the postsynaptic (target) cell.
How do excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters act?Sometimes neurotransmitters can bind to receptors and cause an electrical signal to be transmitted through the cell (excitatory). In other cases, the neurotransmitter can prevent the signal from continuing, preventing the message from being carried (inhibitory).
With this information, we can conclude that a neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse.
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Describe the chemistry of two types of enzymes and explain how the apoenzyme forms.
The two types of enzymes are apoenzymes and holoenzymes on the basis of their activity state.
Enzymes are the proteinaceous molecules that speed up the biochemical reaction taking place inside living systems.
Apoenzymes are the catalytically inactive form of the enzyme that is present in the cells when the enzyme is not required. It activates upon the binding of a cofactor. Apoenzymes are not capable of catalyzing a reaction. It is considered an incomplete enzyme.
Holoenzymes are the active form of enzymes. When the enzyme binds to the cofactor, it is the catalytically active form known as the holoenzyme. It is considered the complete enzyme.
Apoenzymes form when the cofactor or coenzyme is removed from the active site of the enzyme and only the protein component is left alone, it is catalytically inactive.
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Think about your hand and thumb for a minute. Think about all the things you can do with your thumb and hand, all the things you can grab and pick up. Do you have an evolutionary advantage because you have an opposable thumb? Explain your answer.
The opposable thumb and movable hands in humans are an evolutionary advantage as they allow them to grasp the resources and objects in nature and help in survival.
What is an opposable thumb?An opposable thumb is the evolutionary adaptation of the primates (humans) that allows the thumb to be placed opposite the fingers in the hand to grasp, handle and lift objects.
It is an evolutionary advantage as it allowed the humans to grasp the objects and resources present in the environment and allowed them to eat and write, unlike the other animals of the primate group.
Therefore, an opposable thumb is an evolutionary advantage.
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A/An ____________________ is the placement of a catheter to maintain an opening between the pelvis of a kidney and the exterior of the body.
A nephrostomy is the placement of a catheter to maintain an opening between the pelvis of a kidney and the exterior of the body.
Urine is generated by the kidneys. Each of the two kidneys in humans sends urine to the bladder via a tube called the ureter. This canal might get obstructed for several reasons (e.g., cancer or kidney stones). A clogged ureter can prevent the kidney from functioning normally and cause renal disease. Additionally, if the obstructed urine becomes contaminated, it can cause significant sickness.
A nephrostomy is a connection between the kidney and the skin. A nephrostomy tube is a tiny plastic tube that is carried from the back, through the skin, the kidney, and to the urine collection site. Its purpose is to temporarily discharge clogged urine. This protects the kidney from further injury and allows it to operate normally.
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A nephrostomy is the placement of a catheter to maintain an opening between the pelvis of a kidney and the exterior of the body.
Urine is generated by the kidneys. Each of the two kidneys in humans sends urine to the bladder via a tube called the ureter. This canal might get obstructed for several reasons (e.g., cancer or kidney stones). A clogged ureter can prevent the kidney from functioning normally and cause renal disease. Additionally, if the obstructed urine becomes contaminated, it can cause significant sickness.
A nephrostomy is a connection between the kidney and the skin. A nephrostomy tube is a tiny plastic tube that is carried from the back, through the skin, the kidney, and to the urine collection site. Its purpose is to temporarily discharge clogged urine. This protects the kidney from further injury and allows it to operate normally.
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When the sarcomere contracts and shortens, __________. When the sarcomere contracts and shortens, __________. the I-band becomes larger the zones of overlap become smaller the Z-disks move further apart the A band stays the same
When the sarcomere contracts and shortens,D) the A band stays the same.
When a sarcomere contracts, the Z strains flow nearer together and the I band receives smaller. The A band remains equal width and, at full contraction, the skinny filaments overlap. Whilst a sarcomere shortens, some areas shorten while others live the equal length.
At some stage in muscular contraction, the myosin heads pull the actin filaments closer to one another ensuing in a shortened sarcomere. while the I band and H sector will disappear or shorten, the A band length will continue to be unchanged.
A sarcomere is described as a distance between the Z-strains. The Z-strains are pulled closer together for the duration of contraction and move in addition apart in the course of relaxation. The Z-traces are closer for the duration of contraction because actin and myosin interplay generates pass-bridges, which slide the myofilaments over every other.
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The major action of angiotensin II is: Group of answer choices Increased parathormone secretion by the parathyroid Decreased adrenal secretion of aldosterone Increased vasoconstriction Increased pituitary secretion of vasopressin
The major action of angiotensin II is C) increased vasoconstriction.
Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor and stimulates the adrenal cortex to supply aldosterone. Vasopressin is launched whilst osmoreceptors inside the hypothalamus are stimulated by means of hyperosmolarity.
