The idea of Continental drift explains the presence of 300-million-old glacial grooves on four separate southern continents as they were once joined together and subject to the same climate conditions.
The theory of Continental drift states that the continents were once joined together as a supercontinent called Pangaea and have since drifted apart. This movement has caused the formation of geological features and altered the climate of the earth. 300-million-old glacial grooves have been found on four separate southern continents. This suggests that the continents were once joined together and were subject to the same climate conditions at the time of the formation of these grooves. These continents could have been connected through land bridges or narrow passages, which allowed for the migration of flora and fauna. The movement of these landmasses could have been caused by tectonic activity, which can be linked to the theory of Continental drift.
In conclusion, the idea of Continental drift explains the presence of 300-million-old glacial grooves on four separate southern continents as they were once joined together and subject to the same climate conditions.
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exactly 56 grams of iron is mixed with 156 grams of oxygen. the elements are heated and they react. which choice best describes what remains after the reaction is complete?
Iron is the limiting reagent because it is completely used up in the reaction.
option B.
What is the chemical equation for the reaction?The chemical expression for the reaction between iron and oxygen is:
4Fe(s) + 3O₂ (g) 2Fe₂O₃ (s)
The number of moles of iron = mass of Fe/ molecular mass of Fe
The number of moles of Fe = 56 g/ 55.845 g/mol
The number of moles of Fe = 1.002 moles of Fe
The number of moles of oxygen = mass of oxygen/ molecular mass of oxygen
The number of moles of oxygen = 156 g /32 g/mol
The number of moles of oxygen = 4.875 moles of oxygen
Assume that Fe is the limiting reactant, the number of Fe₂O₃ can be calculated as:
moles of Fe₂O₃ = 1.002 mole of Fe × 2 moles of Fe₂O₃/ 4 moles of Fe
moles of Fe₂O₃ = 0.501 mole of Fe₂O₃
Assume that O₂ is the limiting factor, the number of Fe₂O₃ is:
moles of Fe₂O₃ = 4.875 moles of O₂ × 2 moles of Fe₂O₃/ 3 moles of O₂
moles of Fe₂O₃ = 3.25 mole of Fe₂O₃
Thus, after the reaction is complete, Fe and O₂ contain different moles of Fe₂O₃. Only Fe gets consumed in the reaction and it is the limiting factor.
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The complete question is below:
exactly 56 grams of iron is mixed with 156 grams of oxygen. the elements are heated and they react. which choice best describes what remains after the reaction is complete?
a. oxygen is the limiting reagent
b. iron is the limiting reagent
c. both are limiting reagent
d. none is limiting reagent
liquids that mix completly are called
Answer:
Miscible
Explanation:
Mixed completely
Could someone please care to explain what this is please
Answer:
cierra los ojos que me vengo o me vengo
Explanation:
cierra los ojos que me vengo o me vengo cierra los ojos que me vengo o me vengo cierra los ojos que me vengo o me vengcierra los ojos que me vengo o me vengoo
Define the law of conservation of charge and provide an example.
Define opposite charges attract and like charges repel and provide an example.
Define Electricity along with an example.
Answer:
Conservation of Charge is the principle that the total electric charge in an isolated system never changes. The net quantity of electric charge, the amount of positive charge minus the amount of negative charge in the universe, is always conserved.
Determination of Avogadro’s number using electrolysis.
Report your observations on the general changes of the electrodes with each electrolysis.
a. anode
b. cathode
The electrolysis of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, chlorine gas is produced at the anode because the chloride ion (Cl-) has a greater tendency to pick up electrons than the hydroxide ion (OH-) in the water.2Cl- - 2e- → Cl2b. Cathode:During electrolysis, the cathode will gain electrons to form a negatively charged ion that is discharged. For example, in the electrolysis of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, hydrogen gas is produced at the cathode because the hydrogen ion (H+) has a greater tendency to pick up electrons than the sodium ion (Na+) in the water.2H+ + 2e- → H2.
