Given:
An athlete who makes [tex]4\dfrac{3}{4}[/tex] laps in 3 mins 45 seconds on a 400m field.
To find:
The speed of the athlete in m/s.
Solution:
We know that,
Distance covered in 1 lap = 400 m
Distance covered in [tex]4\dfrac{3}{4}[/tex] laps = [tex]4\dfrac{3}{4}\times 400[/tex] m
= [tex]\dfrac{19}{4}\times 400[/tex] m
= [tex]1900[/tex] m
We know that,
1 minute = 60 seconds
3 minutes = 180 seconds
3 minutes 45 second = 180 + 45 seconds
= 225 second
The speed of the athlete is:
[tex]Speed=\dfrac{Distance}{Time}[/tex]
[tex]Speed=\dfrac{1900}{225}[/tex]
[tex]Speed\approx 8.44[/tex]
Therefore, the speed of the athlete is about 8.44 m/s.
a container with mass m kg is dropped by a helicopter from height h km at time t=0, with zero velocity. from the outset, its fall is controlled by gravity and the force of air resitance, f(v)= -kv, where v is the current velocity of the container. in t seconds after the drop, a parachute opens, resulting in an increase of air resistance up to f(v) = -kv. determine the time t at which the container touches the ground. and its velocity at this moment. if m = 200 kg, h = 2000 m, t = 20 s, k = 10 kg/s, and k = 400 kg/s
The velocity of the container is 24.5 m/s.
Given that: A container with mass m kg is dropped by a helicopter from height h km at time t=0, with zero velocity.
Its fall is controlled by gravity and the force of air resistance, f(v) = -kv where v is the current velocity of the container.
In t seconds after the drop, a parachute opens, resulting in an increase of air resistance up to f(v) = -kv. m = 200 kg, h = 2000 m, t = 20 s, k = 10 kg/s, and k = 400 kg/s.
Two phases of the motion of the container are here, and in each phase, the motion is governed by a different force. In the first phase, the air resistance is zero.
In the second phase, the air resistance is non-zero.
We will solve each phase separately for this problem.
In the first phase: Motion of the container is governed by only gravitational force in this phase.
Therefore, according to Newton's second law, we get;
ma = -mg where a is the acceleration of the container and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
Substituting values, we get; F gravity = m * g = 200 * 9.8 = 1960 N
In the second phase: Motion of the container is governed by gravitational force and air resistance force.
Therefore, according to Newton's second law, we get; ma = -mg - kv where a is the acceleration of the container and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
Substituting values, we get; F_resistance = -kv where v is the velocity of the container.
In the second phase, when the parachute is opened, k becomes 400, so the equation becomes: ma = -mg - 400vTo find the velocity, we can use the following formula: v(t) = (mg/k) [1-e^(-kt/m)]The velocity will be zero when the container touches the ground.
v(t) = (mg/k) [1-e^(-kt/m)]
When the container touches the ground, the position will be h meters.
So, using the position formula, we get;h = (mg/k) * t + (m^2/k^2) * (1 - e^(-kt/m))
Simplifying, we get; t = (k/m) * [h - (m^2/k^2) * (1 - e^(-kt/m))]Substituting values, we get;
t = (10/200) * [2000 - (200^2/10^2) * (1 - e^(-400/200))]t = 100 [20 - 3(e^-2)]t = 163.33s
Approximate answer of time t, when the container touches the ground, is 163.33s.So, the container will touch the ground at t = 163.33s.
The velocity when the container touches the ground can be calculated using the formula;
v(t) = (mg/k) [1-e^(-kt/m)]
Substituting values, we get; v(t) = (200*9.8/400) [1-e^(-400/200)]v(t) = 24.5 m/s
So, the velocity of the container when it touches the ground is 24.5 m/s.
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Given the set ( - 1)" S = (Q [13, 16]) U (1, 5) U (5, 7) U { 20 + ) ပ {20 + } n nEN Answer the following questions. Mark all items that apply. 2. Which of these points are in the boundary of S?
