Acetylcholine is released into the neuromuscular junction when Ca+ ions are released. It permits the channel to open, allowing Ca+ ions into the muscle fiber and K+ ions out. The electrical conditions in the membrane alter as a result, and depolarization occurs.
It generates an action potential, which passes through the cells before contracting.
Neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic terminal involves a number of complex steps: depolarization of the terminal membrane, activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ entrance, change in docking protein structure, and fusing of the vesicle to the plasma membrane, with following
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in biology, the relationship between form and function is critical. briefly explain how this is apparent at the level of the cell. your answer should include a specific example of how form follows function in a cell.
In biology, The structures (form) of cellular organelles enable them to carry out their respective functions effectively.
In order to keep the system functioning as a whole, the cells provide shape, and structure, and perform various functions. The various functional structures that make up the cell are known as organelles, and they play a role in a variety of cellular functions.
A living organism's fundamental structural and functional unit is the cell. Postulates of cell theory assert that a cell is the fundamental building block of life. It is the unit that gives life to everything and is self-sufficient enough to carry out all essential functions of an organism.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. in a nucleotide, the nitrogenous base is attached to the sugar's___carbon and the phosphate group is attached to the sugar's___carbon.
In a nucleotide, the nitrogenous base is attached to the sugar's 1 carbon and the phosphate group is attached to the sugar's 5 carbon.
The combination of biological nitrogen-containing molecules known as nucleobases, also known as nitrogenous bases or, more commonly, just bases, results in nucleosides, which go on to become parts of nucleotides, the fundamental constituents of nucleic acids. Long-chain helical forms like ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid are made possible by the nucleobases' capacity to pair and stack one another (DNA). The five basic or conventional nucleobases are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T), and uracil (U) (U). The nucleotides A, G, C, and T found in DNA and A, G, C, and U found in RNA are the basic building blocks of the genetic code.
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Build-Measure-Learn feedback loops are used to test out parts of the business model.
What should be the next step after finding out something is not working?
O You don't have to do research to complete it
Pivot the idea and make changes to the lean canvas
O Potential funders do not care about details
There is not as much strategy involved
The process of developing empathy for your consumers, and monitoring their responses, hence option B is correct.
What is the business model?Build-measure-learn (BML) is a method of producing a product, measuring consumer metrics, and learning from them to better respond to customers.
Pivot the idea and make changes wants and enhance the product for the eventual sustainability of the firm.
Therefore, learning what changes to make to enhance customer interactions is referred to as the build-measure-learn feedback loop, hence option B is correct.
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Which biogeochemical cycles interact with the air? Which cycle interacts with water? Which interact with soil or biotic factors underground?
The cycles I've learnt about recently are: the biogeochemical cycle, the hydrologic cycle, the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, the phosphorus cycle, and the sulfur cycle. Thanks for the help!!
The cycles that interact with air are;
hydrologic cycle carbon cyclephosphorus cyclesulfur cycleThe cycles that interact with water are;
hydrologic cyclephosphorus cyclesulfur cyclecarbon cyclenitrogen cycleThe cycles that interact with soil or biotic factors underground
hydrologic cyclecarbon cyclenitrogen cycleWhat are biogeochemical cycles?The term biogeochemical cycles as to do with the way that materials are moving through the environment. We know that all of the spheres of the environment has to be involved when we are talking about the biogeochemical cycles and these include;
AtmosphereLithosphereHydrosphereGeosphereThere are so many of the biogeochemical that passes through a lot of the portions of the environment as we can see. Now we know that each of the cycles must be able to interact with one or more of the portions of the environment.
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a nucleus with mass number and atomic number undergoes decay (positron emission). the mass number and atomic number, respectively, of the product nucleus are
Alpha decay, in general, decreases the atomic number (Z) by two and the mass number (A) by four. For example, alpha decay generates Rn-222 with atomic number 86 and mass number 222 from Ra-226 with atomic number 88 and mass number 226.
The electron is ejected as a particle, but the proton remains in the nucleus, raising the atomic number while remaining constant in mass.