Avogadro’s number (NA) can be determined by electrolysis using the Faraday’s laws of electrolysis. Electrolysis is the process of separating or breaking down a compound by the action of an electric current into its constituent parts. Faraday's first law states that the amount of substance deposited or liberated during electrolysis is proportional to the quantity of electricity passed.Faraday's second law of electrolysis states that the weights of different substances that are liberated at the electrodes, on passing the same quantity of electricity through an electrolytic cell are proportional to their equivalent weight.Given below is the calculation for the determination of Avogadro’s number using electrolysis:Let's assume the current passed, I = 2 ATime taken, t = 1800 seconds (30 minutes)Atomic weight of copper, W = 63.5 g/molThe electrochemical equivalent of copper is given by Faraday’s first law asThe amount of copper deposited on cathode = itM / zFWhere,M = atomic mass or molar mass of copperz = number of electrons involved in the reaction (z = 2 in the case of copper)F = Faraday’s constant, i.e. 96500 C mol-1Thus, the number of moles of copper deposited is given byMoles of copper deposited = (itM / zF) = (2 × 1800 × 63.5) / (2 × 96500)= 0.117 gramsNumber of moles of copper atoms in 0.117 grams is given byMoles of copper atoms = (0.117 / 63.5) = 1.84 × 10-3 molesGiven that 1 mole of copper contains 6.02 × 1023 copper atoms or ions, the number of copper atoms or ions in 1.84 × 10-3 moles is given byNA = number of copper atoms or ions = (1.84 × 10-3 × 6.02 × 1023) / 1= 1.11 × 1021 atoms or ionsReport on the general changes of the electrodes with each electrolysisa. Anode:During electrolysis, the anode will gradually dissolve because it loses electrons to form a positively charged ion that goes into solution, allowing the reaction to occur. For example, in the electrolysis of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, chlorine gas is produced at the anode because the chloride ion (Cl-) has a greater tendency to pick up electrons than the hydroxide ion (OH-) in the water.2Cl- - 2e- → Cl2b. Cathode:During electrolysis, the cathode will gain electrons to form a negatively charged ion that is discharged. For example, in the electrolysis of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, hydrogen gas is produced at the cathode because the hydrogen ion (H+) has a greater tendency to pick up electrons than the sodium ion (Na+) in the water.2H+ + 2e- → H2.
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(PLS HELP ASAP <3)
a sample of oxygen gas occupies 600mL when the pressure is 900 mmHg, what is the pressure if the volume is increased to 800 mL
Answer:
675 mmHgExplanation:
The new pressure can be found by using the formula for Boyle's law which is
[tex]P_1V_1 = P_2V_2[/tex]
Since we're finding the new pressure
[tex]P_2 = \frac{P_1V_1}{V_2} \\[/tex]
We have
[tex]P_2 = \frac{900 \times 600}{800} = \frac{540000}{800} \\ = 675[/tex]
We have the final answer as
675 mmHgHope this helps you
Will give brainliest!!!!
Answer:
Its B :)
Hope this helps
Image B will shows the butter particles before and after thermal energy will be transferred to the solid butter by heating. So, the correct option is B.
What is Thermal energy?The energy present in a system that determines its temperature is referred to as thermal energy. Thermal energy flows as heat. Thermodynamics is a whole field of physics that studies how heat is transmitted across various systems and how work is performed in the process.
The butter particles in Picture B are shown both before and after the solid butter has been heated to transmit thermal energy to it. This image shows a solid butter particle with tightly packed molecules, however when the butter is heated, it melts into a liquid form with loosely packed molecules.
Thus, the correct option is B.
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One of your bike tires has a volume of 18.2 L at temperature of 22.0°C. The temperature rises to 45.0°C when a sudden heat wave hits the DFW area. Calculate the new volume of your tire.
(3 sig figs)
Answer:
New volume = 19.61 L
Explanation:
Given that,
Initial volume, V₁ = 18.2 L
Initial temperature, T₁ = 22°C = 295 K
Final temperature, T₂ = 45°C = 318 K
We neeed to find the new volume of the tire. The relation between volume and temperature is given by :
[tex]V\propto T\\\\\dfrac{V_1}{V_2}=\dfrac{T_1}{T_2}\\\\V_2=\dfrac{V_1T_2}{T_1}\\\\V_2=\dfrac{18.2\times 318}{295}\\\\V_2=19.61\ L[/tex]
So, the new volume of the tire is equal to 19.61 L.
Answer:
19.61
Explanation:
It is easy, the mole is multiples by k and soforth
Calibrated equipment will always have repeatable and reproducible measurements
a. True
b. False
a. True. If the equipment is accurately calibrated, it will have both repeatable and reproducible measurements.