The points that are in the boundary of S are: 13, 16, 1, 5, 7, 20+, and all integers greater than or equal to 21.
To identify the boundary points of S, we need to find the set of points that are either in S or on the boundary of S.
The set S consists of four disjoint intervals and a single point:
S = (Q [13, 16]) U (1, 5) U (5, 7) U {20 + } U {20 + n | n ∈ N}
The boundary of S consists of all points that are either in S or on the boundary of each of the intervals in S. The boundary of an interval consists of its endpoints.
Therefore, the boundary of S consists of the following points:
13 and 16 (the endpoints of the interval [13, 16])
1 and 5 (the endpoints of the interval (1, 5))
5 and 7 (the endpoints of the interval (5, 7))
20+ (the single point in S)
All integers greater than or equal to 21 (the endpoints of each of the intervals {20 + n | n ∈ N})
So the points that are in the boundary of S are: 13, 16, 1, 5, 7, 20+, and all integers greater than or equal to 21.
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An article in the journal Applied Nutritional Investigation reported the results of a comparison of two different weight-loss programs (Liao, 2007). In the study, obese participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups and the percent of body fat loss was recorded. The soy group, a low-calorie group that ate only soy-based proteins (M= 2.95, s=0.6), while the traditional group, a low-calorie group that received 2/3 of their protein from animal products and 1/3 from plant products (M= 1.92, $=0.51). If S_M1-M2 = 0.25, s^2_pooled = 0.3, n_1 =9, n_2 = 11 is there a difference between the two diets. Use alpha of .05 and a two-tailed test to complete the 4 steps of hypothesis testing
Based on the independent samples t-test, Yes, there is a significant difference between the two diets.
Step 1: State the hypotheses
- Null hypothesis (H₀): There is no difference in the mean percent of body fat loss between the soy and traditional weight-loss programs.
- Alternative hypothesis (H₁): There is a difference in the mean percent of body fat loss between the soy and traditional weight-loss programs.
Step 2: Formulate the analysis plan
- We will conduct an independent samples t-test to compare the means of two independent groups.
Step 3: Analyze sample data
- Given data:
- Mean of soy group (M₁) = 2.95
- Mean of traditional group (M₂) = 1.92
- Difference in sample means (S_M1-M2) = 0.25
- Pooled variance (s²_pooled) = 0.3
- Sample size of soy group (n₁) = 9
- Sample size of traditional group (n₂) = 11
Step 4: Interpret the results
- We will perform the independent samples t-test to determine if there is a significant difference between the two diets using a significance level (alpha) of 0.05 and a two-tailed test.
- The test statistic is calculated as:
t = (M₁ - M₂ - S_M1-M2) / sqrt((s²_pooled / n₁) + (s²_pooled / n₂))
t = (2.95 - 1.92 - 0.25) / sqrt((0.3 / 9) + (0.3 / 11))
t ≈ 1.616
- The degrees of freedom (df) for this test is calculated as:
df = n₁ + n₂ - 2
df = 9 + 11 - 2
df = 18
- With a significance level of 0.05 and 18 degrees of freedom, the critical value for a two-tailed test is approximately ±2.101.
- Since the calculated test statistic (t = 1.616) does not exceed the critical value (±2.101), we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
- Therefore, there is not enough evidence to conclude that there is a significant difference in the mean percent of body fat loss between the soy and traditional weight-loss programs at the given significance level of 0.05.
Based on the independent samples t-test, there is not sufficient evidence to support the claim that there is a difference in the mean percent of body fat loss between the soy and traditional weight-loss programs.
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Find the critical points of the autonomous differential equation dy /dx = y 2 − y 3 , sketch a phase portrait, and sketch a solution with initial condition y(0) = 4
Answer:
The required critical points are y = 0 or y = 1
Step-by-step explanation:
Critical points are the points or the value of y at which the derivatives of y is zero.
Given Autonomous differential equation
[tex]dy/dx = y^{2} - y^{3}[/tex]
[tex]= > y^{2} - y^{3} = 0[/tex]
[tex]= > y^{2}[1 - y ] = 0[/tex]
y = 0 or y = 1
These are the required critical points of the given differential equation.
