How many genes make up the human genome four adenine thymine guanine and cytosine 23 pairs of genes 20000 25000 genes billion genes?

When an organism is heterozygous, it has two distinct alleles of the same gene. For instance, pea plants can have either homozygous dominant (red-red) or heterozygous red blooms (red-white). They are homozygous recessive if they have white blooms (white-white). Heterozygous are always carriers.

The genotype of the pea plant's tallness trait might be homozygous or heterozygous. The genotype of the dwarf plant is homozygous. It is necessary to cross the pea plant with the dwarf plant in order to identify whether it is homozygous tall or heterozygous tall. If all of the progeny from this type of hybrid appear to be tall, the parent pea plant was likely homozygous. It can be said that the tall plant has a heterozygous genotype if the cross between the dwarf and tall pea plants produces an equal number of tall and dwarf offspring. Therefore, we should cross the pea plant with a homozygous dwarf plant to ascertain its genotype.

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The phrase "Polypeptide (protein) composed up of amino acids" is what identifies the DNA segment with the letter "X" in it.

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Homeostasis is the ability to maintain internal stability in an organism in response to the environmental changes. The internal temperature of the human body is the best example of homeostasis.

Homeostasis, also known as homoeostasis in the UK, is the stable internal, external, and chemical conditions that are maintained by biological systems.

This is the state of the organism when everything is operating at its best and numerous factors, including fluid balance and body temperature, are maintained within predetermined ranges (homeostatic range).

Despite changes in the environment, nutrition, or level of exercise, other factors such as the pH of extracellular fluid, the concentrations of sodium, potassium, and calcium ions, as well as the blood sugar level, must be controlled.

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Answer: Because bacterial cells have a simpler structure than eukaryotic cells, binary fission is less complex than mitosis.

Explanation: Cell division is the mechanism by which DNA is passed from one generation of cells to the next and ultimately, from parent organisms to their offspring. Although eukaryotes and prokaryotes both engage in cell division, they do so in different ways. In particular, eukaryotic cells divide using the processes of mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is common to all eukaryotes; during this process, a parent cell splits into two genetically identical daughter cells, each of which contains the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Prokaryotes, which include bacteria, divide their cells using a process known as binary fission, which is not used by eukaryotes. This process shares several characteristics with mitosis, including the need for chromosome replication, segregation of the copied DNA, and cytoplasmic division of the parent cell.

Binary fission is a faster method of cell division than mitosis because it excludes sister chromatids and spindle creation from its process. The four distinct cellular phases that are present in mitosis (from G1 to the final mitotic phase) are not present in binary fission.

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Mitosis is a longer and more complicated process of cell division than binary fission because B. Mitosis has checkpoints that must be met to continue the cycle.

Due to the absence of spindle formation and sister chromatids in binary fission, the mitosis process takes longer than that of binary fission. Asexual reproduction occurs in organisms through mitosis and binary fission. Eukaryotic organisms undergo mitosis, whereas prokaryotic organisms undergo binary fission. Both processes replicate DNA in each of the produced daughter cells, resulting in two identical cells. Eukaryotes, or organisms with a cell nucleus, undergo mitosis; consequently, mitosis requires a nucleus.

As a result, we can say that Mitosis takes longer and is more complicated than binary fission To continue the cycle, mitosis has checkpoints that must be met.

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(complete question)

Why is mitosis a longer and more complicated process of cell division then binary fission?

A.mitosis occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require nucleus

B.mitosis has checkpoints that must be met to continue the cycle

C.binary fission produces two identical daughter cells

D.binary fission does not replicate DNA​

We inherit half of our genes (alleles) from ma, & the other half from pa, so we end up with two alleles for every trait in our phenotype. An excellent example of multiple allele inheritance is human blood type. Blood type exists as four possible phenotypes: A, B, AB, & O.

An allele is one of two or more versions of DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of bases) at a given genomic location. An individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent, for any given genomic location where such variation exists. If the two alleles are the same, the individual is homozygous for that allele.

In genetics, the phenotype is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism. The term covers the organism's morphology or physical form and structure, its developmental processes, its biochemical and physiological properties, its behavior, and the products of behavior.

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Silent mutations occur when the change of the DNA sequence within a protein-coding portion of a gene does not affect the sequence of amino acids that make up the protein.

