First, we must understand that before limbless snakes, there was an ancestor that possessed limbs. In the population of this ancestor, a mutation occurred in one of the individuals that caused it not to develop limbs.
Currently, the data suggest that the loss of limbs was due to the Sonic hedgehog gene and the regulatory region of this gene, the ZRS region.
The mutation (a deletion or loss of nucleotides) in the regulatory region (ZRS) meant that the sonic hedgehog gene could not be expressed correctly and therefore the gene could not drive limb development.
We already know how the loss of limbs occurred, now the question is, how was this feature maintained over time?
Today, snakes do not have limbs because the limbless ancestor was able to reproduce in a great way and therefore its descendants have lasted until today. This was probably because the lack of limbs gave it an advantage and a greater survival compared to the other animals in the population that did have limbs.
Glucose is processed via glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle. What is left of the original glucose molecule when this processing is complete?.
2 molecules of carbondioxide [[tex]CO_{2}[/tex]] is left of the original glucose molecule after glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
Glycolytic pathway is a series of reactions that break down glucose into pyruvate and energy in the form of ATP.
2 molecules each of pyruvate and ATP are released at the end of glycolysis
During the pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate produced from glycolysis is converted to Acetyl CoA which is further broken down to produce 2 molecules of Carbondioxide and 3 molecules of NADP during Citric Acid Cycle
Citric acid cycle is also known as Kreb's cycle
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If a serving of this food is 29 grams, what percentage of the food is made up of carbohydrates?
Answer: It depend on what you eat. For example, Dietary fibers are complex carbohydrates, so some people estimate that they provide 4 calories per gram just like any other carbohydrate
Explanation:
List the energy saving adaptations that help aquatic amphibians manage the challenges of living in a dilute environment as efficiently as possible.
The majority of aquatic amphibians have a short Loop of Henle, which lessens mineral and water absorption. Water thus enters the kidney tubules directly.
Ammonia a safe waste product for amphibians :Ammonia is simple to excrete because it is small and easily diffuses through cell membranes. In essence, there is a trade-off between easy excretion and levels of toxicity. Due to the abundance of water available to diluted ammonia wastes, toxicity is minimal for aquatic animals.
How amphibians release their waste product ?The two kidneys in amphibians, like those in humans, filter waste from the bloodstream and combine it with water to form urine. The ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder before it leaves the body through the cloaca.
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When u sit an egg in water where does the water go and why
How does the cycling of water and carbon support an organism's ability to make macro molecules?
The cycles of water and carbon support an organism's ability to make macro molecules because major biomolecules are mainly composed of carbon and water is a fundamental reactant for many biochemical reactions.
What are the cycles of water and carbon?The cycles of water and carbon refer to the movement of carbon-based compounds and water into biotic factors (e.g. the atmosphere) and biotic factors (life), which is fundamental to maintain life because all organisms contain carbon and water is required to carry out chemical reactions.
Therefore, we can conclude that the cycles of water and carbon are fundamental to sustaining life because organisms have biomolecules based on carbon and water is a reactant for biochemical processes.
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Why is it a good idea to read product reviews before purchasing products? A. Because special offers usually appear in reviews B. Because reviews tell you how to make the product C. Because experts are able to judge the product's quality D. Because other consumers will not read the reviews
Answer: c. experts are able to judge the quality of a product.
Explanation:
Algal blooms, and the rapid proliferation of photosynthetic plankton can ultimately end up depleting all the oxygen from a body of water.
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
T
F
It is true that algal blooms, and the rapid proliferation of photosynthetic plankton can ultimately end up depleting all the oxygen from a body of water.
What is algal bloom?Algal bloom is the dense spread of algae on the surface of water. Algal bloom is caused by a process called eutrophication.
Eutrophication is the ecosystem's response to the addition of artificial or natural nutrients, mainly phosphates, through detergents, fertilizers, or sewage, to an aquatic system.
The proliferation of algal species will result in the increase in the number of decomposers such as bacteria when the algae die. This decomposers will make use of oxygen excessively causing a decline.