The Parathyroid's fundamental function is to adjust calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium tiers via multi-organ impact
Even as angiotensin II is a part of the renin-angiotensin system, aldosterone manufacturing, and secretion by using the adrenal gland is simply stimulated by using angiotensin II so tiers boom and purpose renal reabsorption of sodium and multiplied blood volume.
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A researcher prepares three cell cultures in a medium containing an equal mixture of glucose and lactose. Culture 1 contains E. coli cells lacking the lac operon. Culture 2 contains E. coli cells with the lac operon, and Culture 3 contains E. coli cells modified such that the lac operon always allows the metabolism of lactose. All cultures are left for 24 hours in appropriate conditions. Rank the cultures in order of increasing numbers of cells.
The cultures are arranged in a order as follows :
Culture 1 > Culture 3 > Culture 2 .
Culture 2 is expected to contain most cells because the lac operon metabolizes lactose only when the cells are needed and saves energy for replication. However, since cells in culture 3 can metabolize lactose, we can expect slightly fewer cells in culture 3, but they are not very efficient in terms of energy. Culture 1 dramatically reduces the number of cells because these cells cannot metabolize lactose.
The gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA. Some genes act as instructions for making molecules called proteins. However, many genes do not encode proteins.
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which hip bone forms the superioir part of the pelvic girlde that extends upward from the acetabulum
The ischium bone forms the superior part of the pelvic girdle.
What is the structure of the pelvic girdle?
In the bottom region of the trunk, there is a bony structure known as the pelvic girdle that resembles a ring. It joins the lower limbs to the axial skeleton. There are two types of pelvises: the bigger pelvic and the lesser pelvis.
The pelvis is made up of two paired hipbones that are joined at the pubic symphysis in front and by the sacrum in back. Each hipbone is composed of three bones: the blade-shaped ilium above and to either side, which determines the hips' width; the ischium below, on which the weight is placed when sitting; and the pubis in front. Early in maturity, all three come together at a triangle suture in the acetabulum, the cup-shaped socket that connects to the head of the femur to create the hip joint.
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why you think the opposable thumb is important to the evolutionary adaptation of humans.
The opposable thumb in humans helped them in their survival and evolutionary adaptation as it allows them to grasp objects and tools.
What is evolutionary adaptation?Evolutionary adaptation is the adjustment of the species to their new traits and environment to increase their chance of survival through natural selection.
The opposable or the grasping thumb/hand of the primates (humans) is an evolutionary adaptation. It allowed them to grasp the objects and led to the disappearance of the claws resulting in the formation of the fingertip, fingernails, etc.
Therefore, the opposable thumb is important for evolutionary adaptation as it allows the survival of the primates.
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The ________________ controls the activity of the gamma motor system and thus regulates muscle tone.
The reticular formation controls the activity of the gamma motor system and thus regulates muscle tone.
Gamma motor system (γ motor neuron): It is a type of neuron system that takes part in muscle contraction. Their cell bodies are present in the anterior part of spinal cords which receives the activating input from the reticular formation of the pons in the brainstem. They are not directly involved in lengthening or shortening muscles rather they function in pulling or stretching muscle spindles which then maintain the firing of alpha neurons resulting in muscle contraction.
These gamma neurons are more active and effection when their axons are surrounded by myelin [a lipid-rich material] as compared to non-myelinated axons.
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Which was a result of the human genome project
Answer:
Anatomy
What did the Human Genome Project accomplish?
In essence, it served as a standard for how a human genome appears. One of the first stages in determining if a mutation causes an illness is realizing that there IS a mutation. In order to compare it to "regular" human DNA sequences, we completed the human genome project. Similar to this, a human genome sequence is required in order to compare a human genome or gene to that of a dog or a fruit fly. It essentially changed us from doing genes one at a time to performing them in bulk. You can quickly trace a novel mutation or gene back to the reference genome to determine its location, typical sequence, etc.
Neanderthal genome sequencing is a nice illustration of this. In the absence of a reference genome to match it to, it was just a collection of random sequences. They were able to align and compare the reference human genome to determine precisely how humans vary from Neanderthals. That's a fascinating and significant piece of study that would not have been possible without the creation of a high-quality human reference genome.
an __ involves an inherited dispition to activate specvific behavior patterns that enable an organism to reach specific goals
An instinct involves an inherited disposition to activate specific behavior patterns that enable an organism to reach specific goals.
Goals: This can be defined as an ambition that an individual sets in one’s lifetime in response to his desire for anything. But everyone needs a driving force to constantly work on his dreams and desires in order to achieve it. Thus, a lot of motivation with a handful of instincts is a perfect mixture to go ahead.
Instinct can be described as a pattern of complex behavior that develops because of inborn or in-life learned things in response to different things that happens in an individual life.
This inner feeling or instincts towards any particular, place, person, moment, or incident are a kind of driving force that allows an individual to achieve his goals and dreams
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Biomes include both biotic and abiotic elements. which set includes both biotic and abiotic elements of an estuary?
Cordgrass, water salinity and great blue herons set includes both biotic and abiotic elements of an estuary.
