how many taxonomic groups do gorilla and human share

The redundancy of the genetic code codes for leucine allows more than one codon to encode the same amino acid.

define mutation ?

A mutation is a permanent change in the genetic material (the genome) of a cell of a live creature or of a virus that may be passed on to the cell's or virus's progeny. (Organic genomes are all composed of DNA, whereas viral genomes can be composed of either DNA or RNA; see heredity: The Physical Basis of Heredity.) A mutation in the DNA of a body cell of a multicellular organism (somatic mutation) may be transmitted to descendant cells by DNA replication, resulting in a sector or patch of cells with abnormal function, an example being cancer.

The redundancy of the genetic code codes for leucine allows more than one codon to encode the same amino acid.

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Answer:

True

Explanation:

.............. True

Answer: True

Explanation: I see this question before, so I know the answer! I hope you find it helpful!

In a penetrating wound, fibroblasts divide to produce mobile cells that repair the dermis.

A fibroblast is a cell type that helps to build connective tissue, which is a fibrous cellular structure that supports and links other tissues or organs in the body. Fibroblasts release collagen proteins, which help tissues retain their structural framework.

Fibroblasts are spindle-shaped cells with an oval flat nucleus that are present in organ interstitial spaces. They live in very complex multicellular habitats in the lung, mainly near to the epithelium or endothelium. Because fibroblasts are formed from primitive mesenchyme, they express the filament protein vimentin, which serves as a hallmark of mesodermal origin. In rare situations, epithelial cells can create fibroblasts, a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

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It is True that a DNA fragment with 100 base pairs is smaller than a DNA fragment with 150 base pairs.

Each of the two nucleotide strands that make up DNA contains four different kinds of nucleotides. Adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) are the nucleotides that make up base pairs and are joined by hydrogen bonds. Since the number of base pairs in a DNA fragment determines its length, a DNA fragment with 100 base pairs will be shorter than a DNA fragment with 150 base pairs.

The amount of information contained in a DNA fragment depends on its length. For example, a DNA fragment with 150 base pairs will have more information than one with 100 base pairs. A DNA fragment's length can also affect how well it can interact with other molecules. For instance, some proteins or enzymes require larger pieces for interaction, therefore a 100 base pair fragment would not be able to do so.

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Muscle contraction-specific cells exist. Walking is made possible by muscles, and they also support physiological functions including digestion and respiration.

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle are the three different forms of muscle found in the body.

Skeletal muscle tissue develops into skeletal muscles, which connect to bones or skin and regulate movement that can be consciously controlled as well as locomotion. Skeletal muscle is also referred to as voluntary muscle because it may be directed by mind. Skeletal muscles are long and cylindrical in shape, and their tissue appears striped or striated when seen under a microscope.

The consistent arrangement of contractile proteins is what causes the striations (actin and myosin). Actin, a globular contractile protein, works with myosin to contract muscles. Multiple nuclei can be found in a single cell of skeletal muscle as well.

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Suppose certain toxins kill human cells by blocking the pores in the nuclear membrane, it will not kill bacteria because bacteria do not have a nucleus and bacteria are prokaryotic (not membrane bound).

Bacteria are organisms that have a single cell, do not have a cell nucleus membrane (prokaryotes), and have a microscopic size meaning that a microscope is needed to be able to see them.

Bacterial cell structure is relatively simple when compared to other living things. Because bacteria do not have a cell nucleus, cell framework, and other organelles, for example mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Bacterial characteristics:

Benefits of Bacteria

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Action potentials are electrical impulses that are carried along a neuron's process, or axon, and are directed toward the end of the axon that innervates a target cell.

A neuron (also known as a nerve cell) is the fundamental component of the neurological system. An electrical impulse known as an action potential is a component of the transmission mechanism used by neurons to send signals throughout the body.

Because of its unique structure, the synapse formed between a spinal motor neuron and skeletal muscle cell is known as the motor endplate.

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When applied as a stain, the fluorescent substance ethidium bromide inserts itself between base pairs. This has the disadvantage of being exceedingly poisonous.

When separating DNA fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis, ethidium bromide (EtBr) is occasionally added to the running buffer. It is employed because the DNA banding pattern may be seen once the molecule binds to the DNA and is illuminated by a UV light source.