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Answer: its TRUE
Explanation: I got a 100% on the test
When listing levels of organization in organisms from least to most complex to most complex which level is just organs in complexcity
In levels of organization in organisms from least to most complex the level which is just below organs in complexicity is Tissue and is denoted as option D.
What is Level of organization?This is referred to as the hierarchy of complex biological structures and the cell which is the simplest unit of life is the least complex in the level of organisation of organisms.
The most complex is referred to as the organ system which comprises of the aggregation of organs present in the body. The level which is below organs in complexicity is the Tissue which is formed from the aggregation of cells in the body which have similar structures and functions so as to achieve a common goal.
This is therefore the reason why option D was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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The full question is:
When listing the levels of organization in organisms from least complex to most complex, which level is just below organs in complexity? cell organism organ system tissue
If these three genes were all assorting independently, how many genotypic and phenotypic classes would result in the offspring, and in what proportion, assuming simple dominance and recessiveness in each gene pair?.
8 genotypic and phenotypic classes would result in the offspring, and in 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1 proportion, assuming simple dominance and recessiveness in each gene pair.
What are phenotypic and genotypic classes?Phenotypes contain observable attributes that can be evaluated in a laboratory, such as hormone levels or the number of blood cells. Phenotypes are the collection of observable traits.Height and wing length are two examples of phenotypes.The individual's genotype is their genetic makeup. Genes plus development make up phenotype (in a given environment).Hair color is an example of a genotype. Height. the dimensions of your shoes.The ratios of observable traits are called phenotypic ratios. The genotypic ratios, which are ratios of gene combinations in the progeny, are sometimes difficult to discern from the phenotypes.To learn more about phenotypic ratios, refer
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Clearly explain Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy and what it is meant to establish (in other words, does she use it to defend abortion in every case or only in some cases?). Also, explain what she means by ‘right to life’ and how she relates that analysis to the abortion debate. Finally, do you find Thomson’s analysis and argument to be rationally persuasive? Make sure to defend your answer using rational argumentation.
The goal of Judith Jarvis Thomson's defense is to demonstrate that, even if the fetus has a right to life, abortion may still be legal.
The right to life is that the fetus' right to life does not give it the authority to use your body to support its life, just as the violinist's right to live does not give him the authority to do so.
Thomson’s analysis and argument is rationally persuasive because it shows the circumstances where mother have the right to abort.
Who is n Judith Jarvis Thomson?American philosopher Judith Jarvis Thomson focused on ethics and metaphysics during her studies and research. Although she has worked in many different sectors, the trolley problem and her articles on abortion are what have made her most well-known.
Note that Judith Jarvis Thomson, whose writings on abortion and a moral thought experiment opened up new areas of study in philosophy
Therefore, the most important assumption of the argument is examined in Thomson's essay to ascertain the situations under which the mother's right to do the procedure.
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mendel found that a cross between true-breeding pea plants, one with violet flowers and one with white flowers, produced all violet flowers in the first generation. violet flower color is a trait.
Violet flower color is a dominant trait.
In a pea plant, white flowers with genotype vv and violet flowers with genotype VV are crossed. The V allele is the dominant one. The gametes that are produced are V and v. Vv will therefore be created following their fertilization in the F1 generation. Due to V (violet) being dominant to v (white), Violet will be the phenotype in a heterozygous state.
According to Mendel law of dominance in the crossing of parents, which is true for a particular trait, only one trait will be expressed in the phenotype. But among hybrid parents, the offspring exhibits the dominant characteristic. So, here also violet flowers are observed in F1 generation which shows the dominant character of violet flowers.
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Match the term with its description.
Acid
Base
pH
Litmus paper
[Choose]
[Choose]
[Choose ]
[Choose ]
The terms given are match of the followings such as acid is matched with option C, base is match of option D, pH is match of option A and litmus paper is match of option B.
Briefing :Acid is a compound that increases hydroxide ions (OH−) when it is dissolved in a solution.
