The effective synthesis of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), a promising bio based aromatic monomer that can be exploited to create innovative bio based polymeric materials, is still a significant problem.
The direct synthesis of FDCA from fructose without the need for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) separation is proposed in this work as a two-step process employing catalysts that are readily accessible in the market. By dehydrating fructose in DMSO for one hour at 120 °C under the catalysis of Amberlyst-15, HMF was produced in the first stage with a 97.1% HPLC yield. The second stage involved oxidizing the in-situ created HMF in a 3/1 (w/w) alkaline (K₂CO₃) H₂O/DMSO medium for 10 hours at 100 °C with Pt/C as the catalyst to produce FDCA in a 91% HPLC yield. A total of 88.4% of fructose was converted into FDCA overall. HMF is quickly converted to 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA) and 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA) respectively, however the rate-limiting step in the oxidation of HMF is the conversion of FFCA to FDCA.
Important variables influencing the reaction rate and selectivity include the H₂O/DMSO ratio, alkali type, alkali/HMF ratio, and reaction temperature. High FDCA yield is achieved by DMSO and alkaline aqueous solution working in harmony.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a gas based on the kinetic molecular theory?
A. Gas particles are widely dispersed.
B. Gas particles move in a definite direction.
C. Gas particles are in constant and rapid motion.
D. Increasing the temperature causes gas particles to move faster.
To solve such, we need to have concept and postulates of kinetic molecular theory. Therefore, the correct option is option B that is Gas particles move in a definite direction.
What is kinetic molecular theory?The Kinetic Molecular Theory seeks to describe how gases behave. Optimal gases are those that exhibit ideal behavior.
Postulates of this theory
1.Particles that are constantly and randomly moving make up gases.
2.The quantity of kinetic energy that gas particles possess depends on the gas's temperature.
3.Due to the elastic nature of gas particle collisions, no energy is gained or lost.
4.Due to their microscopic size, particles have no volume.
5.Gas particles will flow in a straight line until they collide with the container walls or other gas particles since there aren't any intermolecular forces of attraction or repulsion at work.
Therefore, the correct option is option B.
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How might data for this experiment be organized to help look for
patterns?
Answer:
5g5
Explanation:
reder
which of these structures represent 2-methylbutane? a molecule with the formula c h 3 c h c h 3. there is a c h 2 c h 3 group attached to the c h carbon. a molecule with the formula c h 3 c h c h 2. there is a c h 3 group attached to both the c h and c h 2 carbon. a molecule with the formula c h 3 c h 2 c h c h 3. there is a second c h 3 group attached to the c h carbon. a molecule with the formula c h 3 c h c h 2 c h 3. there is a second c h 3 group attached to the c h carbon. a molecule with the formula c h 3 c h c h 2. there is a c h 3 group attached to both the c h and c h 2 carbon.
The structure represents the 2 - methyl butane is ;
CH₃
|
H₃C - CH - CH₂ - CH₃
The alkane are the compound which contains the carbon carbon single bond and the carbon and hydrogen single covalent bond. the alkanes are the compound having the general formula of CnH2n+2. the butane are the series of compound in which it contains the four carbon atoms. the methyl group is represented as CH₃.
the structure represents the 2 - methyl butane is represented as follows :
CH₃
|
H₃C - CH - CH₂ - CH₃
The above compound contains four carbon atoms with single bond and a methyl group attached in the second carbon.
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Equal volumes of a 0.020 M Zn^2+ solution and a 2.0 M NH3 solution are mixed. Kf for [Zn(NH3)4]^2+ is 4.1 × 10^8. If enough sodium oxalate is added to make the solution 0.10 M in oxalate, will ZnC2O4 precipitate? What is Q? Ksp ZnC2O4 = 2.7 × 10^-8 Answer: no, Q = 2.9 × 10^-12
Q = 2.5*1012 if sufficient sodium oxalate is modified to make the fluid 0.10 M in oxalate.
What is the purpose of sodium oxalate?In the majority of naturally occurring metabolic processes within plants and vegetables, sodium oxalate is often used as a reducing agent. It is also frequently used as a principal standard for the standard of ammonium hydroxide solutions.