One of the neutrons in the nucleus unexpectedly turns into a proton during beta decay, raising the atomic number of an element.
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which of these statements correctly describes an agglutination reaction? group of answer choices gluten peptides presented by apcs are sticky, so the cells clump together a cell suspension incubated with fluorophore-conjugated antibodies can be run on a flow cytometer antibodies bound to antigen-expressing cells form large macroscopic aggregates it cannot be used to determine a patient's blood type
Agglutination is best described as a mixture of soluble antibody and particle antigen.
A clumping of particles is called agglutination. The Latin term for "agglutination" is "agglutinare" (glueing to).
Agglutination is the reaction that takes place when an antigen and an antibody known as isoagglutinin are together. This phrase is frequently used while classifying blood types.
Two major instances of this in biology are as follows:
The grouping of cells, like bacteria or red blood cells, when an antibody or complement is present. An expansive complex is formed when an antibody or other molecule binds several particles and connects them together.
Due to the ability to phagocytose large clusters of bacteria rather than individual microbial antigens, this improves the efficiency of microbial eradication through phagocytosis.
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Successful vaccination requires the generation of an antibody response and long-term memory. Mounting this response requires a coordinated series of events.
Arrange the following statements in the correct order to describe how an antibody response is generated.
1. Dendritic cells process antigens
2. dendritic cells present antigens on their surface
3. Th cells recognize MHC II/antigen complexes on dendritic cells
4. Stimulated by IL-4, Th cells differentiate into Th2 cells
5. B cells (presenting MHC II/antigens) are activated after interacting with Th2 cells
6. B cells differentiate into memory cells and plasma cells
Steps involved in antigen response generation is:
1. Dendritic cells process antigens.
2. Dendritic cells present antigens on their surface.
3. T helper cells recognize MHC II/antigen complexes on dendritic cells.
4. Stimulated by IL-4, T helper cells differentiate into T helper2 cells.
5. B cells (presenting MHC II/antigens) are activated after interacting with T helper2 cells.
6. B cells differentiate into memory cells and plasma cells.
The B cell produces antibodies (specialized white blood cells). A B cell multiplies and clones when it comes into touch with an antigen. These plasma cells, also known as cloned B cells, unleash countless amounts of antibodies into your lymphatic and blood systems.
Our body has antibodies in a number of places, including your skin, lungs, tears, saliva, and even breast milk. In actuality, colostrum contains significant levels of antibodies (a thick fluid secreted by the breasts for a few days after giving birth). Because of this, breast- or chest-feeding helps strengthen your baby's immune system.
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Corrected Question:
Successful vaccination requires the generation of an antibody response and long-term memory. Mounting this response requires a coordinated series of events.
which of the following statements highlights an important difference between dna and rna? group of answer choices rna bases have a 3' hydroxyl group dna has a sugar-phosphate backbone rna contains u instead of a none of these all of these dna contains a deoxyribose unit
Important difference between DNA and RNA are given below:
1. DNA has deoxyribose sugar which deoxygenated at 2' C whereas RNA has ribose sugar with hydroxyl group at 2' C.
2. Nitrogen base found in DNA adenine, Guanine, cytosine and thymine but in case of DNA uracil found instead of thymine.
DNA and RNA both contain sugar phosphate backbone with phosphodiester linkage.
In all dwelling things, DNA is vital for inheritance, coding for proteins, and offering instructions for life and its tactics. Human cells commonly consist of 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a complete of forty six chromosomes in every cell.
Most DNA is positioned within the cell nucleus. Mitochondria are structures within cells that convert the power from meals right into a shape that cells can use.
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French biologist, living in the late 1700s and early 1800s, who was the first to propose a mechanism by which evolution might occur. Although this mechanism was later found to be incorrect, he was the first to emphasis how the environment plays a key role in evolution and that the environment can help explain changes in organismal forms seen in the fossil record.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck is a French biologist, living in the late 1700s and early 1800s, who was the first to propose a mechanism by which evolution might occur. he was the first to emphasis how the environment plays a key role in evolution and that the environment can help explain changes in organismal forms seen in the fossil record.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) was a well-known naturalist in France. He was among the first scientists to suggest that species evolve over time. However, Lamarck was incorrect about how species evolve. His understanding of acquired characteristics is incorrect.