Base is a compound that increases hydrogen ions (H+) when it is dissolved in a solution.
pH is a value from 0 to 14 that is used to specify how acidic or basic a compound is when it is dissolved in water.
Litmus paper is used to measure the pH of substances by determining their hydrogen ion concentration.
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I understand the question you are looking for :
Match the term with its description.
Acid
Base
pH
Litmus paper
Definition
A) A value from 0 to 14 that is used to specify how acidic or basic a compound is when it is dissolved in water
B) Used to measure the pH of substances by determining their hydrogen ion concentration
C) A compound that increases hydroxide ions (OH−) when it is dissolved in a solution
D) A compound that increases hydrogen ions (H+) when it is dissolved in a solution
A researcher grew a plant in an illuminated chamber with 18o-radiolabeled co2. After allowing time for photosynthesis, where will the radiolabeled 18o be found?.
A researcher grew a plant in an illuminated chamber with ¹⁸O- radiolabeled CO₂. After allowing time for photosynthesis the ¹⁸O-radiolabeled will be found in the plants in the form of C₆H₁₂O₆.
In a lit environment with ¹⁸O--radiolabeled CO₂, a researcher cultivated a plant. The ¹⁸O--radiolabeled will be detected in the plant's C₆H₁₂O₆ when photosynthesis has had time to complete. With the aid of a green pigment called chlorophyll, plants manufacture their food through a process known as photosynthesis in which they use water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight to do it. Any oxygen isotope can be used for photosynthesis. However, the amount of food produced will be roughly the same regardless of which isotope is used.
Following the completion of the photosynthetic process, the oxygen isotope will be incorporated into the soil of the plants. The oxygen in the plant is made up of C₆H₁₂O₆, which will then be further broken down into O₂ and H₂O. When photosynthesis is complete, the final products of H₂O and O₂ will be discharged into the atmosphere.
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estrogens are small hydrophobic lipid hormones that promote cell division and the development of reproductive structures in mammals. estrogens passively diffuse across the plasma membrane and bind to their receptor proteins in the cytoplasm of target cells. (a) describe one characteristic of the plasma membrane that allows estrogens to passively cross the membrane. (b) in a laboratory experiment, a researcher generates antibodies that bind to purified estrogen receptors extracted from cells. the researcher uses the antibodies in an attempt to treat estrogen-dependent cancers but finds that the treatment is ineffective. explain the ineffectiveness of the antibodies for treating estrogen-dependent cancers.
Estrogen exists nonpolar and can pass through the plasma membrane. Large proteins comprehended as antibodies exist incapable to enter cells. Intracellular estrogen receptors exist not bindable by extracellular antibodies.
What is meant by plasma membrane?The cell membrane has the quality of being permeable; some substances can pass through it naturally while others cannot. While ions and fat molecules like proteins and carbohydrates are blocked channel, small and nonpolar molecules can readily get through the membrane. Because estrogens are soluble in fat, they can pierce cell membranes by confusing the steroid hormone receptor.
Because estrogens are very hydrophobic, they can passively diffuse through cellular membranes and can also be concentrated in cellular membranes.
(a) Because it is nonpolar, estrogen can cross the plasma membrane.
(b) Large proteins known as antibodies are unable to enter cells. Intracellular estrogen receptors are not bindable by extracellular antibodies.
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Which of these is an agent of wedging?
A. Plant roots
B. Acid rain
C. Carbon dioxide
D. High winds
option B: Acid rain is an agent of wedging.
Acid rain is an important factor in this process of weathering or wedging of rocks. A chemical reaction takes place when acidic rainfall contacts limestone or chalk. The reaction produces new, soluble molecules. These disintegrate in the water, are washed away, and cause the rock to weather.
What is wedging in science?
When fractures in rocks or other surfaces fill with water, freeze, and then expand, the cracks become larger and finally shatter. This process is known as wedging or weathering.
What results in acid rain?
When sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) are released into the atmosphere and carried by wind and air currents, it results in acid rain. Nitric and sulfuric acids are created when the SO2 and NOX react with water, oxygen, and other substances. Then, before hitting the ground, they combine with water and other substances.
The majority of the SO2 and NOX that contribute to acid rain originates from burning fossil fuels, however a tiny amount comes from natural sources like volcanoes.
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janet has joined the yoga class at her new university. she is surprised at the difficulty of some of the poses. many of the poses involve stretching her limbs as far as possible but still maintain muscle tone in the extended limb. on which property of muscle tissue do these yoga poses rely? check all that apply.
Janet has joined the yoga class at her new university. she is surprised at the difficulty of some of the poses. many of the poses involve stretching her limbs as far as possible but still maintain muscle tone in the extended limb. The fact that all of these—excitability, contraction, pretty extensive bility, and elasticity—are the unique qualities displayed by muscles—would therefore be the correct selection in this case.
What do you mean by muscle in human body?
The human body has roughly 600 muscles. In addition to aiding movement and pumping blood, muscles can also be used to lift heavy objects or give birth. Movement is produced by muscles either contracting or relaxing. This motion may be intentional (i.e., made voluntarily and consciously) or it may be unconscious (involuntary).
Our muscles are fuelled by glucose from the carbs in our diet. Muscle tissue also requires specific minerals, electrolytes, and other dietary components including calcium, magnesium, potassium, and salt to function effectively.
There are muscles that have unique capacities for elasticity, X. Sensitivity, contractibility, and excitability. Additionally, they can be categorised based on a variety of factors, including their location, appearance, and method of activity regulation. Skeletal muscles are one of three different types of muscles. There are many muscles, including heart muscles.
Hence The fact that all of these—excitability, contraction, pretty extensive bility, and elasticity—are the unique qualities displayed by muscles—would therefore be the correct selection in this case.
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what is not the function of a nuclues
Answer:
To provide shape and rigidity to the cells.
OR
To transfer traits from parents to offspring in the form of genes.
Explanation:
What happens to the brain during creative thinking?
Answer:
i know that creative thinking involves the interplay of the brain's default and executive control networks, and that these connections allow us to spontaneously generate ideas and critically evaluate them, respectively.Jan 1, 2020
Explanation:
Why do ALL living things go through cellular respiration?
Answer: D
Explanation: it provides cells with the energy they need to function. If living things could not get the energy they need out of food, it would be absolutely worthless. All living things would eventually die, no matter the quality and amount of food
dissimilatory reactions are so named . . . choose one:a. because the enzymes performing these reactions are not similar to any other enzymes.b. to distinguish them from reactions that will assimilate molecules into organic biomass of the organism.c. because they cause the oxidation of nitrogen.d. because ""dissimilatory"" is a synonym of ""assimilatory.""
The correct option is B.
To distinguish them from reactions that will assimilate molecules into the organic biomass of the organism.
The defining characteristic of sulfate-reducing prokaryotes is dissimilatory sulfate reduction (SRP). SRPs are known to play significant roles in the carbon and sulfur cycles in their primary environments, sulfate-rich marine sediments. Strictly anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria and archaea, which must create sulfite as an essential step, use dissimilatory sulfate reduction to conserve energy (pathway 2 in Fig. 2.2). Sulfate-reducing microorganisms are the names given to all of these cells (SRMs).
SRP plays a number of crucial biotechnological roles, including the treatment of wastewater and off-gas, bioremediation of hydrocarbons and metals, and bioelectrochemistry. However, SRP can also have undesirable effects, including the souring of oil reservoirs and other environments and the corrosion of iron and concrete.
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Explain two (2) or more human activities that change the carbon cycle & HOW they affect this cycle.
Human activities that change the carbon cycle are Burning of fossil fuel ,carbon sequestration and deforestation .
When coal is burned, carbon is set free into the atmosphere at a faster rate than it is removed. Thus, concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases which affect the carbon cycle .