How safe is sodium oxalate?When in touch with skin, harmful. Effects/symptoms upon skin contact: Repeated contact to this substance can cause serious health risks from skin absorption. When in touch with skin, harmful. Symptoms/results following eye contact: seriously irritates the eyes.
Briefing:M₁V₁ = M₂V₂
M₁ * V = M₂*2V
M₂ = M₁*V/2V
M₂ = M₁/2
Zn²⁺ = 0.020M/2
= 0.010M
Molarity of NH₃= 2.0M/2
NH₃ = 1.0M
Q = 2.5*10⁻¹¹M * 0.10M
Q = 2.5*10⁻¹²
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module 16 exam 4 fos3042 carbonated beverages are infused with nitrogen gas carbon dioxide gas oxygen gas carbon monoxide gas
What is water gas?
Water gas may be a quite fuel gas, a mix of monoxide and hydrogen. it's created by "alternately hot processing a fuel layer [coke] with air and gasifying it with steam". The caloric yield of this can be concerning 10% of a contemporary syngas plant.
Water gas is a synthesis gas, containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen. it's a helpful product however needs careful handling thanks to its flammability and therefore the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning.
Producer gas: a gas composed of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen, obtained by passing air and steam through incandescent coke.
Syngas/synthesis gas, is a fuel gas mixture consisting primarily of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and extremely usually some carbon dioxide.
Hence final answer is Marsh gas paraffin CH4
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Help Please!
Imagine a deer that lives in the meadow. What does the deer eat?
What eats the deer?
Answer: A deer that lives in a meadow would likely eat a variety of plants, such as grasses, leaves, and shrubs. Depending on the season and the availability of food, the deer's diet may also include fruits, nuts, and other plant materials. In some cases, deer may also eat insects or other small animals if they are available.
As for what eats the deer, there are many potential predators depending on the location and environment of the meadow. In some areas, predators of deer could include wolves, coyotes, cougars, or bears. In other areas, deer may be hunted by humans. In addition, some birds of prey, such as eagles or hawks, may also prey on deer, particularly fawns or other young deer.
Explanation:
the reaction between an amine and carboxylic acid produces a peptide bond. identify the functional group produced in the formation of this bond.
The functional group produced in the formation of peptide bond is amide group [tex]CO-NH[/tex].
What is a peptide bond?
Two amino acids form a chemical bond known as a peptide bond. It is created when an amino acid's carboxyl group reacts with another amino acid's amino group, losing one molecule of water in the process [tex](H_{2}O)[/tex]. Peptide bond synthesis or formation is the term used to describe this process.
According to the problem:
The reaction between an amine group [tex](NH_{2} )[/tex] and a carboxyl group [tex](COOH)[/tex] to form a peptide bond involves the loss of a molecule of water [tex](H_{2}O)[/tex]. This following equation can represent the process:
[tex]NH_{2} + COOH + H_{2}O \rightarrow C-O-O-C[/tex]
A covalent bond between the two amino acids is created in this reaction when the carboxyl group of one amino acid accepts the hydrogen atom that belongs to its amine group. Peptide bonds are the resultant bonds.
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CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CH3 ( MARKOVIAN'S RULE AND ANTI MARKOVIAN'S RULE)
Answer:
Explanation:
CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CH3 is a molecule with a long carbon chain containing a double bond between the third and fourth carbon atoms. In this molecule, the first three carbon atoms (CH3-CH2-CH) form a substructure known as a propyl group, while the last two carbon atoms (CH=CH-CH3) form a substructure known as an allyl group.
When applying Markovnikov's rule to this molecule, the double bond is treated as a functional group that can react with other molecules. In this case, the double bond will react with a molecule of hydrogen to form a new carbon-hydrogen bond, with the hydrogen atom attaching to the carbon atom that already has the most hydrogens. In this molecule, the carbon atom in the propyl group has three hydrogens, while the carbon atom in the allyl group has only two hydrogens. Therefore, according to Markovnikov's rule, the hydrogen atom will react with the carbon atom in the allyl group, forming a new molecule with the following structure: CH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3.
Alternatively, if the reaction follows anti-Markovnikov's rule, the hydrogen atom will react with the carbon atom in the propyl group, forming a new molecule with the following structure: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH=CH3. This is the opposite of what would happen under Markovnikov's rule, as the hydrogen atom attaches to the carbon atom with the fewest hydrogens instead of the most.