This change typically takes place at the third position of the codon also known as the wobble position. A stretch of very highly conserved silent mutation sites occurs, on average, once every 10,000 to 15,000 nucleotides of gene sequence. We estimate that between 5 and 10 percent of human genes contain at least one region where silent mutations could be harmful.

A thymine is actually changed to a cytosine at the DNA level by the silent mutation. This mutation may have resulted through a replication error in the DNA or from a type of repair carried out after the DNA was damaged.

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These proteins are produced by cells by transcription of certain genes from their DNA into molecules of messenger RNA (mRNA), translation of these transcripts into chains of amino acids, and folding of these chains into fully functioning proteins.

The pre-mRNA transcript is created during transcription using DNA as a template by the enzyme RNA polymerase. The original gene's pre-mRNA gets transformed into a mature mRNA molecule that can be translated to create the protein molecule.

In order to create messenger ribonucleic acid, or mRNA, enzymes must first read the information contained in the DNA molecule. Translation takes place in the mRNA molecule, which contains information.

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The social and psychological traits that come with being a woman or a man are referred to as gender (McCammon & Knox, 2007, p. 112).

The internal psychological self-concept of being male, female, or maybe a blend of the two is known as gender identity.

Gender expression is the process by which we communicate with others in ways that are specific to our gender, such as through conduct and personality.

The "attitudes, behaviors, rights, and obligations that society connects with" being male or female are known as gender roles (Yarber et al., 2010, p. 127).

The process of communicating what is viewed as appropriate conduct and viewpoints for males and females in a particular society is known as gender-role socialization.

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Of the electron transfer complexes associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane, Complex II is not involved in generation of a proton gradient.

Electron Transport Chain:

This is a set of proteins that are embedded within the inner mitochondrial membrane. This set of proteins are very important for energy production in the cell, it uses high energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 to produce a hydrogen ion gradient, which is later used for ATP production in the cell.

Complex II does NOT contribute directly to the proton gradient in mitochondria.

Rather, this protein's function is to oxidize FADH2. and pass these electrons to coenzyme Q. The other complexes all use electron energy to pump hydrogen ions from the matrix into the intermembrane space. Complex II is also called Succinate-Q-reductase.

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The best suitable tree was a 500-year-old bristlecone pine tree that annually generated 100 offspring.

The largest tree on the earth in terms of volume is General Sherman, located in Sequoia National Park. And Methuselah, an estimated 4,855-year-old bristlecone pine in east-central California, is usually regarded as the world's oldest living tree.

Scientists have figured out the key to the ginkgo tree's longevity of more than a thousand years. According to a study, the tree produces chemical defenses to ward off illnesses and dryness. Additionally, unlike many other plants, when a plant reaches adulthood, its genes are not preprogrammed to start an unstoppable decline.

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The balloon is raised by hot air rising inside of it. A gas's pressure is directly correlated with its temperature. Consequently, the pressure rises.

The area occupied by gaseous particles under normal temperature and pressure circumstances is referred to as the volume of gas. It is identified as a "V." The letter "L" stands for "liters," the SI unit of volume. At normal temperature, a mole of gas has a volume of 24 m3, or 24 000 cm3. The molar volume is the amount of space that one mole of any gas takes up at STP (22.4 L). Take note that the second value of the variable is created by multiplying the first value by fractions of the other two variables. EXAMPLE: At STP, a gas sample takes up 125 mL of space.

For instance, the formula for calculating the volume of 40 moles of a gas at a temperature of 250 K and a pressure of 1013 hPa is: V = nRT/p = 40 * 8.31446261815324 * 250 / 101300 = 0.82 m3.

A contained gas's pressure will rise when its volume is reduced, and fall when its volume is increased. In actuality, the pressure reduces by the same factor as the volume increases, and vice versa.

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Sensory neurons' cell bodies, which transmit information from the outside world to the spinal cord, are found in the dorsal root ganglion.

These neurons are pseudo unipolar and have an axon-like process that divides into two branches, one of which extends toward the spinal cord's grey matter while the other branch travels toward the periphery.