Paleontologists, archaeologists, and geologists use the fossil record to place important events and species in the correct geologic era. It is based on the Law of Superposition, which states that the bottom layers in undisturbed rock sequences are older than the top layers.
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FILL IN THE BLANK The line of evidence that relies on examining distributions of organisms across the planet in order to determine evolutionary relationships is ______
The line of evidence that relies on examining distributions of organisms across the planet in order to determine evolutionary relationships is biogeographical.
In the field of biology, such features that combine biological study with a geographical study are referred to as the biogeographical aspects of something.
When the geographical distribution of organisms is considered in order to understand the biological aspect of evolutionary relationships, then in such a case, the line of evidence is the biogeographical aspect. This will help in determining the evolutionary history of organisms based on their locations.
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it occurs in people with blood type o because both copies of the i allele are necessary for dominance.
People with blood type O experience codominance because both copies of a I allele are required for dominance.
What is blood made of?Lipids and solids make up your blood. Water, salts, & protein make up the plasma, which is the liquid component. Your blood contains more than 50% liquid. Red blood cells, white blood cells, & cells make up your blood's solid portion.
What is the importance blood?Humans require blood to survive. With blood, our body's organs would not be able to function properly. We would not be able to maintain body temperature, fight diseases, or dispose of our own waste.
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put the events associated with the formation of tubercules in sequence in order to test your understanding of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
The correct sequence formation of tubercules in order to test your understanding of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis are as follow:
Mycobacteria are engulfed by alveolar macrophage.Mycobacteria proliferate within the infected macrophage. Additional immune cells arrive and macrophages become foamy.A fibrous capsule surrounds the macrophage.Infected macrophage lyse releasing mycobacteria and creating caseous necrosis.The tubercule ruptures releasing mycobacteria.To learn more about mycobacteria please visit here:
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Which cell organelle does cyanobacteria resemble to with its function?
Answer:
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are photosynthetic prokaryotes that produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis. In this respect, cyanobacteria resemble the chloroplasts found in plant and algal cells, which are also responsible for photosynthesis.
Like chloroplasts, cyanobacteria have an outer membrane and an inner membrane that enclose the photosynthetic pigments. These pigments, such as chlorophyll, capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy. The inner membrane of cyanobacteria is also folded into thylakoid stacks, similar to the thylakoid membranes found in chloroplasts.
Thus, while cyanobacteria are not eukaryotes and do not have cell organelles, their function as photosynthetic organisms is similar to that of the chloroplasts found in eukaryotic cells.
Explanation:
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Which of the following junctions binds a cell to another cell and is linked to keratin intermediate filaments? Choose one: O A. desmosome O B. tight junction O C. adherens junction O D. hemidesmosome
Junctions binds a cell to another cell and is linked to keratin intermediate filaments is desmosome.
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions that connect the plasma membrane with intermediate filaments. Members of the cadherin superfamily called desmogleins and desmocollins mediate adhesion at desmosomes. Desmosomes hold cells together by acting as glue. They are found in high numbers in tissues that are subject to a lot of mechanical forces. For example, many are found in the epidermis, which is the outer layer of skin, and the myocardium, which is muscle tissue in the heart.The extracellular core region, approximately 34 nm in length, contains desmoglein and desmocollin, which are in the cadherin family of cell adhesion proteins. Both have five extracellular domains, and have calcium-binding motifs. By permitting the cadherin extracellular domain on desmoglein and desmocollin to stiffen, extracellular calcium aids in the formation of cadherin adhesion. In contrast to the homophilic binding behaviour of other cadherins, they attach to each other via heterophilic interactions in the extracellular space around their N-termini. Desmoglein and desmocollin both feature an internal anchor to maintain their location within the cell membrane and a single pass transmembrane region. An intracellular cadherin domain seen in desmogleins and the desmocollin isoform "Dsc-a" interacts to plakoglobin.