Overall, Markovnikov's rule and anti-Markovnikov's rule describe how double bonds in molecules can react with other molecules to form new bonds. These rules help predict the outcome of chemical reactions involving double bonds, and are important tools in organic chemistry.
be sure to answer all parts. draw the products of the reaction of pentanoic acid with thionyl chloride. draw structure ... largest molecular weight draw structure ... medium molecular weight draw structure ... smallest molecular weight
Molecular weight is the mass of a particular molecule and is measured in Daltons. Different molecules of the same compound can have different molecular weights because they contain different isotopes of the element. The answer is in the image.
It is actually calculated by summing the atomic weights of the atoms that make up the molecular formula of the substance. The main difference between the two is that molar mass refers to the mass of one mole of a particular substance.
Molecular weight is the mass of a molecule of a particular substance. Although the definitions and units of molar mass and molecular weight are different, the values are the same. A mole is the amount of a substance that is numerically equal to its molecular weight.
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the complete electron configuration of mg is , whereas the complete electron configuration of al is .target 1 of 7 target 2 of 7 removing an electron from the orbital of mg requires energy than removing an electron from the orbital of al .target 3 of 7 target 4 of 7 target 5 of 7 however, when adding an electron, the electron affinity for mg is negative than that of al because the electron is being added to sublevel.
Electronic configuration Mg(12) = 1s22s22p63s2
Al(13) = 1s22s22p63s23p1
Mg has a more stable configuration and hence requires more energy to remove an electron from 3s. electron affinities become more negative from left to right across a row in the periodic table.
The complete electronic configuration of Mg is 1s22s22p63s2 whereas the complete electronic configuration of Al is 1s22s22p63s23p1
Removing an electron from the 3s orbital of Mg requires more energy than removing an electron from the 3p orbital of Al.
However, when adding an electron, the electron affinity for Mg is less negative than that of Al because the electron is being added to the 3p sublevel.
The symbols used to describe electron configurations begin with the shell number, followed by the orbital type, and finally, a superscript indicating the number of electrons in the orbital. Electron configuration describes where electrons are located around the nucleus. The outermost shell of an atom can hold up to 8 electrons.
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A student was given an unknown compound dissolved in acetone. The student decided to identify the compound by TLC. The student decides to use a 1:1 hexanes/acetone solvent system. Once the TLC plate was finished running, the student pulls out the TLC to look at it under UV. The student's partner remarks that the spot looked very faint under UV. What would be best for the two students to try next? Redo the TLC plate; it was the students technique that caused the problem. Concentrate the sample solution used. Try to test a 1:9 hexanes/acetone solvent system. Try to test a 9:1 hexanes/acetone solvent system. The compound cannot be identified by TLC. There are two solutions of a-pinene (b.p. - 156 °C, v.p. = 151 torr at 100C) and water (b.p = 100 "Cand v.p. = 760 torr at 100 °C). The molar fraction of a-pinene and water in solution A are 0.60 and 0.40 respectively. The molar fraction of a-pinene and water in solution B are 0.40 and 0.60 respectively. Which statement is true regarding the boiling point of the two solutions? (Hint: a-pinene and water are immiscible) A. Solution A will have a higher boiling point. B. Both solutions will boil at the same temperature. C. Solution B will have a higher boiling point. D. The relative boiling points cannot be determined with the given information. O A. Solution A will have a higher boiling point. O B. Both solutions will boil at the same temperature. O C. Solution B will have a higher boiling point. O D. The relative boiling points cannot be determined with the given information.
A. Liquid A has a higher boiling point.
The boiling point of the solution is usually higher than that of the pure solvent. This is due to the increase in vapor pressure required to overcome the attraction between the solute and solvent molecules.
This phenomenon, known as boiling point elevation, is more pronounced in solutions with high solute concentrations. Therefore, solution A is expected to have a higher boiling point than solution B, which has a higher concentration of water.
Alternatively, you can calculate the boiling points of two solutions using the boiling point elevation formula:
ΔTb = Kb x molarity
where ΔTb is the change in boiling point, Kb is the boiling point rise constant of the solvent, and molarity is the concentration of the solute in moles per kilogram of solvent. By substituting the corresponding values for the two solutions, you can determine which solution has the higher boiling point.