Storing of carbon dioxide by plants is called carbon sequestration. Agricultural and forestry methods can influence how much carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere and stored by the plants.
Deforestation or large-scale removal of trees from forests by human results in increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere thus affecting carbon cycle.
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The wide variety of species on Earth, whether they are plants, animals or microscopic organisms, are vital to keep the world's many ecosystems healthy, balanced, and thriving. Which of these environmental impacts is MOST likely to have a positive impact on biodiversity?
The environmental impact that is most likely to have a positive impact on biodiversity is the Limitation of invasive species. Option D.
Biodiversity is the term used to describe the tremendous diversity of life on Earth. Can be used more specifically to refer to all species within a region or ecosystem. Biodiversity refers to all living things including plants, bacteria, animals, and humans. Biodiversity is the different types of life found in an area, the different animal plant fungi, and even microorganisms such as bacteria that make up our natural world.
Each of these species and organisms works together in an ecosystem as a complex web to maintain balance and sustain life. Biodiversity can be defined as the diversity of plants and animals in the world or in a particular habitat a high level of which is usually considered important and desirable. Increasing species diversity makes it more likely that species will utilize complementary resources, which can affect ecosystem functions such as productivity.
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coat color in timber wolves ranges from white to gray to black. in forests and grasslands, shades of gray fur blend in with the vegetation better than white or black fur. white‑ or black‑furred individuals are sometimes driven out of their packs and are rarely allowed to mate. as a result, the majority of wolves have gray fur.
Coat color in timber wolves ranges from white to gray to black. in forests and grasslands, shades of gray fur blend in with the vegetation better than white or black fur. white‑ or black‑furred individuals are sometimes driven out of their packs and are rarely allowed to mate. as a result, the majority of wolves have gray fur. Stabilizing selection has taken place in this population.
Disruptive selection's opposite is stabilizing selection. It prefers the intermediate variants rather than people with extreme traits. The more severe phenotypes are typically eliminated by stabilizing selection, which increases the reproductive success of the typical or average phenotypes.
Stabilizing Choice The population undergoes stabilizing selection when selective pressures choose between two extremes of a trait. For instance, stabilizing selection may have an impact on plant height. If a plant is too short, it might not be able to compete for sunlight with other plants.
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what is GLUCOSE used for FULL EXPLANATION
Answer:
Glucose is sugar in simple words. In other words, glucose is simple sugar that is important energy source for living organisms and is a component of a lot of carbohydrates.
Explanation:
The word deoxyribonucleic can be broken down into the parts:
De
Oxy
Ribo
Nucleic
Key 1
B = Black hair
b = White hair
H = Long hair
h = Short hair
Key 2
B-H- = Black, Long
B-hh = Black, Short
bbH- = white, Long
A heterozygous brown-eyed (B) woman marries a blue-eyed (b) man. The
woman has extreme nearsightedness, a condition that required her to wear
glasses at a very young age. Near-sightedness is recessive. The man has
normal vision, but his mother had extreme near-sightedness. Determine the
parents’ genotypes. Then, show the Punnett square and phenotypic ratio.
Lastly, what is the probability that they will have a child that is nearsighted and
brown-eyed?
Considering two genes that express complete dominance, we can use a Punnett square to get genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring produced from a cross. 1) woman Bbnn, Man bbNn. 2) Phenotypic ratio 1:1:1:1.
Before answering this question, let us see what Punnett square and complete dominance mean.
What is a Punnett square?The Punnett square is a graphic representation that shows the different types of gamete combinations according to the alleles involved in a cross.
Punnett square shows the probabilities of getting offspring with different genotypes and their consequent phenotypes.
What is complete dominance?Complete dominance refers to the inheritance pattern in which the dominant allele completely masks the recessive allele expression in heterozygous individuals.
These individuals can only express the dominant trait.
