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Mitosis is the process by which a parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells.

The process of cell duplication, or reproduction, is called mitosis. where two genetically identical daughter cells are produced from one parent cell. The process of mitosis involves the duplication and distribution of the chromosomes, which contain the genetic code.

As the means of asexual reproduction in single-celled eukaryotes, it is a crucial process. Mitosis' primary purpose is to multiply cells.

In a multicellular creature, which is created from two gametes, life begins with a single cell. As this single celled multicellular organism only carries genetic information in the form of DNA and lacks sufficient cells, mitosis occurs, dividing one cell into two. These two cells divide again via mitosis to produce four, eight, sixteen, and finally thirty-two cells.

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During cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm), the splitting of the new daughter cells takes place. It occurs after karyokinesis, which results into equal division of nuclear material.

Cell division is the process of formation of new cells which are also called as daughter cells from the parent cell. It is a part of the cell cycle.

During cell division, two daughter cells are produced from a single parent cell. Cell division is of two types: Mitosis and Meiosis. Mitosis results into formation of daughter cells which are exactly similar to the parent cells. Meiosis is the cell division which occurs in gamete cells and produce cells which contain half of the original genetic material and are different from the parent cell due to recombination of chromosomes.

During cell division, two processes occur which are karyokinesis and cytokinesis. Karyokinesis is the division of nucleus and cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm which results into formation of daughter cells.

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The strands on the original DNA molecule serve as templates for the creation of new DNA strands during DNA replication.

Because it includes the instructions a cell needs to survive, the genetic code is commonly referred to as a "blueprint." However, we now understand that these instructions are more complex than just the arrangement of the letters in the nucleotide code. For instance, copious evidence suggests that this code serves as the blueprint for the synthesis of numerous substances, including RNA and protein.

Additionally, studies have demonstrated that transcription and translation take place in order to "read" the DNA instructions that are stored there. A single-stranded RNA molecule is created during transcription from a piece of the double-stranded DNA template. In some instances, the RNA molecule is a "finished product" that performs a crucial task for the cell.

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The concept map on microorganisms along with its types is given in the image attached.

A idea map is a specific type of online graphic used for information gathering, sharing, and knowledge exploration. The method used to create a concept map is called concept mapping. which presents thoughts, ideas, hypotheses, or questions in a visual manner. Concept maps can display new or existing relationships.

Note that A microorganism, often known as a microbe, is a microscopic organism that can be a single cell or a colony of cells. - an organism that is microscopic, particularly a bacterium.

Therefore, Micro-organisms types includes

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Saliva in the mouth changes starch into maltose.

Saliva is capable of breaking down starch into less complex sugars such as maltose and dextrin. In maltose two glucose molecules are linked together to form this structure.

Saliva consists of many enzymes, that have ability of breaking down complex sugars like starch into simpler sugars(glucose). Saliva also have an enzyme named amylase which can break starch down into smaller sugars, such as disaccharides. Amylases is responsible for digesting starch into smaller molecules, that yield maltose, which in turn is break into two glucose molecules by maltase.

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Answer:

d. It acts as neurotransmitter in the brain

Similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic dna replication  both involve dna polymerase .

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic dna replication  processes occur before nuclear division. The DNA involved in both processes are double-stranded. The replication occurs in 5' to 3' direction. The single-strand binding proteins stabilizes the unwound DNA.

Major difference found  between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication is that prokaryotic DNA replication occurs through a single origin of replication whereas eukaryotic DNA replication occurs through multiple replication origins .

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Virucide, germicide, and sporicide are the agents that kill the microbial pathogen and cause disease.

An organism that causes illness is referred to as a pathogen.

Microbes inhabit your body on a daily basis. The only time these microorganisms become an issue, though, is when your immune system is compromised or when they get into an area of your body that is typically sterile.

Different pathogens have the ability to weak once they enter the body.

A host is all that a pathogen requires to live and grow. Once the virus has established a base in the host's body, it avoids the host's immune reactions and makes use of the body's resources to reproduce before leaving and moving on to a new victim.

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Paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell.