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In all of your lab work this semester, you routinely used glassware to measure volumes of liquids. It was important to record volumes with proper number of significant digits and this depended on the type of glass container used. Looking at the picture below, what is the volume of water in the graduate cylinder? 64.0 mL 63 mL 56 mL O 56.0 mL 64 mL
The colorless solution lower meniscus is 56 ml option (c) is correct.
What is volume ?
A solid shape's capacity is measured using volume, a three-dimensional quantity. It implies that a closed figure's volume determines how much three-dimensional space it may fill.
What is liquids ?
A liquid is a form of substance that has unique characteristics that make it more rigid than a gas but less stiff than a solid. Like a solid, a liquid may flow and lacks a fixed form. A liquid, on the other hand, takes the shape of the container it is kept in.
Therefore, the colorless solution lower meniscus is 56 ml option (c) is correct.
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these transformations can be achieved by the irradiation of azonaphthalene solutions with uv-vis light of appropriate wavelength.
When azonaphthalene solutions are exposed to UV-vis light with the proper wavelength, electronic changes can be produced.
Describe UV radiation.The UV radiation spectrum is separated into three areas known as UVA, UVB, and UVC. This division is similar to how visible light is composed of several colours that are seen in a rainbow. Ozone, water vapour, oxygen, and carbon dioxide all absorb UVC and most UVB as sunlight travels through the atmosphere. The atmosphere does not significantly filter UVA as much.
What is a light wavelength?Light typically has a wavelength between 400 and 700 nanometers (nm), which translates to a frequency between 750 and 420 tetrahertz. Wavelength and frequency have a close relationship, particularly when it comes to light.
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which one of the following molecules would have the largest bond dissociation energy if all bonds in the molecule are broken?
N2 has a largest bond dissociation energy. because as nitrogen has triple bond.
The bond energy can be visualized as the average amount of energy required or produced when a bond in a chemical compound is broken or formed.
when the bond in a chemical compound is broken, then there is a need for energy hence the bond energy will have a positive value. and when the bond in a chemical compound is formed, then the energy will be released hence the bond energy will have a negative value. bond energy gives an idea of strength of a chemical bond and therefore the stability of the compound. hence the more stable the compound, the more energy will be needed to break the bond.
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Gold occurs in a sample of sea water at a concentration of 1.1 × 10—2 ppb. How many litres of sea water must be processed to recover 31.1 g of gold? (Density of sea water = 1.025g/mL.)
The volume in liters of seawater that must be processed to recover 31.1 g of gold is 2.827 * 10⁶ Liters of seawater.
What is the concentration of gold found in the seawater sample?The concentration of gold found in the seawater sample is given as 1.1 × 10⁻² ppb.
1 ppb is equivalent to 1 μg/mL
Based on the above conversion, 1.1 × 10⁻² ppb = 1.1 × 10⁻² μg/mL
This means that 1 mL of the seawater sample contains 1.1 × 10⁻² μg of gold.
1.1 × 10⁻² μg = 1.1 × 10⁻² μg * 10⁻⁶ g/μg
1.1 × 10⁻² μg = 1.1 × 10⁻⁸ g of gold
The volume of seawater in liters that will produce 31.1 g of gold is calculated below as follows:
The volume of seawater required = 31.1 g * 1 mL/1.1 × 10⁻⁸ g * 1 L/1000 mL
The volume of seawater required = 2.827 * 10⁶ Liters of seawater.
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Anode Cathode Ni Porous plug Ni2 A voltaic cell is made using nickel and silver electrodes immersed in 1.00 Msolutions of Ni2+ and Ag'.Use the table of standard electrode potentials in the appendix of your textbook to help you label the cell diagram. Part 2 (0.5 point) Feedback See Hi Determine the cell potential for the voltaic cell in Part I comprised of nickel and silver electrodes immersed in 1.00 Msolutions of Ni2+ and Agt. (Use the table of standard electrode potentials in the appendix of your textbook.)
The standard cell potential of a voltaic cell which is made up of using nickel and silver electrodes that are immersed in 1M solutions of Ni²⁺ and Ag⁺ is 1.05 V.