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(a) Determine the global extreme values of the function f(x,y)=x^3 - 3y, 0<= x,y <=1.
(b) Determine the global extreme values of the function f(x,y)=4x^3+(4x^2)y+3y^2, x,y>=0, x+y<=1.
The global maximum value of f(x, y) = x^3 - 3y over 0 <= x, y <= 1 is 1 at (1, 0), and the global minimum value is -3 at (0, 1). Therefore, the global maximum value of f(x, y) = 4x^3 + (4x^2)y + 3y^2 over x, y >= 0 and x + y <= 1 is 9/8 at (1/2, 1/2), and the global minimum value is 0 at (0, 0).
(a) To determine the global extreme values of the function f(x, y) = x^3 - 3y over the region 0 <= x, y <= 1, we need to evaluate the function at the boundary points and critical points within the region.
Evaluate f(x, y) at the boundary points:
f(0, 0) = 0^3 - 3(0) = 0
f(1, 0) = 1^3 - 3(0) = 1
f(0, 1) = 0^3 - 3(1) = -3
f(1, 1) = 1^3 - 3(1) = -2
Find the critical points by taking partial derivatives:
∂f/∂x = 3x^2 = 0 (implies x = 0 or x = 1)
∂f/∂y = -3 = 0 (no solutions)
Evaluate f(x, y) at the critical points:
f(0, 0) = 0
f(1, 0) = 1
Therefore, the global maximum value is 1 at (1, 0), and the global minimum value is -3 at (0, 1).
(b) To determine the global extreme values of the function f(x, y) = 4x^3 + (4x^2)y + 3y^2 over the region x, y >= 0 and x + y <= 1, we need to evaluate the function at the boundary points and critical points within the region.
Evaluate f(x, y) at the boundary points:
f(0, 0) = 0
f(1, 0) = 4(1)^3 + (4(1)^2)(0) + 3(0)^2 = 4
f(0, 1) = 4(0)^3 + (4(0)^2)(1) + 3(1)^2 = 3
f(1/2, 1/2) = 4(1/2)^3 + (4(1/2)^2)(1/2) + 3(1/2)^2 = 9/8
Find the critical points by taking partial derivatives:
∂f/∂x = 12x^2 + 8xy = 0 (implies x = 0 or y = -3x/2)
∂f/∂y = 4x^2 + 6y = 0 (implies y = -2x^2/3)
Evaluate f(x, y) at the critical points:
f(0, 0) = 0
Therefore, the global maximum value is 9/8 at (1/2, 1/2), and the global minimum value is 0 at (0, 0).
In both cases, the global extreme values are determined by evaluating the function at the boundary points and critical points within the given regions.
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Telephone calls to the national reservation center for motels were studied. A certain model defined a Type I call to be a call from a motel's computer terminal to the national reservation center. For a certain motel, the number, X, of Type 1 calls per hour has a Poisson distribution with parameter 1 = 1.5. Answer the following questions. a. Determine the probability that the number of Type 1 calls made from this motel during a period of 1 hour will be exactly two. The probability that exactly two Type 1 calls are made is (Do not round until the final answer. Then round to four decimal places as needed.) b. Determine the probability that the number of Type 1 calls made from this motel during a period of 1 hour will be at most two. The probability that at most two Type 1 calls are made is (Do not round until the final answer. Then round to four decimal places as needed.) c. Determine the probability that the number of Type 1 calls made from this motel during a period of 1 hour will be at least four. (Hint: Use the complementation rule.) The probability that at least four Type 1 calls are made is (Do not round until the final answer. Then round to four decimal places as needed.) d. Find the mean of the random variable X. HE e. Find the standard deviation of the random variable X.
a. The probability that exactly two Type 1 calls are made from the motel during a period of 1 hour is 0.3347. b. The probability that at most two Type 1 calls is 0.6767. c. The probability that at least four Type 1 calls is 0.1072. d. The mean of the random variable X is 1.5. e. The standard deviation of the random variable X is approximately 1.2247.