Calibrated equipment refers to instruments or devices that have undergone a calibration process, which involves comparing the measurements of the equipment to a known standard. This process ensures that the equipment is accurate and reliable in its measurements.
When equipment is properly calibrated, it means that it has been adjusted or aligned to match a known reference point or standard, minimizing any systematic errors or uncertainties in its measurements. As a result, calibrated equipment should provide consistent and repeatable measurements when used under the same conditions.
Reproducibility, on the other hand, refers to the ability to obtain consistent results when the measurement is performed by different operators or in different locations using the same calibrated equipment and method.
Therefore, if the equipment is accurately calibrated, it will have both repeatable and reproducible measurements, making option a, "True," the correct answer.
Calibrated equipment is essential for ensuring the accuracy and reliability of measurements, and it facilitates both repeatability and reproducibility in obtaining consistent results.
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Which are characteristics of all metals?
A
They are malleable, ductile, and conduct electricity.
B
They are malleable, ductile, and form ionic bonds.
C
They are ductile, inert, and conduct electricity.
D
They are noble, ductile, and form ionic bonds.
Answer:
A. They are malleable, ductile, and conduct electricity.
Explanation:
Answer:
a
Explanation:
the potential energy of a pair of hydrogen atoms separated by a large distance x is given by u(x)=−c6/x6 , where c6 is a positive constant.
The potential energy (u) of a pair of hydrogen atoms separated by a large distance x is given by the equation = u(x) = -c6/x^6. The equation provided represents a simplified model of the interaction between hydrogen atoms, known as the Lennard-Jones potential.
In this equation, c6 is a positive constant that determines the strength of the interaction between the hydrogen atoms. The potential energy is inversely proportional to the sixth power of the distance between the atoms.
As the distance (x) between the hydrogen atoms increases, the potential energy decreases rapidly. This is because the negative sign indicates an attractive force between the atoms. The potential energy approaches zero as the distance between the atoms becomes very large.
Conversely, as the distance between the hydrogen atoms decreases, the potential energy becomes more negative, indicating a stronger attractive force between the atoms.
In reality, the interaction between atoms is more complex and involves other factors such as electron-electron repulsion and electron-nucleus attraction.
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Oxygen is produced at the positive electrode
Write a balanced half equation for the process at the positive electrode
Answer:
See Explanation
Explanation:
In electrolysis, a solution called the electrolyte is decomposed by the passage of direct current through it.
The points through which current enters and leaves the electrolyte are called electrodes. In electrolysis, oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction occurs at the cathode.
In the electrolysis of water; at the anode oxygen is produced as follows;
4OH^-(aq) -----> 2H2O(l) + O2(g) + 4e
In Wittig Reaction, the reaction will be run using _____ as solvent. _______ is added to the residue to leach out your product. Your crude product is recrystallized from _______
In Wittig reaction, will be run using diethyl ether or THF as solvent. Water is used for leaching the product from the residue. Your crude product is recrystallized from ethanol.
In the Wittig reaction, the reaction is typically run using an inert solvent such as diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran (THF). Water is added to the residue to leach out the product, as the product is often water-soluble while the residue contains the byproducts and unreacted reagents.
The crude product is then recrystallized from a suitable solvent such as ethanol or methanol to obtain purified crystals. The choice of solvent for recrystallization depends on the solubility of the product and impurities.
Recrystallization is performed using solvents like ethanol or methanol to obtain purified crystals of the desired product. The choice of solvent in each step is crucial for achieving a successful and purified reaction outcome.
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The complete question is:
In Wittig Reaction, the reaction will be run using A. (hexane/methanol/no solvent) as solvent: B (Hexane/methanol/no solvent) is added to the residue to leach out your product: Your crude product is recrystallized from C (hexane/methanol/no solvent)
Burning is a reaction in which oxides are formed by combining ______ and _________.
Answer:
Burning is a reaction in which oxides are formed by combining fuel(reductant) and oxidant.
Explanation: Ex charcoal and lighter fluid
Hope this helps
Consider the four weak bases listed below. Which would primarily exist as a cation in an aqueous solution with pH = 9? a) only aniline, Kb = 4.0 x 10-10, pKa = 4.60 b) only caffeine, Kb = 1.4 x 10-4, pKg = 10.1 c) none will be cationic d) only quinine, Kb = 3.3 x 10-6, pKa = 8.52 e) only morphine, Kb = 1.6 x 10-6, pkg = 8.20 f) all will be cationic
When an aqueous solution has a pH value of 9, the solution is basic. It is important to note that weak bases behave like weak acids, producing their corresponding conjugate acid in the presence of water.