Available data
Gene B codes for eye color and expresses complete dominance
Dominant allele B codes for brownRecessive allele b codes for blueGene N codes for vision and expresses complete dominance
Dominant allele N codes for normal visionRecessive allele n codes for nearsightednessWoman: Heterozygous brown-eyed with nearsightedness, Bb nn
Man: Blue-eyed with normal vision, bb Nn
If the man's mother has nearsightedness, then she is homozygous recessive for these gene (nn), and she could only transmit the recessive allele to her son. So the man is heterozygous for this trait.
Cross: Man with woman
Parentals) bb Nn x Bb nn
Gametes) bN, bN, bn, bn Bn, Bn, bn, bn
Punnett square) bN bN bn bn
Bn BbNn BbNn Bbnn Bbnn
Bn BbNn BbNn Bbnn Bbnn
bn bbNn bbNn bbnn bbnn
bn bbNn bbNn bbnn bbnn
F1) Genotype and Phenotypes
4/16 = 1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be dihybrid, BbNn, expressing brown eyes and having normal vision.4/16 = 1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be Bbnn, expressing brown eyes and having nearsightedness.4/16 = 1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be bbNn, expressing blue eyes and having normal vision.4/16 = 1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be bbnn, expressing blue eyes and having nearsightedness.
Phenotypic ratio 1:1:1:1 ⇒ 1/4 BbNn : 1/4 Bbnn : 1/4 bbNn : 1/4 bbnn
Parents' genotype:
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after two cycles of pcr, how many double-stranded dna molecules correspond exactly to the desired product of amplification (i.e. have both strands the correct length)?
After two cycles of PCR, 4 copies of double-stranded DNA molecules correspond exactly to the desired product of amplification.
What is PCR?The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that is frequently used to quickly create millions to billions of copies (complete or partial) of a specific DNA sample. This technique enables researchers to take a very small DNA sample and amplify it (or a portion of it) to a large enough quantity to study in detail. The PCR method of DNA manipulation was created in 1983 by American biochemist Kary Mullis at Cetus Corporation. Mullis and biochemist Michael Smith, who had created other crucial techniques for DNA manipulation, shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
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Write a short paragraph or create a Venn Diagram describing how the modern carbon cycle compares to the pre-industrial carbon cycle:
When fossil fuels like coal and oil are burned, a greater amount of the carbon cycle is released into the atmosphere. As we burn trees to clear forests, more carbon is released into the sky.
What is the carbon cycle?Nature uses the carbon cycle to recycle the carbonyl group that continually flow from the air into Earth's living organisms and out again. Carbon is primarily stored in sedimentary deposits, with the remainder amounts being stored inside the ocean, air, and living things.
Why is the carbon cycle important?Because nature tends to keep carbon levels in balance, the carbon content that is naturally released from reservoirs equals the amount that's also naturally absorbed by reservoirs. By maintaining that biogeochemical cycles, the earth can support life indefinitely.
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Methods that involve the manipulation of genes or specific sequences of dna are part of a broad category of research and practical applications called dna?.
Methods that involve the manipulation of genes or specific sequences of DNA are part of a broad category of research and practical applications called DNA technology.
What is DNA technology?DNA technology refers to all techniques used in molecular biology labs to manipulate the information contained in the DNA sequence, which may involve recombinant DNA techniques that insert sequences in other cells to observe a given outcome in the research.
Therefore, we can conclude that DNA technology is based on the manipulation of the DNA sequence in order to observe its characteristic in experimental conditions.
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On average day the trillions of cell in human body perform many chemical processes. which form of energy do those processes use directly?
sunlight
ATP
glucose
glycogen
Since on average day the trillions of cell in human body carry out many chemical processes. The form of energy do those processes use directly is option B: ATP.
How does your body get energy from ATP?By adding a phosphate group to another molecule, ATP can drive biological operations (a process called phosphorylation). Special enzymes are responsible for carrying out this transfer, which connects the cellular processes that need energy to the release of energy from ATP.
Note that since ATP is produced in the human body, the majority of ATP synthesis takes place during cellular respiration within the mitochondrial matrix, producing about 32 ATP molecules for each oxidized glucose molecule.
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