How do the atoms share electrons in molecule formation so that each atom appears to have a noble gas electron configuration? describe an example.

Freezing point depression is the reduction in the freezing point of a liquid caused by the addition of a non-volatile solute.

A non-volatile solute is a molecule or compound which does not easily vaporize at a given temperature and pressure. This type of solute does not evaporate into the air and instead remains in solution. Common examples of non-volatile solutes are salts, sugar, acids, bases, proteins, and other molecules. In comparison to volatile solutes, non-volatile solutes tend to remain in solution and are not readily removed by evaporation. This type of solute is also known as a “non-volatile ion”. Non-volatile solutes can be beneficial in certain applications, such as in food preservation, as they are able to provide flavor, color, and texture to food products. Non-volatile solutes can also be used in chemical engineering and pharmaceutical processes, as they can help control pH levels, improve solubility, and enhance stability of products.

When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, the vapor pressure of the solvent decreases, and the freezing point of the solvent is depressed. The freezing point is the temperature at which the liquid phase of a substance changes to the solid phase.

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4A1+30₂ → 2Al₂O3,6.0 mol Al can form 3.0 mol Al2O3 and 4.0 mol O2 can form 2.7 mol Al2O3. Oxygen reactant is limiting. Therefore, option 2 is correct.

The limiting reagent is a substance that prevents a chemical reaction from occurring completely. When a limiting reagent is used in a chemical reaction, the atoms, molecules, or ions of the other reactant that it (the limiting reagent) reacts with will either stay free or unreacted.

As you can see, O2 creates less of the final good. Therefore, the limiting reactant is O2. Keep in mind that the limiting reactant is the one that depletes before the other reactant(s) are fully reacted. As a result, 2.7 moles of Al2O3 were actually created.

Thus, option 2 is correct.

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Conductivity level probes can only be used with conductive liquids.

a) True

The conductivity probe is the level of point measuring system consist of two or more probes or electrodes or electrodes and vessel ,the material in the vessel completes the circuit when the level will rise in the vessel. A probe is the insertable device which have the sensor. the conductive liquids are that are the solution of the acids , the bases and the salts. sugar solution and the distilled water are poor conductors.

Thus, it is true that , Conductivity level probes can only be used with conductive liquids.

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Answer:

Metals

Explanation:

right answer

The 3000 Kg  of the nobelium sample with a half life of 60 minutes decays to 1.0 1 Kg after 12 hours.

Half life of a radioactive isotope is the time taken to decay half of its initial amount. The half life is related with the decay constant k by the expression:

k = 0.693/t1/2.

Given the t1/2 of the nobelium sample is 60 minutes.

Thus k = 0.693/60 min = 0.011  min⁻¹

time take for the decay = 12 hrs = 720 minutes.

initial amount  = 3000 Kg.

Thus, k= 1/t ln (N0/Nt)

 0.011  min⁻¹ = 1/720 min ln (3000/Nt)

    Nt =  1.01 Kg.

Therefore, 1.01 Kg of nobelium sample will remain after 12 hours.

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0.750 moles of C12H22O11 are needed to prepare 2.50 L of a 0.300 M solution.

Molarity is a measure of concentration that can be used to determine how many moles of a particular substance are needed to prepare a given volume of a solution with a given concentration. In this problem, we are asked to calculate how many moles of C12H22O11 are needed to prepare 2.50 L of a 0.300 M solution.

To solve this problem, we will first use the molarity equation, which states that molarity (M) is equal to the moles of solute (n) divided by the volume of solution (V):

M = n/V

We can then rearrange the equation to calculate the number of moles of solute needed to prepare a given volume of solution with a given molarity:

n = M x V

Plugging in the values from the problem, we get:

n = 0.300 M x 2.50 L

This yields a result of 0.750 moles of C12H22O11 needed to prepare 2.50 L of a 0.300 M solution.

Alternatively, if we were given the moles of solute needed to prepare a given volume of solution with a given molarity, we could use the molarity equation to calculate the molarity of the solution. For example, if we were given that 0.430 moles of C12H22O11 are needed to prepare 2.50 L of a solution, then we could calculate the molarity of the solution as follows:

M = n/V

M = 0.430 moles / 2.50 L

This yields a result of 0.172 M.

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Appropriate benefit of dietary fiber intake to its associated disease.- c. Decreases intestinal transit time and exposure to potential toxins

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of death worldwide, claiming the lives of an estimated 17.9 million persons each year. CVDs are a group of heart and blood disorders that include coronary artery disease, vascular disease, rheumatic fever, and others. Coronary heart disease could be cured, but treatment can help manage the symptoms and lower the risk of conditions such as heart attacks. Treatment may include changes in lifestyle, such as physical activity and quitting smoking. The most common symptom of heart disease is heart disease (CHD), which kills approximately 382,820 people every year. Every year, approximately 805,000 Americans suffer a heart attack.