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Why do you find more diverse species in a Class or a Family
the name propionibacterium is derived from the fact that the organism produces propionic acid during fermentative metabolism. which of the following statements about fermentative metabolism is true?
Fermentation produces far less ATP than aerobic respiration, although it does create NAD+, which may be utilised in glycolysis.
define glycolysis ?
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose (C6H12O6) to pyruvate (CH3COCO2H). The free energy released in this process is used to form the reduced high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Glycolysis is a series of ten reactions catalyzed by enzymes.
Summary of 10 reactions of the fecal pathway
Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that does not require oxygen (Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to lactic acid). The striking presence of glycolysis in other species suggests that it is an archaic metabolic pathway. Indeed, the reactions that make up glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, which occurred in the oxygen-free conditions of the ancient oceans, as well as the absence of enzymes, were catalyzed by metal.
Fermentation produces far less ATP than aerobic respiration, although it does create NAD+, which may be utilised in glycolysis.
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acIS lacP+ lacO+ lacZ - lacY+ / F' lacI+ lacP+ lacOC lacZ+ lacY -
Select the best description of beta-galactosidase activity in the following environmental conditions.
Lactose Absent; Glucose Absent
Lactose Present, Glucose Present
1.
High
2.
Basal
3.
Lower than basal
4.
None
For genotype: lacIS lacP+ lacO+ lacZ - lacY+ / F' lacI+ lacP - lacOC lacZ+ lacY -
Select the best description of permease activity in the following environmental conditions.
Question 2 options:
Glucose Present; Lactose Present
Glucose Absent; Lactose Present
1.
High
2.
Basal
3.
Lower than basal
4.
None
The best description of beta-Galactosidase enzyme activity for this genotype will be high for both the cases of lactose absent, glucose absent and lactose present, glucose present.
For genotype: lacIS lacP+ lacO+ lacZ - lacY+ / F' lacI+ lacP - lacOC lacZ+ lacYthe best description of permease activity in the following environmental conditions will be none for both cases.
What is beta-galactosidase?
A glycoside hydrolase enzyme called beta-galactosidase catalyses the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing D-galactose residues in D-galactosides. Carbohydrates containing galactose that have a glycosidic linkage above the galactose molecule are referred to as galactosides. Enzymes called glycoside hydrolases called galactosidases catalyse the hydrolysis of galactosides into monosaccharides.
What role does beta galactosidase play?
The disaccharide lactose is broken down by the enzyme -galactosidase to create galactose and glucose, which are then used in the process of glycolysis.
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The best description of beta-Galactosidase enzyme activity for this genotype will be high for both the cases of lactose absent, glucose absent and lactose present, glucose present.
For genotype: lacIS lacP+ lacO+ lacZ - lacY+ / F' lacI+ lacP - lacOC lacZ+ lacYthe best description of permease activity in the following environmental conditions will be none for both cases.
What is beta-galactosidase?A glycoside hydrolase enzyme called beta-galactosidase catalyses the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing D-galactose residues in D-galactosides. Carbohydrates containing galactose that have a glycosidic linkage above the galactose molecule are referred to as galactosides. Enzymes called glycoside hydrolases called galactosidases catalyse the hydrolysis of galactosides into monosaccharides.
What role does beta galactosidase play?The disaccharide lactose is broken down by the enzyme -galactosidase to create galactose and glucose, which are then used in the process of glycolysis.
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(q037) in mammals, individuals with two x chromosomes are female, and individuals with an x and a y chromosome are male. it had long been known that a gene located on the y chromosome was sufficient to induce the gonads to form testes, which is the main male-determining factor in development, and researchers sought the product of this gene, the so-called testes-determining factor (tdf). for several years, the tdf was incorrectly thought to be a zinc finger protein encoded by a gene called boy. which of the following observations would most strongly suggest that boy might not be the tdf?