When a base interacts with water, it accepts a hydrogen ion to form the conjugate acid of the base. This conjugate acid can either exist in solution as a neutral species, as an anion, or as a cation. An anion is formed when a strong acid reacts with a weak base and displaces the weak base's conjugate base. Consider the four weak bases listed below. Which would primarily exist as a cation in an aqueous solution with pH = 9?
a) Aniline with Kb = 4.0 x 10-10 and pKa = 4.60
Aniline is a weak base that will primarily exist in a cationic state in an aqueous solution with a pH of 9. Aniline's Kb value is small, indicating that it is a weak base. Aniline's conjugate acid is NH2+, which is a weak acid.
b) Caffeine with Kb = 1.4 x 10-4 and pKg = 10.1
Caffeine is a weak base that will primarily exist in an anionic state in an aqueous solution with a pH of 9. Caffeine has a Kb value that is relatively large, indicating that it is a weak base. The conjugate acid of caffeine is H+, which is a strong acid.
c) None of the above weak bases will be cationic in solution.
d) Quinine with Kb = 3.3 x 10-6 and pKa = 8.52
Quinine is a weak base that will primarily exist in a cationic state in an aqueous solution with a pH of 9. Quinine has a Kb value that is small, indicating that it is a weak base. The conjugate acid of quinine is NH+2, which is a weak acid.
e) Morphine with Kb = 1.6 x 10-6 and pkg = 8.20
Morphine is a weak base that will primarily exist in a cationic state in an aqueous solution with a pH of 9. Morphine has a Kb value that is small, indicating that it is a weak base. The conjugate acid of morphine is NH+2, which is a weak acid.
f) All weak bases will not be cationic in solution.
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Does the +2 and -1 make a difference when solving for the Hrxn? What difference does it make?
Answer:
It would be a square plus b square and i am writing just so i can get pionts
Explanation:
The percent yield for the reaction in which 15.6g of aluminum hydroxide is reacted in excess hydrogen chloride gas is 92.5%. What is the actual yield of aluminum chlorine?
Answer:
24.6 g
Explanation:
solid liquid and gas is physical or chemical explain
Answer: Physical change
Explanation: I said physical change because its changing the form of the substance and also solid to gas are sublimating
PLZ HELP!
Are water waves transverse or longitudinal? How do you know? IN YOUR OWN WORDS.
Explanation:
Transverse waves are always characterized by particle motion being perpendicular to wave motion. A longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the direction that the wave moves.
How many atoms of aluminum are in 0.1 mol of aluminum?
Answer: The number of 'entities' in a mole of any pure substance is always that. 1 mole is equivalent to the number of atoms in a 12g lump of Carbon12.
Edit: I deliberately avoided using Avogadro's number as that is different, in a technical sense, to a mole. A mole is a base unit of the International System of Units (SI) which recognized amount of substance as an independent dimension of measurement. With this recognition, the Avogadro constant was no longer a pure number but a physical quantity associated with a unit of measurement, the reciprocal mole (mol−1) in SI units.
Therefore Avogadro constant is DERIVED from the mole (nowadays) to give something like 6.02214179 x 10^23 mole^(-1). (based on 2006 evidence)
Which of the following substances will affect the solubility of BaF2 in aqueous solution? Select ALL that apply.
a. LiF
b. H2SO4
c. NaOH
d. BaCl2
e. KNO3
The substances that will affect the solubility of BaF[tex]_2[/tex] in an aqueous solution are LiF, H[tex]_2[/tex]SO[tex]_4[/tex], NaOH, and BaCl[tex]_2[/tex]. The correct answer is option a, b, c, and d.
The solubility of a compound refers to its ability to dissolve in a solvent. It is affected by a number of factors such as temperature, pressure, and the presence of other substances. In the case of BaF[tex]_2[/tex], its solubility can be influenced by other substances in the solution.
Here are the explanations of how each substance will affect the solubility of BaF[tex]_2[/tex]:
LiF (a) - Both BaF[tex]_2[/tex] and LiF are ionic compounds. Therefore, the presence of LiF in the solution can cause an increase in the solubility of BaF[tex]_2[/tex].