Through the spinal nerve, where they run alongside motor fibers, fibers that are headed towards the periphery leave the ganglion. The dorsal root serves as a conduit for spinal cord-bound fibers. To govern the contraction of a muscle, a motor neuron innervates one or more fibers.

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The five ways to minimize microbial contamination are sanitation, sterilization, washing food before consumption, drinking plenty of water and ensure sufficient sunlight/ ventilation.

Microbial contamination refers to microbial infestation or inclusion into human body. It can be intentional or unintentional. The major microbes are fungi, yeast, virus or protozoans. They cause diseases which may be fatal for human health. It is important to protect oneself from such infection and some ways can be by ensuring hygiene and cleanliness around our houses and inside the houses too. There should not be any water logging. Vaccination also helps us to fight against several disease causing organisms by introduction of antibodies inside the human body. Drinking water helps to remove dead, weakened organism to be flushed out by urination. Sunlight helps to weaken the organisms by partially deactivating them due to high temperature.

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Suffix sclerosis  is a condition in which a person's body becomes unusually hard.

When a person has sclerosis, their body becomes extremely hard.

An excessively high-cholesterol diet might cause sclerosis of the arteries.

In many cases of sclerosis, the gradual replacement of soft connective tissue with stiffer connective tissue results in the hardening of tissue in organs, nerves, or arteries. One of the most common varieties of sclerosis is multiple sclerosis or MS. This disease affects the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. Eventually, those who have multiple sclerosis have symptoms such as numbness, poor coordination, and others. The Greek word for "hard" is skleros.

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The product that leaves the calvin cycle is ADP, NADP, and glucose.

The Calvin cycle is also known as the C3 cycle. A series of chemical processes results in the fixation of carbon from the carbon cycle into sugars. It happens in the chloroplast of the plant cell.

One carbon molecule is fixed during the Calvin cycle. One molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is created in three cycles of the Calvin cycle. Two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules combine to form one glucose molecule. Three ATP and two NADPH molecules are needed in order to convert 3-phosphoglyceric acid into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and regenerate RuBP. The breakdown of one glucose molecule uses up 12 NADPH and 18 ATP.

Hence, calvin cycle  regenerates substrate after sugar formation.

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The carbon cycle is continued by respiration, excretion, and decomposition, which release the carbon back into the atmosphere or soil.

Respiration:-  Respiration is referred to as a metabolic process in which carbon dioxide is released from the oxidation of complex organic substances and oxygen is taken in by the living cells of an organism to produce energy (in the form of ATP).

Excreting:- Excreting metabolic waste and other harmful substances from the body is a process called excretion.

Decomposition:- The first step in the recycling of nutrients used by an organism (plant or animal) to build its body is decomposition. It is the process by which the dead tissues disintegrate and change into more basic organic forms. Many of the species at the base of ecosystems rely on these as a food source.

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ATP synthesized in mitochondria is the primary energy source for important biological functions, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and protein synthesis.

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Epithelial tissue forms the membrane that cover organs.

The epithelium, which is the main tissue in glands, is a type of body tissue that covers all of the internal and external surfaces of your body, lines body cavities, and lines hollow organs.

The human body contains a wide variety of epithelial tissues.They cover every surface of the body, line body cavities and hollow organs, and make up the majority of the tissue in glands. They provide a variety of functions, including defence, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception.

The form of the cells in simple epithelial tissues serves as a broad classification. Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, and pseudostratified are the four main classes of simple epithelium.

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These sources can be found primarily in three different contexts: industrial processes, natural gas processing, and fuel combustion activities. By far, burning fossil fuels causes carbon to oxidize, which is what causes the biggest CO2 emissions.

Carbon is released back into the atmosphere, among other things, when animals die, volcanoes erupt, fires burn, and fossil fuels are burned.

CO2, or carbon dioxide Burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil), solid waste, trees, and other biological materials release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, along with some chemical reactions (e.g., manufacture of cement).

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They are 4 types of example of the consist of compact settlements, semi-compact settlements, and dispersed settlements.Compact Settlements.

Compact settlements have homes clustered together, regularly becoming a member of at the sides. Semi-Compact Settlements. Semi-compact settlements also are known as hamlet settlements.

Dispersed Settlements. Some examples of agreement styles consist of, nucleated settlements, linear settlements and dispersed settlements.