Some XY individuals that develop into females have mutations in a different gene, SRY, but are normal at BoY is the observation which would most strongly suggest that BoY might not be the TDF.
Mammals are a gaggle of vertebrate animals constituting the category class Mammalia, characterised by the presence of exocrine gland glands that in females manufacture milk for feeding their young, a pallium, fur or hair, and 3 cavum bones.
A chromosome is a long desoxyribonucleic acid molecule with half or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the terribly long skinny desoxyribonucleic acid fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the foremost necessary of those proteins are the histones.
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Compare skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles as to their microscopic anatomy, location and arrangement in body organs, and function in the body.
Muscle tissue is a specialized tissue that performs the important role of body movement. Muscles can be divided into three main types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Each type of muscle has its own unique microscopic anatomy, location and arrangement in body organs, and function in the body.
Skeletal muscle is the most abundant type of muscle and is composed of long, cylindrical cells or fibers known as myocytes. Each myocyte is made up of myofibrils, which are composed of actin and myosin filaments. These filaments are arranged in a repeating pattern that allows for muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle is found mainly in the limbs, trunk and head and is responsible for movement.
Smooth muscle is found mainly in the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach, intestines, bladder, and blood vessels. Unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is composed of short spindle-shaped cells that lack myofibrils. Instead, smooth muscle cells contain actin and myosin filaments arranged in a spiral around the nucleus. Smooth muscle cells are responsible for involuntary actions such as digestion and contraction of blood vessels.
Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart and is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. Cardiac muscle is composed of short, branched cells that contain myofibrils. Unlike skeletal and smooth muscle, cardiac muscle cells are connected to each other by special proteins called intercalated discs that allow for the rapid transmission of electrical signals. This allows for the coordinated contraction of the heart muscle.
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-------- alveolar cells provide the primary diffusional area for gas exchange with the blood in the lung
The alveolar cells of the lung provide the primary diffusional area for gas exchange between the air and the blood. Alveoli are tiny, balloon-like sacs in the lungs that are lined with a single layer of alveolar cells.
These cells form a thin, permeable membrane through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can pass from the air into the blood, and vice versa.
The alveolar cells are extremely important for respiration. Oxygen from the air enters the alveolar cells, where it diffuses into the blood. At the same time, carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses across the membrane into the alveolar cells, where it is expelled out of the body. This process, known as gas exchange, is essential for maintaining oxygen levels in the body and eliminating carbon dioxide.
The alveolar cells are also involved in the process of surfactant production. This is a complex mixture of lipids and proteins that provides a lubricating surface in the alveolar sacs, preventing them from collapsing and allowing for easier breathing.
The alveolar cells play a critical role in the process of respiration, providing the primary diffusional area for gas exchange with the blood. Without them, oxygen and carbon dioxide would not be able to diffuse across the alveolar membrane, and respiration would be impossible.
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which of the following situations delay the development of muscle fatigue the longest? which of the following situations delay the development of muscle fatigue the longest? consistent interruptions of muscle stimulation prolonged muscle contraction high intensity exercise alternating sprints with up-hill jogging repetitive stimulation of a muscle
Consistent interruptions of muscle stimulation delay the development of muscle fatigue the longest.
Muscle fatigue is a performance loss brought on by prolonged, vigorous muscle usage. The action potential, extracellular and intracellular ions, and several intracellular metabolites are only a few of the muscular properties that change as muscle exhaustion sets in. There are numerous mechanisms that have been found to be involved in performance deterioration. The conventional theory, which states that the buildup of intracellular lactate and hydrogen ions impairs the function of the contractile proteins, is probably not very significant in mammals. Alternative theories will be taken into account, including the impact of reactive oxygen species, failure of SR Ca2+ release by various mechanisms, and the consequences of ionic alterations on the action potential.
The identification of the numerous mechanisms that contribute in diverse situations during a variety of activities is a significant task. Utilizing the knowledge gained from these research to pinpoint the mechanisms of exhaustion in intact animals and, in particular, in human disorders, is another significant problem. The majority of mechanistic investigations of fatigue are conducted on isolated animal tissues.