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Correct match Sodium Hypochlorite with SDS information is:

Physical State: Liquid and colorless

Route of Exposure and Symptoms: Eye contact, skin contact, inhalation, and ingestion.

Fire-fighting Measures: To extinguish media use water spray dry.

Safe Storage: away from incompatible substances.

Environmental/ Ecotoxicity: sewers or waterway.

Sodium hypochlorite is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula NaOCl comprising a sodium cation (Na⁺) and a hypochlorite anion (OCl⁻ or ClO⁻).

It can also refer as the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid. The anhydrous compound is unstable and can decompose explosively. It is crystallized as a pentahydrate NaOCl·5H₂O, a greenish-yellow solid which is not explosive.

Sodium hypochlorite is often a pale greenish-yellow dilute solution as liquid bleach, which is a household chemical used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent. In solution, this compound is unstable and easily decomposes, releasing chlorine, still the oldest chlorine-based bleach.

Sodium Hypochlorite has corrosive properties, and reaction products make it a significant safety risk.

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The electrochemical proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane is basically used to drive ATP synthesis during the critical process of oxidative phosphorylation.

In a mitochondrial membrane, a proton gradient is formed when the proton concentration outside the membrane is greater than the inner membrane which is inside the membrane. The gradient develops as a result of the respiration's electron transport chain.

The electrochemical proton gradient drives ATP synthesis via the enzyme ATP synthase. ADP and Pi are combined to generate an ATP molecule because protons pass via the enzyme ATP synthase. Protons flow down towards their concentration gradient into the matrix via membrane protein ATP synthase which causes it to spin (like a water wheel) and catalyze conversion of ADP to ATP.

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Do these things right away when a chemical splashes on your eye.Use water to irrigate your eye.For the at least 20 minutes, use pristine, lukewarm tap water.Use soap and water to wash your hands.To ensure that no chemicals or soap are still on your hands, thoroughly rinse them.Remove your contacts.

Safety Glasses, goggles, and shields — These products shield the face and eyes from chemical spills.Additionally, they protect them against gases, vapors, and dust.Skin Protection - Clothing items like gloves, boots, & coveralls should be used in order to protect the skin.

Chemical splashes are incidents where dangerous substances unintentionally spill, project, aerosolize, or otherwise disseminate inside a laboratory setting.

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According to the relation of variables in the electromagnetic spectrum the maximum wavelength of light is 36.3 ×10[tex]^-[/tex]³¹ m.

The  electromagnetic spectrum consists of electromagnetic radiation consists of waves made up of electromagnetic field which are capable of propogating through space and carry the radiant electromagnetic energy.

The radiation are composed of electromagnetic waves which are synchronized oscillations of electric and magnetic fields . They are created due to change which is periodic in electric as well as magnetic fields.

In the given problem,energy is related to wavelength by the formula, λ=hc/E,λ=6.626×10[tex]^-34[/tex]×3×10⁸/547×1000=36.3×10[tex]^-31[/tex] m.

Thus, the maximum wavelength of light is 36.3×10[tex]^-31[/tex] m.

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Answer:

a double covalent bond

Explanation:

Magnesium oxide (MgO) can be converted into Mg by reducing MgO with help of carbon.

The balanced chemical reaction for the above reaction is given as:

MgO (s) + C (s) → Mg (s) + CO (g)

Lets check if the reaction is spontaneous,

ΔGο = ΔHo − TΔSo

ΔGo = 491.18 − 298 × [197.67×10⁻³]

ΔGo = 432.27kJ

Thus reaction is non-spontaneous at 298K. For spontaneous nature

ΔGo = −ve      i.e.,        TΔSo > ΔHo

or T × [197.67×10⁻³ ] > 419.18

or T > 491.18 / 197.67 × 10⁻³ >  >2120.6K

​Hence, MgO can be reduced to Mg by using C at T more than 2120.6K.

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Answer:

The most simple way to identify an ionic compound is to check if the chemical compound is made of just two elements wherein one element can be a metal (belonging to any groups 1, 2 or 3) and the second element is a non-metal, (from group 5, 6 or 7).

Explanation:

The statement that would always be true of an object possessing 0 joules of kinetic energy is: B. It is at rest.