DNA is tightly bundled into thread-like structures called chromosomes within the nucleus. Histone proteins, which give the structural support, are wrapped around the DNA. During cell division, chromosomes aid in ensuring proper DNA replication and distribution. The centromere, which separates the p (short) arm and the q (long) arm of each chromosome, is known as the centromere. The constriction point of the cell, which may or may not be the chromosome's center, is where the centromere is found.

A repetitive nucleotide sequence cap known as a telomere is located at the end of each chromosome. The telomere in vertebrates is made up of a TTAGGG sequence that is repeated for about 15,000 base pairs.

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Paired chromatids will split apart, and the resulting daughter chromosomes will migrate to the cell's opposite poles.

Long stretches of DNA are transported by chromosomes, which are organelles located in the nucleus of cells. The substance containing genes is called DNA. The human body's foundation is made up of it. Proteins found on chromosomes also aid in the appropriate structure of DNA.

In terms of DNA and protein arrangement, chromosomes are the highest level. The primary role of chromosomes is to transport DNA and pass genetic material from one set of parents to another. In the process of cell division, chromosomes are crucial. The DNA is shielded against tangles and damage by them.

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B. Human skin color variation is primarily determined by the type and amount of melanin pigment in the skin.

D. Human skin color variation likely evolved in response to differences in the intensity of sunlight around the world.

E. Human skin color variation evolved recently in hominid evolution, once some populations of our human ancestors migrated out of Africa.

The cause of skin color variation in humans are melanin in the skin, amount of UV exposure, genetics, the quality of melanosomes, and pigments present in the skin they all play vital role in skin variation. Colors present in human skin are caused by 4 chromophores carotenoids, hemoglobin, melanin, and oxyhemoglobin.

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The above question is incomplete

Which of the following statements apply to the variation in human skin color?

a) The color of human skin and the skin of our closest primate relative exhibits a similar range in variability.

b) Human skin color variation is primarily determined by the type and amount of melanin pigment in the skin.

c) Variability in human skin color can be explained by the activity of a single gene.

d) Human skin color variation likely evolved in response to differences in the intensity of sunlight around the world.

e) Human skin color variation evolved recently in hominid evolution, once some populations of our human ancestors migrated out of Africa.

Nondisjunction occurs when members of a chromosome pair fail to separate.

In the field of biology, nondisjunction can be described as a disorder in which the homologous chromosomes do not separate from each other during the cell division process.

As a result of nondisjunction, one of the daughter cells will have both pairs of chromosomes. This means that it will have an extra chromosome. On the other hand, the other daughter cell will not have any of the homologous chromosomes hence decreasing the number of entire chromosomes in the cell.

The process of nondisjunction can lead to severe diseases and syndromes in the newborn child.

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This situation indicates that the receptors are (a) endocytosis 2. b) specific for the cells

The immune system is composed of white blood cells. They support the body's defenses against bacteria and other pathogens that may otherwise be harmful. They take the bacteria into them as vesicles to do this. The term "endocytosis" refers to this process.

White blood cells have very unique receptors that they may bind to. They may distinguish certain foreign particles as a result. An illustration of an adaptive immune system cell with a preference for foreign particles is the B and T cell. Or, to put it another way, particular white blood cells are able to identify particular alien objects. As a result, it is possible that these cells have highly specialized receptors.

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Phenolics typically kill microbes by denaturing proteins and disrupting membranes.

In organic chemistry, phenols, every now and then known as phenolics, are a category of chemicals consisting of 1 or greater hydroxyl groups bonded without delay to a fragrant hydrocarbon group. The handiest is phenol, C ₆H ₅OH.

Phenolic acids, effectively absorbed thru intestinal tract partitions, are useful to human fitness due to their potential antioxidants and ward off the harm of cells resulting from loose-radical oxidation reactions. On everyday consumption, phenolic acids additionally promote the anti-infection capability of humans.

They'll be beneficial to our fitness because they paint as antioxidants that prevent cellular harm because of loose-radical oxidation reactions.

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Mutations can change an animal's traits but animals are not born with new traits all the time because the process of DNA replication and cell division is highly regulated where the DNA polymerase enzyme exhibits the proofreading activity that prevents the addition of any mismatched nucleotide and similarly there are cell cycle regulators during the cell division that do not let any damaged protein or other compound participate in cell division.