H[tex]_2[/tex]SO[tex]_4[/tex] (b) - Sulfuric acid (H[tex]_2[/tex]SO[tex]_4[/tex]) is a strong acid. When it dissociates in water, it produces [tex]H^+[/tex] ions. The presence of [tex]H^+[/tex] ions in the solution can decrease the solubility of BaF[tex]_2[/tex].
NaOH (c) - Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong base. When it dissociates in water, it produces [tex]OH^-[/tex] ions. The presence of [tex]OH^-[/tex] ions in the solution can increase the solubility of BaF[tex]_2[/tex].
BaCl[tex]_2[/tex] (d) - BaCl[tex]_2[/tex] is another ionic compound that can dissociate into [tex]Ba^{2+}[/tex] and [tex]Cl^-[/tex] ions in aqueous solution. The presence of [tex]Ba^{2+}[/tex] ions can have a significant impact on the solubility of BaF[tex]_2[/tex] as it can cause a decrease in its solubility.
KNO[tex]_3[/tex] (e) - Potassium nitrate (KNO[tex]_3[/tex]) is a neutral compound that is not expected to have any significant effect on the solubility of BaF[tex]_2[/tex].
Therefore, the correct answer is a. LiF, b. H[tex]_2[/tex]SO[tex]_4[/tex], c. NaOH, and d. BaCl[tex]_2[/tex].
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Methane and water react to form hydrogen and carbon monoxide, like this: CH4(g)+H20(g) → 3 H,(g) + CO(g) The reaction is endothermic. Suppose a mixture of CH4, H20, H2 and CO has come to equilibrium in a closed reaction vessel. Predict what change, if any, the perturbations in the table below will cause in the composition of the mixture in the vessel. Also decide whether the equilibrium shifts to the right or left.
Answer is given in parts
Given equation: CH4(g)+H20(g) → 3 H2(g) + CO(g)
The given reaction is endothermic. It can be predicted that if there is an increase in temperature, the equilibrium will shift to the right as an endothermic reaction will favor the forward reaction to absorb more heat. If there is a decrease in temperature, the equilibrium will shift to the left.
Perturbations Effect on the composition of mixture Effect on the equilibrium
a. Removal of CH4 Decrease Decrease in CH4 will shift the equilibrium to the right.
b. Addition of CO Increase The addition of CO will shift the equilibrium to the left as the reaction will try to use up the excess CO.
c. Increase in Pressure No effect The increase in pressure will have no effect as the total number of moles of gases is the same on both sides of the equation.
d. Increase in temperature Increase Increase in temperature will shift the equilibrium to the right as it is an endothermic reaction and will favor the forward reaction to absorb more heat.
e. Addition of H2O No effect The addition of H2O will have no effect as there is already H2O present on the reactant side and the product side.
f. Removal of CO Decrease The removal of CO will shift the equilibrium to the right as the reaction will try to replace the lost CO.
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Is the following equation balanced or unbalanced?
4 NH4OH + KAI(SO4)2.12H2O → Al(OH)3 + 2 (NH4)2SO4 + KOH + 12 H2O
Balanced
Unbalanced
Birds have a high internal body ?
Answer:
Yes.
Explanation:
Birds don't look much like humans on the outside. As you might expect, their insides are also different, even though their internal organs carry out the same basic functions human organs carry out.
14. A 70 N tight rope walker is walking 20 meters above ground. About how much Gravitational Potential Energy does the performer have? 1,400 J 1,200 J 800 J
Answer:
It is 1,400 j
Explanation:
That is what i know
Answer:
1,400J
Explanation:
the formula for calculating Gravitational Potential Energy is mass×gravitational field strength×height
70×10×20=1,400
TRUE OR FALSE?
It is not possible for wind can push an air parcel even higher in the troposphere, causing the parcel to cool and lose more energy, which will lead to more rainfall.
Answer:
The more water vapor in the air parcel, the more condensation can occur, and therefore, more rain. ... The air parcel then loses more energy, causing more rainfall. Wind pushes air parcels even higher in the troposphere, where it is colder. The air parcels will then lose more energy and more rain can happen.