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Answer:

Energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH are used to reduce 3-phosphoglycerate to form G3P molecules (which can be used to form other organic molecules such as glucose).

One or more long chains of amino acid residues make up the massive biomolecules and macromolecules known as proteins.

A polypeptide is an ordered collection of residues of amino acids. A protein has at least one lengthy polypeptide in it. Less than 20–30 residue polypeptides are frequently referred to as peptides instead of proteins and are known as short polypeptides. Peptide bonds as well as connections between nearby amino acid residues hold the individual amino acid residues together. The genetic code's encoding of a gene's sequence determines the arrangement of amino acid residues in a protein. However, in some organisms, the genetic code can also include selenocysteine and—in some archaea—pyrrolysine.

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answer :

b. the sahara desert has attracted

migrants to the area to herd cattle.

The desert landscape of the Sahara influenced historical migration patterns in Africa as c. The Sahara Desert has served as a barrier to travel and migration.

The Sahara Desert can be found in the north along the Tropic of Cancer, while the Namib Desert can be found in the south along the Tropic of Capricorn. The Sahara, which covers a significant portion of northern Africa, serves as a formidable barrier that separates the Muslim, Arab North of the continent from the traditional African cultural groups in the South. In a separate chapter, the cultures and political histories of North Africa and Southwest Asia are discussed together.

The landmass known as Pangaea, the last supercontinent, marks the beginning of Africa's physical geography 300 million years ago. Pangaea broke up around 175 million years ago, drifting and colliding to form the continents we know today. The center of this supercontinent was Africa.

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These are the ways the animals and plants prepare their food to obtain energy.

What is organic molecules ?

A complex  molecule called an organic is formed mostly of carbon atoms joined to other elements and/or other carbon atoms. Organic molecules make up every living thing on Earth. A collection of bound atoms is referred to as a molecule.

what is atp?

Adenine, a ribose sugar, and three serially linked phosphate groups make up the nucleoside triphosphate (nucleoside) structure of ATP.

Plants are primarily photoautotrophs — they use sunlight to fix carbon into more complex organic molecules. The sun is their primary source of energy.

Animals are chemoheterotrophs — they derive energy by breaking down organic molecules that they ingest. Their energy comes from chemical breakdown of plant and animal matter that they eat.

Therefore, these are the ways the animals and plants prepare their food to obtain energy.

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The choice which is not a part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is the thalamus.

The correct option is C.

The thalamus is described as a paired gray matter structure of the diencephalon located near the center of the brain which is above the midbrain or mesencephalon, allowing for nerve fiber connections to the cerebral cortex in all directions.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is responsible for regulating reproductive activity and the release of ovarian hormones in animals and humans and is made of the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland.

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Answer:

the expansion of the vacuole.

Imipenem = most effective has the least resistance (11%) and the second to least change in resistance from 1994 to 2000

Ampicillin = least effective would probably not be effective because it has the highest resistance and some change in resistance from 1994 to 2000

In the middle of the 1970s, Merck researchers Burton Christensen, William Leanza, and Kenneth Wildonger discovered the intravenous -lactam antibiotic imipenem (also known as Primaxin). [1] Carbapenems play a crucial part in the treatment of illnesses that are difficult to treat with other antibiotics because they are extremely resistant to the -lactamase enzymes produced by numerous multiple drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.

Imipenem was first patented in 1975 and given medical approval in 1985.

It was identified during a protracted, error-filled search for a more stable form of the naturally occurring substance thienamycin, which is created by the bacteria Streptomyces cattleya. Despite having antibacterial efficacy, thienamycin is unstable in aqueous solution, making it difficult to deliver to patients. [5] Gram-positive and Gram-negative, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria are all susceptible to imipenem's broad spectrum of activity.

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Synergistic dominance is the process by which a stabilizing, neutralizing, or synergistic muscle replaces the role of an inhibited prime mover, leading to overuse syndrome in the stabilizing, neutralizing, or stabilizing muscle.

An antagonist is a muscle that works in the opposite direction from the prime mover. Two crucial functions of antagonists in muscle function are: They keep their posture, such as holding their arm out or standing straight.

The fan-shaped serratus anterior muscle is located on the lateral thoracic wall. Deep behind the scapula and pectoral muscles, its primary portion is located. It is simple.

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