Mutations are the genetic changes in the sequences of DNA. This can be a change of single nucleotide or a stretch of nucleotides can be mutated. Some mutations called silent mutations do not cause any changes in the overall product.

DNA replication is the duplication of DNA where new daughter strands are synthesized from the existing ones.

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The DNA strands on the original molecule serve as a template for the creation of new DNA strands during DNA replication.

In both instances, replication happens so quickly because multiple polymerases may create two new strands of DNA at once using a template made from each unwound strand of the original DNA double helix. These two initial strands are known as the leading strand and the lagging strand, respectively.

DNA synthesis must start with an RNA primer. It's a fresh thread. To start synthesizing their DNA, they require an RNA primer.

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The pathway of lectin is initiated by mannose on the surface of the microbes.

The lectin pathway is one of three pathways that can activate the complement system. This pathway binds mannose-binding lectin (MBL), collectin 11 (CL-K1), and ficolin (ficolin-1, ficolin-2, and ficolin-3) to oligosaccharides and acetylated residues on the microbial surface, respectively. is started by

The lectin pathway plays an important protective role during the susceptibility window that infants experience between the breakdown of maternal antibodies and the establishment of an effective adaptive immune system. Activation of the proenzyme form of MASP leads to complement activation via the lectin pathway.

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Answer: Yes it is true

Answer:

TRUE

Explanation:

It is called Transpiration

Average mutation rates vary among taxonomic groups.

The mutation rate is the probability of a mutation occurring during cellular division. The spontaneous mutation rate in bacteria is about one in a billion reproductions. This factor implies that there is at least one mutant in every billion cell population.

The more variable an organism's environment and the lower fitness of the organism in those environments, the more an increased mutation rate would be favored because there is a greater chance per mutation of a beneficial mutation. The rate of population mutation can have a significant impact on average population fitness. For example, as the rate of mutation increases, the average population fitness decreases due to a higher incidence of harmful mutations.

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Option C. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase is the right answer.

Retroviruses contain RNA as their genetic material rather than DNA. Inside the host cell, they always go through reverse transcription. For this, they need a key enzyme called reverse transcriptase, also known as RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. This enzyme is not present in host cells. For the host cell's DNA replication, which employs DNA as a template strand, enzymes like DNA-dependent DNA polymerase are required. Additionally, transcription requires the other enzyme RNA polymerase, which is dependent on DNA. In order to produce the final expression of genes as proteins, translation is ultimately carried out within the ribosomal protein complex. Therefore, we can draw the conclusion that the host will provide a significant amount of the enzymes required for cellular activities in the host cells. The host will then supply the least amount of enzyme to retroviruses that are not related to their main dogma. The virus itself must therefore contain this enzyme since it uses RNA as a template strand to create DNA at first. Later, this DNA is translated and transcribed in order to create the essential viral proteins.  

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This is the hyperpolarising graded potential that opens on a postsynaptic membrane and causes a negative ion to enter the cell.

A channel on a postsynaptic membrane opens as a result of the hyperpolarizing graded potential, allowing a negatively charged ion to enter the cell. Graded potentials that are hyperpolarizing can be brought on by either positive ions leaving the cell or negative ions entering the cell. A cell becomes more negative when a positive charge leaves it; the opposite is true when a negative charge enters the cell.

The features of graded potentials, which are transient changes in membrane voltage, depend on the magnitude of the stimulus. Some stimuli depolarize the membrane, while others cause it to become hyperpolarized. It depends on the particular ion channels the cell membrane's activation.

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Naturally occurring methylation of DNA nucleotides. (Select e).

DNA, commonly referred to as deoxyribonucleic acid, is the genetic material carried by humans & nearly all other organisms. Nearly all of an individual's cells have their DNA.

DNA is the molecule of information. It provides the knowledge required to produce proteins, another type of substantial molecule. Each of your cells contains 46 substantial structures set of chromosomes that are distributed throughout these instructions. These chromosomes are made up of numerous smaller segments of DNA, called genes.

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The correct match of the digestive enzymes with their active sites of secretion and effect on food is explained.

Digestive enzymes are the bio catalyst that helps to break down complex molecules into simpler ones, so that they can be assimilated by the body metabolism easily. The match is in the order of active sites - enzymes - effect on food.