Ethidium bromide alters DNA, which results in mutations. A flat, planar chemical called ethidium bromide has a ring structure that resembles a pair of DNA bases. Because of its distinct structure, EtBr can intercalate or insert itself between stacked bases in double-stranded DNA.

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Michael Pollan is an American author, journalist, activist, and professor of journalism at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism. So non of these.

Speciesism is a form of discrimination based on species membership. It is the belief that humans are superior to other animals in a moral sense and should therefore be afforded greater rights and treatment. Speciesism can be seen in many areas of society, from the way animals are used in research and entertainment, to the way animals are treated in the food industry. Speciesism is often used to justify animal exploitation, and has been criticized by animal rights activists as being morally wrong.

He is best known for his books and articles on food, agriculture, and health. Pollan is an advocate for sustainable agriculture and a critic of industrial food production. He has written extensively on the environmental, economic, and ethical implications of modern food production, including factory farming and industrial agriculture. He believes that our current food system is unsustainable and calls for an alternative that is more respectful of animals, people, and the environment. He has argued against the idea of speciesism and for the rights of animals in the food system. He has also advocated for more sustainable and ethical forms of food production, including regenerative agriculture, agroforestry, and urban farming.

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Answer:the system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species of living organism, the first one indicating the genus and the second the specific epithet

Explanation:

Steroids are made from 4 fused carbon organic compounds rings, they are lipids, they are hormones in animals.

Steroids are synthetic versions of hormone-like substances that the body naturally produces. These steroid hormone medications are frequently created as pellets or "implants" that are inserted beneath the skin on the animal's ear's back. steroid is no need to remove the implants because they progressively organic compounds disintegrate under the skin. The treated animals' ears are not eaten as food for animals and are discarded at the time of slaughter. The group of biochemicals known as lipids includes steroids. They are organic compounds that are extremely soluble in nonpolar organic solvents but insoluble in water.

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A somatic nerve cell is responsible for controlling skeletal muscle.

This is  the somatic nervous system manages the movement of skeletal muscles. The motor cortex is the origin of conscious movement control (both premotor and primary motor cortex). However, the cerebellum and extrapyramidal parts of the CNS, among other organs, refine and coordinate movement. The muscles that are linked to the bones of the skeleton move the skeleton. Skeletal muscles are under the supervision of the nervous system system's (CNS') peripheral division.A somatic nerve cell is responsible for controlling skeletal muscle. These muscles are therefore managed by conscious, or voluntary, thought. The somatic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous systems that is involved in the voluntary regulation of skeletal muscle movement.

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Gender Bias is the phenomenon that consists of showing favoritism toward one gender over the other.

Gender Bias is the preference of a certain gender over the other. It is considered as a form of unconscious bias or implicit bias. For example, when considering the occupations like doctor or engineer, they are more relate with the males. While teaching is considered to be a profession for females.

Gender refers to the personal identity of an individual. Earlier there were majorly 2 defined genders: male and female. However, there are various other genders like Intersex, Trans, Non-Conforming, bigender, Cis-gender, Pangender, etc.

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Methylglyoxal (MGO), advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) alter protein structure and are damaging in diabetes.

ROS formation is strongly implicated in the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance. ROS generation occurs mainly in complexes I and  III of ETCs and increases when ETCs cannot cope with excessive electron input.

Under these circumstances, as a result of nutrient overload, the electron supply to the mitochondrial ETC increases and  excess electrons transfer to oxygen to produce O2- and then hydrogen peroxide. Mitochondrially-generated ROS  oxidize residues of proteins, damaging protein structure and impairing their function, ultimately leading to cell death.

ROS species also damage DNA and membrane lipids, thereby promoting mitochondrial dysfunction.

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The Na-K pump works by taking in a sodium ion (Na+) and potassium ion (K+) from the extracellular fluid and releasing them into the cytosol. This exchange of ions creates a difference in electrical charge, known as the membrane potential.

The Na-K pump is an electrogenic pump because it pumps more positive charges out than it pumps in, thereby creating a net movement of positive charge out of the cell. This leads to the inside of the cell becoming more negatively charged than the outside. The difference in charge across the membrane, known as the membrane potential, is an important source of energy for cells, and is used to power various processes such as the movement of substances across the membrane.

The Na-K pump is necessary for maintaining the concentration and electrical gradients across the membrane. Without it, the membrane potential would be lost and cells would be unable to carry out essential functions. Furthermore, it helps cells maintain the correct balance of electrolytes in the cell and extracellular fluid, which is necessary for optimal cellular function.