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I need help, I have no idea what the pictures mean. (20 points)
Answer: You just need to match the symbols to the rock type and environment it represents.
Explanation:
Igneous rocks form when hot, molten rock crystallizes and solidifies.
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized silicate grains.
Limestone is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of CaCO₃.
Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock that forms from the compaction of silt and clay-size mineral particles and is easily broken into thin, parallel layers.
Which of these are functions of the spinal cord? Select all that apply. Select one or more: a. Reticular activating system b. Reflex actions involving internal organs c. Coordinates voluntary control of the limbs d. Form a connection between peripheral nerves and the brain e. Reflex actions involving skeletal muscle 2. Senses whose receptors are associated with the skin, muscles, joints, and viscera Select one or more: a. Responding senses b. Tissue senses c. Cutaneous senses d. Bodily senses 3. Put the events of a spinal reflex in the proper order from where sensation starts to the reaction • Sensory receptor .Cell body of motor neuron .Cell body of sensory neuron • Dendrite of sensory neuron . Dendrites of motor neuron . Effector • Axon of motor neuron . Interneuron
1) a, b, c, d, and e The spinal cord serves as a conduit between the brain and the body's nerves.
The spinal cord, also known as the tubular nervous system, is a long, thin, and tube-like structure that extends from the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain to the lumbar region of the vertebral column.
Control your body's activities and actions. Movements are controlled by brain signals that are sent to various bodily regions.
Inform your brain of your senses. Your brain records and processes sensations like pressure or discomfort with the aid of signals from other areas of your body.
controlling your reflexes.
The spinal cord, which connects the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar portion of the vertebral column, is a long, thin, tubular tube consisting of nerve tissue (backbone). The cerebrospinal fluid-filled core canal of the spinal cord is enclosed by the backbone. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord (CNS). In humans, the spinal cord starts at the base of the skull and travels via the foramen magnum before entering the spinal canal at the first cervical vertebra. Between the first and second lumbar vertebrae, the spinal cord comes to a stop. The somewhat shorter spinal cord is shielded by the bony vertebral column that surrounds it.
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When sexuality is "one dimension of human experience, as a quality that emerges from the self-possession, autonomy, and strength" of being an athlete, is called what?
When sexuality is "one dimension of human experience, as a quality that emerges from the self-possession, autonomy, and strength" of being an athlete, it is called athletic eroticism.
The findings show that nearly 40% of adults say they have been subjected to sports-related mistreatment, and about a third of adults believe that LGBT athletes are not welcome in sports. Adults who identify as members of a sexual minority are more likely than other adults to believe that sports are not welcoming to LGBT athletes.
Sports-related abuse and past involvement in sports as children do not account for these trends; they are also less likely than self-identified heterosexuals to play, watch, and discuss sports. The findings as a whole indicate that further work is required to counteract the existence and effect of sexual stigma and discrimination and to create more inviting sporting settings for everybody.
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the biological species concept works well with all of the following except group of answer choices mammals insects bacteria flowering plants
Answer: Bacteria
Explanation: The biological species concept means that two individual organisms are the same species if they can produce a fertile offspring. Since bacteria reproduce asexually, this concept can't be applied.
Please help me I forgot
The definitions I don’t have a big enough screen for the photos the main top one is autosomal and on the right is 1. Different versions of a gene
Answer:
Autosomal: 7
homozygous: 2
heterozygous: 3
Genotype: 5
Allele: 1
Phenotype: 4
Pedigree: 6
Explanation:
Three newborn babies have been separated from their parents. You need to make sure that each child is reunited with the proper set of parents_ The data below was gathered by amplifying two VNTR loci in each baby and the possible parents. Fragments were then separated using gel electrophoresis. Assume that each parent couple had only one of the babies_ Match the babies with the proper parents. VNTR Locus Baby 1 Baby 2 Baby 3 Mike Molly Jim Judy Adam Amy VNTR Locus 2 Baby 1 Baby 2 Baby 3 Mike Molly Jim Judy Adam Amy Baby Choose Choose Baby 3 Choose_ Baby
Fragments were then separated using gel electrophoresis. Assume that each parent couple had only one of the babies. The babies with the proper parents is:
Baby 1 - MIKE AND MOLLY
Baby 2 - ADAM AND AMY
Baby 3 - JIM AND JUDY
Each parents should have a band corresponding to the band for the baby.