The cell reaction is defined as the overall reaction which takes place in the cell, written on the assumption that the right hand electrode is the cathode, that is assuming that the spontaneous reaction is the one in which reduction is occurring in the right-hand compartment.
The cell reaction of Ni²⁺ and Ag⁺ is given as,
Ni → Ni²⁺ + 2e⁻ E° = -0.25 V
2Ag⁺ + 2e⁻ → 2Ag E° = 0.80 V
Overall cell reaction is given as,
Ni / Ni ²⁺ // Ag⁺ / Ag
Standard cell potential is calculated as follows,
⇒ Standard cell potential = Reduction potential of cathode - Reduction potential of anode
⇒ Standard cell potential = 0.80 -(-0.25)
⇒ Standard cell potential = 1.05 V
Hence, the cell potential is 1.05 V.
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The pH of a 0.0040 M solution of Ca(OH)₂ is...
A) 13.02
B) 11.90
C) 11.60
D) 2.097
Answer: The pH of a 0.0040 M solution of Ca(OH)₂ would be basic and would have a pH greater than 7. The answer would be greater than 7, so we can eliminate choices D and C. Choice B is closer to 7 than choice A, so the pH of a 0.0040 M solution of Ca(OH)₂ is most likely B) 11.90.
Aqueous solutions of the following reactants are mixed. Calculate the concentration in mol/L) of calcium ions in solution after the reaction has gone to completion. 75.0 mL of 1.50 M AgNO, are mixed with 75.0 mL of 2.1 M Cacly DO NOT include units in your answer. If you round during your calculation, be sure to keep at least four (4) decimal places. Report your answer to two (2) decimal places. Answer: Calculate the mass of precipitate formed (in grams) when aqueous solutions of the following reactants are mixed. Assume that the reaction goes to completion. 79 mL of 1.50 M AgNO3 are mixed with 75.0 mL of 1.00 M CaCl, Do NOT include units in your answer. If you round during your calculation, be sure to keep at least four (4) decimal places. Report your answer to two (2) decimal places. Answer:
The concentration (in mol/L) of calcium ions in solution after the reaction has gone to completion. 75.0 mL of 1.50 M AgNO, are mixed with 75.0 mL of 2.1 M is 0.75 mol / L.
The reaction is given as :
2AgNO₃(aq) + CaCl₂(aq) -----> Ca(NO₃)₂(aq) + 2AgCl(s)
moles of AgNO₃ = molarity × volume
= 1.50 × 0.075
= 0.1125 mol
moles of CaCl₂ = 2.1 × 0.075
= 0.1575 mol
AgNO₃ is a limiting reactant ,2mole of AgNO₃ produces 1 mole of Ca(NO₃)₂
moles of Ca(NO₃)₂ = 0.1125 / 2 = 0.05625 mol
concentration of Calcium ion is = 0.05625 / 0.075
= 0.75 mol/ L
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Question
03/20
When cleaning a food preparation area, how can you protect the food
from the cleaning products?
Answer:
lots of answers
Explanation:
so basically cook in an different area
or use the cleaning products carefully, don't spray onto food, be mindful
wash your hands personal hygiene is key
don't cough on food wear gloves for hands if possible
Answer:
Explanation:
dont cook near the cleaning products, wash the stuff you use really good before you start to cook
dont clean with products only with water until your dont with cooking
If all connections in the apparatus are not airtight and some hydrogen gas escapes during the reaction, will the reported percent aluminum in the sample be greater than or less than its actual percentage? Explain.
If some hydrogen gas escapes during the reaction, it will affect the reported percentage of aluminum in the sample.
The hydrogen gas that escapes will reduce the total volume of gas in the apparatus, which will in turn reduce the number of moles of gas that are produced by the reaction. Since the number of moles of gas produced is used to calculate the percentage of aluminum in the sample, a reduction in the number of moles of gas will result in a lower reported percentage of aluminum in the sample. Therefore, if hydrogen gas escapes during the reaction, the reported percentage of aluminum in the sample will be less than its actual percentage.
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the process in which carpet fibers are chemically renewed and reused in remanufacturing first-quality carpet is .