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The BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are reliable predictors of cancer, and their presence in a person’s gene pool can indicate an increased risk of developing certain cancers like breast and ovarian cancer. This is because mutations in either of these genes can significantly increase the risk of developing cancer. Therefore, it is important for people who have these genes to consider taking steps to reduce their risk, such as a double mastectomy.

A double mastectomy is a surgical procedure in which both breasts are removed to reduce the risk of cancer. This procedure is often recommended for people who have BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, as it can significantly reduce the risk of developing cancer. Additionally, it can be a psychologically empowering decision for women who are at risk of developing cancer, as it gives them a sense of control over their own bodies.

However, it is important to note that a double mastectomy is not the only option for reducing the risk of cancer. Other options such as medications and lifestyle changes can also help reduce the risk. Additionally, it is important to remember that a double mastectomy is a major decision and it is important to carefully weigh the pros and cons before making any decisions.

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Answer:

differentiate or specialise

Answer:

tpa

Explanation:

write the diffrent types of TPA and then solve for the Cgg that's how I did it.

The characteristics of biofilms that differentiate them from planktonic bacteria are a, b, c, e

a. Microorganisms live singly and independently.

b. Microorganisms participate in quorum sensing.

c. Microorganisms secrete extracellular material, usually polysaccharide, that forms a matrix.

e. Microorganisms exist as part of a diverse interdependent community

Planktonic bacteria are free-dwelling micro organism. they are the populations that grow in the acquainted check tube and flask cultures in the microbiology laboratory. the other mode of increase is the adherent, or sessile, kind of increase. Planktonic micro organism had been diagnosed for centuries.

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Answer: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Planting buffer zones between farmland and waterways reduces phosphate pollution. It acts as a physical barrier, absorbing nutrients, and providing a habitat for wildlife, buffer zones can help to keep the water clean and keep the ecosystem in balance.

Planting buffer zones between farmland and waterways is an effective way to reduce phosphate pollution. A buffer zone is an area of land that is planted with vegetation to act as a barrier between two different ecosystems. In this case, a buffer zone between farmland and waterways can reduce the amount of nutrients, such as phosphates, that enter the waterway from the farm.

Buffer zones act as a physical barrier to prevent agricultural runoff from entering the waterway. The vegetation in the buffer zones absorbs the runoff and filters out the pollutants, such as phosphates, before they have a chance to enter the water. The roots of the plants also help to hold the soil in place, reducing the risk of erosion.

Buffer zones can also help to reduce the amount of nutrients entering the waterways by reducing the amount of fertilizer used by the farmers. Since the buffer zones absorb some of the nutrients, the farmer can use less fertilizer to achieve the same results. This reduces the amount of phosphates that reach the waterway and prevents them from accumulating in the water.

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thalamus was the portion of sensory cortex that is responsible for passing all the sensory information through the diencephalon.

what is diencephalon ?

The diencephalon is a division of the forebrain (embryonic prosencephalon). It is located between the telencephalon and the midbrain . In ancient literature, the diencephalon was sometimes called as the 'tweenbrain. It is made up of components on each side of the third ventricle, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus.

The diencephalon is one of the primary vesicles of the brain that develops throughout embryogenesis. During the third week of development, a neural tube is formed from the ectoderm, one of the three basic germ layers. During the third week of development, the tube generates three major vesicles: the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. The prosencephalon progressively separates into the telencephalon and diencephalon.

The thalamus is the region of the sensory brain that is in charge of transferring all sensory information through the diencephalon.

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A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a particular protein. The order of the bases in a gene determines the order of the amino acids in the protein. Each gene contains a different sequence of bases. Therefore each protein has a different combination of amino acids. The amino acids in the protein fold up to give each protein a different, specific function. For example, enzymes (which are proteins) have a specific shape.

A sequence of three bases in the DNA is called a codon and codes for one amino acid. DNA contains four different bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine) and they can combine to make 64 different codons. However, there are only 20 amino acids, so there is more than one codon coding for each amino acid.

Some regions of DNA are non-coding. They don't code for amino acids, but they are still involved in protein synthesis.

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The statement is false. An outer join using multiple tables with a many-one-many relationship can create a valid dynaset using only one query.

What is an outer join?