For eg, For Baby 1. JIM AND JUDY is not a possibility since their VNTR 1 does not have a band corresponding to the baby band. ADAM AND AMY is also not possible since in VNTR 2, the upper band is not present for neither of the parents.
Like wise, you can look for the Baby 2 and Baby 3 by ruling out parents.
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when fluid intake is normal, the specific gravity of urine should be: 1.000 less than 1.010 greater than 1.025 1.010 to 1.025
when fluid intake is normal, the specific gravity of urine should be:1.010 to 1.025
Urine-specific gravity is a measurement of the kidneys' ability to concentrate urine. The specific gravity of water is 1.000. A urine-specific gravity less than 1.010 may indicate inadequate fluid intake. A urine-specific gravity greater than 1.025 may indicate overhydration.The normal specific gravity ranges from person to person. Your urine specific gravity is generally considered normal in the ranges of 1.005 to 1.030. If you drink a lot of water, 1.001 may be normal. The urine specific gravity test is easier and more convenient, and is usually part of a routine urinalysis. The urine osmolality test may not be needed. The normal range for urine specific gravity is 1.005 to 1.030. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples.
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The inheritance of a skin condition in humans
The inheritance of eye color in Drosophila is controlled by genes on each of the fly's four chromosome pairs. One eye-color gene is on the fly's X chromosome, so the trait is inherited in a sex-linked manner. For this sex-linked trait, the wild-type (brick red) allele is dominant over the mutant vermilion (bright red) allele.
A homozygous wild-type female fly is mated with a vermilion male fly.
Predict the eye colors of F1 and F2 generations. (Assume that the F1 flies are allowed to interbreed to produce the F2 generation.)
F1 Female = All ______________
F1 Males = All _____________
F2 Females = All ______________
F2 Males = 1/2 ________, 1/2 _________
Both F1 females and F1 males will have the wild-type eye color, but because the trait is sex-linked, F1 females will be heterozygous for the trait.
As a result, F2 males have a 1/2 chance of inheriting each allele, and thus of having that eye color. F2 females, on the other hand, will all have the wild-type eye color because they inherit the dominant allele on the X chromosome from their fathers (the F1 males).
F1 Female = All wildtype
F1 Males = All wildtype
F2 Females = All wildtype
F2 Males = 1/2 wildtype, 1/2 vermilion
Vermilion (Xᵛ⁺), which is a sex-related characteristic, is subordinated to the wild-type allele (Xᵛ⁺). Male and female flies each have an X and a Y chromosome, but male and female flies only have one of each. An XᵛY male fly and an Xᵛ⁺Xᵛ⁺ homozygous wild-type female fly are mated. There are only Xᵛ⁺ gametes that the female parent can create. It depends on the male parent whether Xᵛ or Y gametes are produced.
The genotypes Xᵛ⁺Xᵛ (females with wild type eyes) and Xᵛ⁺ Y (males with Y-chromosomes) will be present in the F1 offspring after the gametes from both parents mate (males with wild type eyes).
F1 females have the ability to produce Xᵛ⁺ and Xᵛ gametes. F1 males have the ability to create Xᵛ⁺ and Y gametes. Gametes combine to create F2 children when F1 people interbreed. The following gamete combinations could result in the various genotypes and phenotypes in the F2 population:
Xᵛ⁺Xᵛ⁺ females with wild type eyes
Xᵛ⁺ Y males with wild type eyes
Xᵛ Xᵛ⁺ females with wild type eyes
Xᵛ Y males with vermilion eyes
Find out more about F1 offspring
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