The process in which carpet fibers are chemically renewed and reused in remanufacturing first-quality carpet is fiber recycling
The textile industry is facing increasing criticism because of its intensive use of resources that is both natural and fossil derived and also the negative environmental and societal impacts associated with the manufacturing, use and disposal of the clothes. This has led to a desire to move towards a circular economy for textiles that will implement recycling concepts and technologies to protect resources, the environment and people. So far, the recycling processes have been focused on the chemical and mechanical reuse of textile fibers.
In contrast, bio-based processes for textile production and recycling have received little attention, beyond end-of-life composting. However, the selectivity and the benign processing conditions associated with bio-based technologies hold great promise for circularizing the textile life cycle and reducing the environmental impacts of textile production and processing. Developing circular and sustainable systems for textile production requires a revolutionary system approach that encompasses the choice of material and finishes being designed for recycling at the end of life, and in this context bio-based processes can help provide the means to maintain materials in a closed loop.
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help me on dis bro fast
5. The volcanic eruption of Mt. St. Helens in the state of Washington in 1980
produced a considerable quantity of a radioactive element in a gaseous
state. Atoms in the radioactive substance had 86 protons. Which was it?
Rubidium
Bromine
Polonium
Radon
Answer:Polonium
Explanation:
From what carboxylic acid derivative can urea most easily be prepared?carbonic acid, formyl chloride, phosgene, carbamic acid, or diurea
From Phosgene, the carboxylic acid derivative can urea most easily be prepared.
Phosgene is the organic chemical compound with the formula COCl2. It is the carboxylic acid derivative. It is a toxic, colorless gas. in low concentrations, its musty odor resembles that of freshly cut hay or grass. Phosgene is a valued and important industrial building block for the production of precursors of polyurethanes and polycarbonate plastics. Phosgene is extremely poisonous. It was a highly potent pulmonary irritant and quickly filled enemy trenches due to it being a heavy gas. It is a colorless gas with a suffocating odor like musty hay. Exposure to phosgene may cause irritation to the eyes, dry burning throat, vomiting, cough, foamy sputum, breathing difficulty, and chest pain.
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given 1 in=2.54cm how many centimeters are in an average hand (9.50)?
If an average hand is 9.50 inches, the number of centimeters in an average hand would be 24.035 centimeters.
Unit conversionThe problem here is about converting from one unit to another.
We have been given that: 1 in = 2.54 cm
We were also given that an average hand measured 9.50 inches long. The average length of hand would be the sum of the length of all the hands in the population and the total number of hands whose lengths were measured.
Thus:
If 1 in = 2.53 cm
9.50 in = 9.50 x 2.53
= 24.035 cm
Thus, if 9.50 inches is 24.035 centimeters, it means an average hand will also be 24.035 centimeters long.
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predict whether each of the following molecules is polar or nonpolar. drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
The polar molecules are [tex]SF_4,XeF_4,CH_3Br[/tex].
Non polar molecules are [tex]CCl_4,XeF_4,GaH_3[/tex].
As per the details share in the above question it is given that,
Whether the molecular is polar or non polar.
The given molecules are,
[tex]CCl_4,SF_4,NH_3,XeF_4,GaH_3,CH_3Br[/tex]
The bonds in the symmetrical tetrahectral structure of [tex]CCl_4[/tex] cancel out the dipole moment, the molecule is non polar.
[tex]SF_4[/tex] geometry is an asymmetric distribution of electron regions around the main atom. [tex]SF_4[/tex] is a polar molecule as a result.
[tex]NH_3[/tex]Because its polar bonds do not cancel to zero, [tex]NH_3[/tex] is polar.
Molecular structure of [tex]XeF_4[/tex] Because of the symmetric distribution of electrons, the molecule is non polar.
[tex]GaH_3[/tex] is non-polar molecule.
Polar molecules include the [tex]CH_3 Br[/tex] molecule. due to the fact that bromine draws more electrons to itself. Polarity develops.