An outer join is used to combine rows from two or more tables, even if there is no match between the rows in the tables. In a many-to-one-to-many relationship, there can be multiple records in one table that correspond to a single record in another table. An outer join can be used to include all the records from both tables, including those that do not have a match in the other table.

In SQL, an outer join can be expressed using the LEFT OUTER JOIN or RIGHT OUTER JOIN syntax. The LEFT OUTER JOIN returns all the records from the left table and the matching records from the right table, or NULL values if there is no match. The RIGHT OUTER JOIN returns all the records from the right table and the matching records from the left table, or NULL values if there is no match.

Therefore, it is possible to use an outer join with multiple tables in a many-to-one-to-many relationship to create a valid dynaset using only one query.

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The antigen-presenting cell will consume bacteria before displaying an antigen fragment on its surface. The helper t cell possesses receptors that attach to the antigen, which causes that helper t cell to become activated.

Immune cells include helper T-cells. They alert other immune cells to an infection so they can combat it. They may trigger the production of antibodies by B-cells or cytotoxic T-cells. One of the most significant cell types in your adaptive immune response are your helper T-cells.

Since they are necessary for practically all adaptive immune responses, helper T cells are arguably the most significant cells in adaptive immunity. They aid in the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which kill infected target cells, as well as B cells that generate antibodies and macrophages that kill ingested microorganisms.

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The adrenal cortex would atrophy and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion would diminish.

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland work together to control the activity of various endocrine glands. Its role is to release releasing and inhibitory hormones that promote or inhibit hormone production in the anterior pituitary.

Any trauma or damage to the hypothalamus can also result in a loss of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone secretion, which will stop the normal production of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone, resulting in menstrual cycles (amenorrhoea) in women, sperm production in men, and production of...

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Actin, myosin, titin, and other lengthy proteins make up myofibrils, which are held together by other proteins. The Z line, a disk of the protein -actinin, is where the I bands are concentrated.

The morphological unit of skeletal muscle's contractile system is called a myofibril. The muscle fiber, which has a diameter that varies from 30 to 150, is made up of many myofibrils that have a diameter of approximately 1 and are encircled by the sarcoplasmic reticulum network. Troponin, tropomyosin, and thin actin filaments make up I bands. Myosin, the protein, makes up thick filaments. In addition to other proteins, the A band is made up of overlapping thin and thick filaments.

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Pairing and separation of a pair o chromosomes would lead to the segregation of a factor they carried statement is correct about chromosomal theory.

A chromosome is a lengthy DNA molecule that contains the entirety or a portion of an organism's genetic code. The majority of the extraordinarily long, exceedingly thin DNA fibers that make up chromosomes are covered by histones, the most important of these proteins in eukaryotic cells. These proteins condense and bind to the DNA molecule with the aid of chaperone proteins to maintain the integrity of the DNA molecule. The intricate three-dimensional structure of these chromosomes is essential for regulating transcription.

Often, during the metaphase of cell division, chromosomes can be observed using a light microscope (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before division (S phase), each chromosome is duplicated, and a centromere joins the two copies.

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Operon is a stretch of DNA consisting of an operator, a promoter, and genes for a related set of proteins, usually making up an entire metabolic pathway.

A grouping of genes along the DNA that code for functionally similar proteins is known as an operon and is a genetic regulatory mechanism that is present in bacteria and their viruses. Because of this property, protein production can be coordinated to meet the demands of the cell.

An operon is a collection of genes that are all translated into the same mRNA and share a common promoter. Operons come in two different varieties: lac and trp. The lac operon is an inducible operon that is present in Escherichia coli and encodes the genes involved in the catabolism of lactose.

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Design and conduct an investigation or a project on the classification of organisms using the scientific method as follows-

The scientific method is a systematic approach to problem-solving that involves making observations, forming hypotheses, testing those hypotheses, and drawing conclusions.

First, form a question or hypothesis about the classification of organisms.

2. Collect relevant data and observations through research, fieldwork, and experiments.

3. Analyze and interpret the data to form a conclusion about the hypothesis.

4. Develop a method for testing the hypothesis.

5. Gather materials and conduct the experiment, recording all data and observations.

6. Analyze the results of the experiment and draw conclusions.

7. Communicate the results of the investigation, including the data, observations, and conclusions.

8. Compare the results of the investigation with the original hypothesis.

9. Publish the results of the investigation and present them to the scientific community.

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