I think is FALSE, is that right?
which step in glycolysis involves the process where direct substrate phosphorylation occurs? (a) 3- phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate (b) 1,3, bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate (c) fructose-6-phosphate to fructose1,6-bisphosphate (d) 3- phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
The correct option is (b) 1,3, bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate is the step in glycolysis involves the process where direct substrate phosphorylation occurs.What is glycolysis?Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to pyruvate.
The glycolytic pathway converts glucose into two molecules of pyruvate and yields two ATP and two NADH molecules for each glucose molecule that enters the process.The series of reactions of glycolysis are divided into two main phases: an energy-investment phase, in which energy is consumed, and an energy-payoff phase, in which ATP is created. The first energy-investment phase is phosphorylation of glucose into glucose-6-phosphate, which is followed by phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.The direct substrate phosphorylation is the process where a substrate or molecule is phosphorylated via the transfer of a high-energy phosphate molecule directly from a phosphorylated intermediate (substrate-level phosphorylation).1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate are steps in glycolysis that involve the process where direct substrate phosphorylation occurs.
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5 Facts about cell division
Answer:
Cell division is the process by which a cell, called the parent cell, divides into two cells, called daughter cells.[1] When the cell divides, everything inside it divides also. The nucleus and the chromosomes divide, and the mitochondria divide also.
In mitosis, an ordinary body (somatic) cell divides to make two daughter cells.
In meiosis, a cell divides twice, to produce four gametes (sex cells). The first division of meiosis is a special kind of cell division called a reduction division because the number of chromosomes is halved. The second division of meiosis is similar to mitosis.[2]
Three types of cell division: left is binary fission as in bacteria; right are mitosis and meiosis as in eukaryotes.
Cells are the 'building blocks' of life, and cell division is a basic feature of life. For simple unicellular organisms like Amoebozoa, one cell division reproduces the entire organism. On a larger scale, cell division can create offspring from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. But most importantly, cell division enables organisms that are able to sexually reproduce to develop from the one-celled fertilised egg (zygote). Cell division also allows for continual renewal and repair of the organism.
The cell division is completed in the four phases prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
What is cell division?It is the process by which cells divide into daughter cells. This keeps the cell organism to survive.
The five facts about cell division are:
The cell division has 4 phases.In prophase, the cell DNA condensed to form chromosomes.In metaphase, the chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell.In anaphase, the chromosomes move towards the different poles.In telophase cells divide into two daughter cells.Therefore, the cell division is completed in the four phases prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
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Which substance cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means?
table salt
gold wire
candle wax
water vapor
Answer: Gold Wire
Explanation:
Out of all of these options only gold wire is an element, elements are pure and cannot be broken down by any chemical means
hope it helped, good luck :)
write equations showing how each weak base ionizes water to form oh-. also write the corresponding expression for kb.
a. NH3
b. HCO3-
c. CH3NH2
The chemical equations are as follows:
a. NH₃: NH₃ + H₂O ⇌ NH₄+ + OH⁻ (Kb = [NH4⁺][OH⁻] / [NH₃])
b. HCO₃-: HCO₃- + H₂O ⇌ H₂CO₃ + OH⁻ (Kb = [H₂CO₃][OH⁻] / [HCO₃⁻])
c. CH₃NH₂: CH₃NH₂ + H₂O ⇌ CH₃NH₃+ + OH⁻ (Kb = [CH₃NH₃⁺][OH⁻] / [CH₃NH₂])
a. NH₃ (ammonia):
NH₃ + H₂O ⇌ NH₄⁺ + OH⁻
The corresponding expression for Kb (base dissociation constant) is:
Kb = [NH₄⁺][OH⁻] / [NH₃]
b. HCO₃⁻ (bicarbonate):
HCO₃⁻ + H₂O ⇌ H₂CO₃ + OH⁻
The corresponding expression for Kb is:
Kb = [H₂CO₃][OH⁻] / [HCO₃⁻]
c. CH₃NH₂ (methylamine):
CH₃NH₂ + H₂O ⇌ CH₃NH₃+ + OH-
The corresponding expression for Kb is:
Kb = [CH₃NH₃⁺][OH⁻] / [CH₃NH₂]
In these equations, the weak base reacts with water to produce its conjugate acid (NH₄⁺, H₂CO₃, or CH₃NH₃⁺) and hydroxide ions (OH⁻). The Kb expression represents the equilibrium constant for the base ionization reaction and relates the concentrations of the products (conjugate acid and hydroxide ion) to the concentration of the weak base.
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