Kinetic energy is a form of energy an object has because of its motion. When an object is moving, they are doing work. Work transfers energy that makes the object speed up and gains kinetic energy. If an object has 0 joules of kinetic energy, it means there is no work and no movement happens to the object. Therefore, the object is at rest. Hence, the correct answer is B.

This question seems incomplete. The complete query is as follows:

“Which would ALWAYS be true of an object possessing a kinetic energy of 0 joules?

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PVC pressure pipe should be operated at a maximum temperature of 140°F. PVC pipe and culvert stiffens as temperature drops and becomes more flexible as temperature rises. Published pipe stiffness figures, like dimensions as well as pressure capacity, are only valid for 73°F temperature applications.

Polyvinyl chloride is the third most widely manufactured polymeric material of plastic in the world. Every year, around 40 million metric tonnes of PVC are produced. PVC is classified into two types: rigid and flexible. PVC rigid is used in building projects for pipe and profile applications like doors and windows.

PVC, the third most common synthetic plastic polymer, can be manufactured with rigid or versatile properties. Its ability to meld with other materials is well-known.

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Answer:

180 kilometers in 2 hours.

Explanation:

To find the distance Leah drove, we need to first determine her average speed. Since Leah was driving east at one-half of her car's top speed, her average speed was 180/2 = 90 kilometers per hour.

Next, we can use this speed to determine the distance she traveled. Since Leah was driving for 2 hours at an average speed of 90 kilometers per hour, she traveled 2 * 90 = 180 kilometers.

Therefore, Leah drove 180 kilometers in 2 hours while driving east at one-half of her car's top speed.

1046 J worth of heat energy is emitted.

We must calculate the heat energy emitted from the question using the specific heat formula, Q = mcT.

Q is the heat energy, and m is the mass.

The specific heat is c.

T stands for temperature change.

The answer is m = 25.0 grams.

ΔT = (20.0 - 10.0) (20.0 - 10.0) °C = 10.0 °C

c = 4.184 J/g °C (Specific heat capacity of water) (Specific heat capacity of water)

When the parameters are entered into the formula Q = mcT, we get Q = 25.0 4.184 10.0.

Q = 1046 J

Consequently, 1046 J worth of heat energy was discharged.

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One mole of oxygen gas, which has the formula O2, has a mass of 32 g and contains [tex]6.02*10^{23}[/tex] molecules of oxygen but [tex]12.04*10^{23}[/tex] atoms, because each molecule of oxygen contains two oxygen atoms.

The molecular weight of a substance is equal to its mass in one mole. Water, for example, has a mean molecular weight of 18.015 atomic mass units (amu), implying that one mole of water weighs 18.015 grams. In the International System of Units, the mole (symbol mol) is the unit of substance amount (SI). The amount of substance is a measurement of how many elementary entities of a given substance are present in an object or sample. An elementary entity can be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an ion pair, or a subatomic particle such as an electron, depending on the substance.

The mole is widely used in chemistry to express quantities of reactants and products of chemical reactions. The term gram-molecule was formerly used for "mole of molecules", and gram-atom for "mole of atoms".

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Smoking and the episodes of lung cancer have a high correlation, but it does not prove causation.

Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Cigarette smoking is responsible for 80% to 90% of lung cancer deaths in the USA. Other tobacco products, including such cigars or pipes, also increase the risk of developing lung cancer. Tobacco smoke consists of a toxic cocktail of over 7,000 chemicals.

Several studies have looked into the effects of continuing to smoke after a lung cancer diagnosis and discovered that it slows healing, lessens the efficacy of cancer treatments, lowers overall quality of life, increases the risk of relapse and a second primary cancer, and reduces survival. Individuals who smoke cigarettes seem to be 15 to thirty times more likely than nonsmokers to develop or end up dying from lung cancer.

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The percent composition of lithium bromide is 91.9% bromine and 8.1% lithium.

This can be calculated by dividing the mass of each element in the compound by the total mass of the compound, and then multiplying by 100 to get the percent composition.

For bromine, the mass is 4.96 g and for lithium, the mass is 0.43 g.

Therefore, the percent composition of bromine is (4.96/5.39) x 100 = 91.9%, and the percent composition of lithium is (0.43/5.39) x 100 = 8.1%.

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Answer:

The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid boils and changes into a gas. At the boiling point, the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure.

The melting point is the temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid. At the melting point, the solid and liquid phases are in equilibrium and the substance can exist in either phase.

The boiling point and melting point of a substance depend on the intermolecular forces between the molecules in the substance. Substances with strong intermolecular forces, such as covalent compounds, tend to have higher boiling points and melting points than substances with weaker intermolecular forces, such as ionic compounds. The boiling point and melting point of a substance also depend on the pressure under which the substance is being heated or cooled. For example, the boiling point of water is lower at high altitudes, where the atmospheric pressure is lower.