1. Small intestine (released from pancreas)

2. Small intestine

3. Stomach

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To refer to complete question table, see below:

Complete the table about the effects of digestive enzymes.

Active Sites -

Enzyme

Effect on Food

​

The hypothesis most likely to have occurred would be the infection was spread through the spinal nerves, given that the infection was associated with blood.

So, the correct option is B.

A viral or bacterial infection that enters the cerebral spinal fluid is most frequently to blame for it. Another possible cause of meningitis is a fungus or parasite. A virus is more frequently responsible for causing meningitis, which is typically milder. Typically more serious and capable of producing long-term complications or even death, bacterial meningitis The most effective method of treating CSF shunt infections entails intravenous antimicrobial therapy, surgical removal of the infected shunt, setup of an extraventricular drainage system, and implantation of a new shunt after the CSF has become sterile.

Virus infections typically start in peripheral tissues and can invade the mammalian nervous system, spreading to the peripheral (PNS) and, less frequently, the central nervous system.

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Special proteins that direct immune and inflammatory responses are known as Cytokines.

Cytokines inflect the immune response to infection or inflammation and regulate inflammation itself through complex network of interactions.

Cytokines  are type of protein that is made by certain immune and non-immune cells and has an effect on the immune system. cytokines stimulate the immune system . They  can be manufactured in the laboratory and used to help the body fight cancer, infections, and other diseases. Cytokines includes interleukins (IL), chemokines, interferons, and tumor necrosis factors (TNF).

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A poem on topic: plant  “tissues” is given below:

Low in the ground,

Laid  a gentle soul

strongly supported by tissues

That helps it grow

It says to xylem,  without you I am nothing

Phloem does its work

Without praise it knows it worth

Collenchyma Sclerenchyma,

and much more,

I owe thee praise

Plant tissues are said to be made up of cells that are similar as well as those that are able to carry out some specific function.

Note that together, tissue kinds do act together to form organs. Each organ that is said to be of itself is also one that is used for a particular function.

Lastly, Plant tissue is seen as a group of similar cells that are doing an organized function for the survival of the plant.

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Centipedes have one pair of legs per segment. Millipedes have dome-shaped body. Millipedes possess two pairs of legs per segment. Centipede have flattened elongate body. Millipedes are herbivorous or detritivores. Centipedes possess pair of venom claws to capture and kill prey.

The two sets of legs that each segment of a millipede has are located directly beneath its body. On either side of their bodies, centipedes have one set of legs per segment. After killing insects with their venom, centipedes primarily consume the corpses.

The general public frequently wonders what distinguishes millipedes from centipedes. Each group of myriapods has a single pair of antennae, a long, multi-segmented body, numerous legs, and postantennal organs. While millipedes have two pairs of legs per segment, centipedes only have one pair.

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The pace at which carbon dioxide is produced due to the process of cellular respiration, when you exercise.

The definition of cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is the process by which glucose reacts with oxygen to produce waste materials like carbon dioxide and water as well as the energy in the form of ATP molecules that the cell needs to function.

We are aware that each cell needs energy to function and that each cell is the basic building block of all life. Respiration occurs at the cellular level, which is the lowest level of our body. The opposite of photosynthesis is respiration. Food is made during photosynthesis when water and carbon dioxide are combined with light.

Therefore, we can draw the conclusion that exercise causes a rise in carbon dioxide generation due to the process of cellular respiration.

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Aquaporins are innate membrane proteins that selectively allow water or other small uncharged molecules to pass through a lipid bilayer.

Aquaporins are the transmembrane proteins that control the flow of water into and out of cells. For many years, it was the notion that water movement into and out of the cell was not regulated in any way and could be accounted for by simple diffusion across the cell membrane. smooth diffusion through the cell membrane. Channel proteins and carrier proteins are pore-forming proteins, generating water-filled necks that allow selected hydrophilic solutes to cross the lipid bilayer of the bacterial outer there Are Two Main Classes of Membrane Transport Proteins: bearer and narrow. Like synthetic lipid bilayers, cell membranes allow water.

So we can conclude that Some integral membrane proteins use β-barrels to cross the membrane. These structures are typically large and form water-filled channels.

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