What is biotic and abiotic element?The pH of the soil in an ecosystem can be altered by an increase in acid rain.Aquatic food systems may experience bioaccumulation of heavy metals. Carbon that hasn't been burned could contaminate streams and feed wildlife. The climate, amount of precipitation, and soil type are abiotic factors—the nonliving elements—that define a biome. The plant and animal kingdoms are examples of biotic factors, which are the living elements.For plants to grow, they need carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. Through a process known as photosynthesis, plants employ water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide to produce their own food as part of a biotic interaction. Abiotic interactions, on a broader level, refer to climatic and seasonal cycles.Learn more about biotic and abiotic here:
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The class of macromolecules in microorganisms that contributes most to biomass is.
Answer:
Carbohydrates
Explanation:
Didinium are carnivorous members of Kingdom Protista that prey on other, slower moving Protists. A student is studying Didinium feeding rates after 1, 3, and 5 days of food deprivation. How should she classify the organism she is studying
She should classify the organism as a Eukaryotic consumer.
In the nation Animalia (state of multicellular customers), the individuals are eukaryotic, multicellular, and heterotrophic purchasers. They feed on other organisms and are accordingly referred to as purchasers. They comprise glycogen or fats as reserve food.
Eukaryotes are heterotrophic but are decomposers due to the fact they take in nutrients from dead organisms and organic rely on them to get stronger. Examples of fungi are molds, mold and mushrooms.
Eukaryote Heterotrophs most multicellular and some unicellular feed on lifeless and decaying organisms. Eukaryote Autotrophs Multicellular life on earth might now not exist without plant life.
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Which color of light does chlorophyll b absorb more of than any other color?
Answer:
Chlorophyll b is a green colored, accessory photosynthetic pigment that helps in the process of photosynthesis by collecting enegry. It traps solar energy and transfers it to the chlorophyll a.
Chlorophyll b absorbs red and blue light of electromagnetic spectrum, which ranges from 650-680 and 450-480 nano meter. The light primarily absorbed by the chlorophyll b is blue light.
Thus, the correct answer is 'blue light.'
Please I need the answer
aa x aa
Aa x Aa
AA x Aa (which is the same as Aa x AA)
AA x AA
There are two other possible unique crosses. What are they?
Answer:
other twos are AA x aa and Aa x aa
Planet A
Atmosphere is mostly
carbon dioxide.
Surface is red.
It has a few clouds.
Intro
Planet B
Atmosphere is
rich in oxygen.
Surface has
liquid water.
It has many
clouds.
What is the identity of planet A?
What is the identity of Planet B?
Answer:
A is Mars
B is Earth
Explanation:
Mars is red
When population growth slows as a population reaches the habitat's carrying capacity, the population has grown ________. This type of growth is typically seen in ________.
Answer:
logistically; animals
Explanation:
examine the entire genome of a bacteria and notice that nearly 70% of all DNA base pairs have three hydrogen bonds. This is a clear example of ____________________.
Examine the entire genome of a bacteria and notice that nearly 70% of all DNA base pairs have three hydrogen bonds. This is a clear example of GC content bias.
What is GC Content Bias?In Illumina sequencing data, the relationship between fragment count (read coverage) and GC content is known as "GC content bias." For techniques that concentrate on determining the number of fragments within a genome, like copy number estimation, this bias may predominate the signal of interest (DNA-sequence). The bias varies between samples, and there is no agreement on the most effective ways to eliminate it in a particular sample.High-throughput Illumina Genome Analyzer sequencing has gained popularity as a method for assessing the relative amount of DNA in an assay. The DNA of interest is broken up using this technique, and either the ends of the fragments are sequenced. These read pairs, which are short sequences, are mapped to a reference genome.
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Neanderthals and Homo sapiens are different species yet most people carry about 2.5% of Neanderthal genetic code in our genome. What does this tell us about our relationship with Neanderthals? Select all that apply.
Because Neanderthals and Homo sapiens shared an common ancestor, most humans have roughly 2.5 percent of Neanderthal DNA in their DNA.
What is meant by Homo sapiens bearing about 2.5% of Neanderthals DNA?Scientific data indicate that these two species originated from a single progenitor. Latest research reveals that the Neanderthal and Homo sapiens lineages split at about 500,000 years earlier, according to both archaeological and DNA data. Its split, according to certain genetic validations, occurred roughly 650,000 years previously.The amount of DNA a person has inherited from such forebears is often measured as a proportion in this data. Humans from African populations have zero or almost zero percent Neanderthal DNA, whereas those from European or Asian populations have roughly 2.5 percent. Because of problems with chronology and fossil anatomy, it is presently unknown if Homo heidelbergensis, Homo antecedent, or the other species was the last common ancestor of modern humans and Neanderthals.At some point throughout their life, Neanderthals coexisted with early modern humans.Therefore it can be concluded that Neanderthals are early modern humans' closest ancient relatives.
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