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Note: The complete question is,predict whether each of the following molecules is polar or non polar. drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
[tex]CCl_4,SF_4,NH_3,XeF_4,GaH_3,CH_3Br[/tex]
highly efficient two-step synthesis of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid from fructose without 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (hmf) separation: in situ oxidation of hmf in alkaline aqueous h2o/dmso mixed solvent under mild conditions 30 october 2018
Time evolution of HMF conversion and yields of FDCA, FFCA, and HMFCA; comparison of conversion and yields; typical HPLC spectra of reaction mixture; 1H NMR spectrum of FDCA product;
The effective synthesis of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), a promising biobased aromatic monomer that can be exploited to create innovative biobased polymeric materials, is still a significant problem. The direct synthesis of FDCA from fructose without the need for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) separation is proposed in this work as a two-step process employing catalysts that are readily accessible in the market. By dehydrating fructose in DMSO for one hour at 120 °C under the catalysis of Amberlyst-15, HMF was produced in the first stage with a 97.1% HPLC yield. The second stage involved oxidizing the in-situ created HMF in a 3/1 (w/w) alkaline (K2CO3) H2O/DMSO medium for 10 hours at 100 °C with Pt/C as the catalyst to produce FDCA in a 91% HPLC yield. A total of 88.4% of fructose was converted into FDCA overall.
HMF is quickly converted to 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA) and 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA) respectively, however the rate-limiting step in the oxidation of HMF is the conversion of FFCA to FDCA. Important variables influencing the reaction rate and selectivity include the H2O/DMSO ratio, alkali type, alkali/HMF ratio, and reaction temperature. High FDCA yield is achieved by DMSO and alkaline aqueous solution working in harmony.
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silicon crystals are semiconductors. which of the following is a correct reason for the increase in the conductivity of si crystals when a small fraction of si atoms are replaced with those of a different element?
The correct answer is b. P atoms introduce additional mobile positive charges.
Silicon crystals are semiconductors, which means that they have intermediate electrical conductivity compared to metals and insulators. When a small fraction of Si atoms is replaced with atoms of a different element, such as phosphorus (P), the conductivity of the Si crystal can increase.
This is because P atoms introduce additional mobile positive charges, or holes, into the crystal. Holes are areas where an electron is missing, and they can move through the crystal just like electrons. As a result, the presence of holes can increase the overall conductivity of the crystal.
a. P atoms introduce additional mobile negative charges is incorrect because P atoms actually introduce positive charges, or holes, into the crystal.
c. Ge atoms have more electrons than Si atoms is incorrect because this would actually decrease the conductivity of the crystal, as there would be more electrons available to fill the holes and reduce the overall mobility of charge carriers.
d. Ge atoms are much smaller than Si atoms is not relevant to the conductivity of the crystal. The size of the atoms does not directly affect the conductivity of the crystal.
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FILL INTHE BLANK when studying the kinetics of a chemical reaction, the reaction orders for a rate law are determined experimentally by varying the concentration of ______and observing the effect on rate. the rate is determined from the ____the concentration vs. time curve for the reaction.
when studying the kinetics of a chemical reaction, the reaction orders for a rate law are determined experimentally by varying the concentration of one reactant at a time and observing the effect on rate. the rate is determined from the slope of the tangent to the concentration vs. time curve for the reaction.
Chemical kinetics, also renowned as reaction kinetics, is a discipline of physical chemistry dealing with the rate of chemical reactions. It contrasted sharply with synthetic thermodynamics, which interacts with the path of a reaction but tells us nothing regarding its rate. Kinetics is an essential part of chemistry. It essentially allows us to fathom biological processes, especially enzyme-catalyzed reactions that contribute to the environmental and atmospheric chemistry. Kinetics is derived from the Greek kinetikos, which means "movement."
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The equilibrium constant, K, determines the position of equilibrium in an esterification reaction. Which of these K values describes the most efficient reaction?
a) K = 0.0056
b) K = 5.4
c) K = 0.079
d) K = 1
The equilibrium constant, K, determines the position of equilibrium in an esterification reaction. the K values describes the most efficient reaction is k = 5.4.
The value of the equilibrium constant if greater than 1 then the reaction is the product favored reaction. if the value of the equilibrium constant k is less than 1 then the reaction is the reactants favored. if k is equals to the 1 then it means the reaction is neither reactants favored nor the product favored. if the value of k is larger then the farther the reaction proceeds before it reaches the equilibrium.
Thus, equilibrium constant k is 5.4 for the the position of equilibrium in an esterification reaction the K values describes the most efficient reaction.
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