Lewis valence electron dot structure is a representationof the valence electrons of an atom. It uses dots around the symbol of tye element.

In the Lewis dot structure the dots are arranged to the right and left and above and below the symbol with no more than two dots on a side. It does not matter what order the positions are used. It is used to show how the electrons are arranged around individual atoms in a molecule. It is used to find the electronic configuration of the element. To draw the Lewis structure we need to know the total number of valence electrons present. The number of valence electrons in an individual atom can be found based on the atom’s group number in the periodic table. Then we need to determine the central atom.

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The connection among hydrogen and carbon was broken when one molecules of gas  (methane)  reacted with two molecule of oxygen in a specific process.

Massive natural sources of gas include termite digestion, emission from wetlands and seas, and ocean currents. Production of rice, landfills, raising of cattle and other reproductive animals (cow burps! ), and energy production are examples of sources linked to human activity.

Methane was non-toxic and poses no danger when inhaled in small amounts, but if significant amounts of the gas are allowed to replace air, the lack of oxygen could cause suffocating.

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A general definition of an sp3 hybridised atom is one with only single bonds. The alkanes are the greatest example. An alkane has sp3 hybridised carbon atoms with tetrahedral shape throughout. Alkenes and other atoms with double bonds frequently have sp2 hybridised carbon atoms with trigonal planar shape.

The process of hybridization is the mixing of atomic orbitals with the same energy levels to create an equal number of new hybrid orbitals. This mixing typically produces hybrid orbitals with completely distinct energies, geometries, etc.

When two atomic orbitals in a molecule combine to generate a hybrid orbital, the energy of the orbitals of the individual atoms is redistributed to give orbitals of equivalent energy. Hybridization is the name of this procedure.

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To calculate the RMS current, Divide the RMS voltage by the impedance.

What is RMS value?

In science and its applications, the root mean square of a bunch of numbers is characterized as the square foundation of the mean square (math mean of squares) of that set. RMS, likewise called root mean square, is a unique instance of summed up mean. The RMS worth of a constantly shifting capability can be characterized as the fundamental of the square of the momentary worth north of one cycle.

For AC current, RMS rises to the worth of steady DC current that delivers a similar power utilization with a resistive burden. In assessment hypothesis, the root mean square mistake of an assessor is a proportion of the blemish of the assessor's fit to the information.

Therefore, To calculate the RMS current, Divide the RMS voltage by the impedance.

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The unknown solution added to the sample which turn the sample yellow is potassium nitrate.

Potassium chromate is an ionic compound formed by the lose of electrons from potassium to chromate group. Chromium can exists in both +3,  +4 and +7.

When chromate changes to dichromate in an alkaline medium, the color changes from orange to yellow.  The addition of potassium nitrate to the aqueous chromate solution leads to the formation of potassium dichromate.

Potassium dichromate is orange in color. When it releases the dichromate ions to the solution it turns the color to yellow.Hence, option b is correct.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Well put simply, all our beautiful lakes this time of year are cold after a long winter. If you are enjoying a nice sunny, warm calm day, then the temperature drops 20 degrees as a breeze swings in from the lake, we call that a lake breeze. You can blame the specific heat as to why that occurs. Specific heat is defined by the amount of energy required to raise a unit of mass of a substance by a degree. For our purposes it is how much heat energy it takes to raise the same amount of water as it does land.

The freezing point depression of a 0.1 m sodium chloride solution is nearly twice that of a 0.1 m glucose solution because sodium chloride is a stronger electrolyte than glucose.

Glucose solution is a liquid form of glucose, a simple sugar found naturally in fruits, vegetables and other foods. Glucose is an important source of energy for the human body, and it is a necessary component of many biochemical reactions. Glucose solutions are used in a variety of medical and scientific settings, such as to provide nutrition to hospitalized patients, to feed cells in tissue cultures, and to calibrate medical lab equipment. Glucose solutions are often prepared in a laboratory by dissolving a known amount of glucose powder in distilled water. The concentration of glucose in the solution is usually expressed as the percentage of glucose by weight. Solutions with a higher concentration of glucose are referred to as hypertonic, while those with a lower concentration are referred to as hypotonic.

When a solution contains an electrolyte, the ions it produces interact with the water molecules and reduce their ability to form hydrogen bonds. This reduces the amount of energy needed to freeze the solution and therefore decreases the freezing point. Since sodium chloride produces more ions than glucose, the freezing point depression of the sodium chloride solution is greater.

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