a. The probability of exactly two Type 1 calls can be calculated using the Poisson distribution formula with a parameter of λ = 1.5. Plugging in the value of k = 2, we get a probability of 0.3347.
b. The probability of at most two Type 1 calls can be calculated by summing the probabilities of 0, 1, and 2 Type 1 calls. Using the Poisson distribution formula, we can calculate the probabilities for each value and sum them up. This gives us a probability of 0.6767.
c. The probability of at least four Type 1 calls can be calculated using the complementation rule. The complement of "at least four calls" is "less than four calls." We calculate the probabilities of 0, 1, 2, and 3 Type 1 calls, and subtract this sum from 1. This gives us a probability of 0.1072.
d. The mean of a Poisson distribution is equal to its parameter λ, which in this case is 1.5.
e. The standard deviation of a Poisson distribution is equal to the square root of its parameter λ. Taking the square root of 1.5, we get approximately 1.2247.
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Suppose A - {b,c}, B - {a,b,dy, C-19.3.2718) D- U = {n e 2:1sns 12) the Universe for wts and D. Yi (a) (B x A) n(B x B). P(B) - P(A) (b) Find DUC. 3. (15 points) Suppose A - {b,c}, B - {a,b,dy. -14.3.2.2 D-15.6.1.4) U = {n e 2:1 SnS 12) the Universe for wts C and D Fit (a) (B x A) n(B x B). P(B) - P(A)
Given sets A = {b, c}, B = {a, b, dy}, C = {19, 3, 2718}, D = {15, 6, 1, 4}, and the universal set U = {n ∈ Z: 1 ≤ n ≤ 12}, we can determine various set operations.
(a) To find (B x A) n (B x B), we need to calculate the Cartesian products B x A and B x B, and then find their intersection. The Cartesian product B x A consists of all ordered pairs where the first element comes from set B and the second element comes from set A. Similarly, the Cartesian product B x B consists of all ordered pairs where both elements come from set B. By finding the intersection of these two sets, we obtain the result.
To calculate P(B) and P(A), we need to find the probabilities of selecting an element from set B and set A, respectively, given that the elements are chosen randomly from the universal set U. P(B) is the ratio of the number of elements in set B to the number of elements in U, and P(A) is the ratio of the number of elements in set A to the number of elements in U. By subtracting P(A) from P(B), we can determine the desired result.
(b) To find DUC, we simply take the union of sets C and D, which results in a set that contains all the elements present in both sets C and D.
In summary, by performing the required set operations and calculations, we can find the intersection of (B x A) and (B x B), calculate the probabilities P(B) and P(A), and subtract P(A) from P(B). Additionally, we can find the union of sets C and D.
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Let A = {1,2,3}, B = {2, 3, 4}, and C = {3,4,5}. Find An (BUC), (An B)UC, and (An B)U(ANC). Which of these sets are equal? 2. Provide examples of each of the following: (a) A partition of Z that consists of 2 sets (b) A partition of R that consists of infinitely many sets
(a) A∩(BUC) is {2, 3}
(b) (A∩B)UC is {2,3, 4, 5}
(c) (A∩B)∪(A∩C) is {2, 3}
(d) A∩(BUC) is equal to (A∩B)∪(A∩C).
What is the union and intercept of the set?The union of set B and C set is calculated as follows;
The given elements of set;
A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {2, 3, 4}
C = {3, 4, 5}
(a) A∩(BUC) is calculated as follows;
BUC = {2, 3, 4, 5}
A∩(BUC) = {2, 3}
(b) (A∩B)UC is calculated as follows;
A∩B = {2, 3}
(A∩B)UC = {2,3, 4, 5}
(c) (A∩B)∪(A∩C) is calculated as follows;
A∩B = {2, 3}
A∩C = {3}
(A∩B)∪(A∩C) = {2, 3}
(d) So A∩(BUC) is equal to (A∩B)∪(A∩C).
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Determine The Angle Between The Planes √3x+2-5 = 0 And 2x+2-√3z +10=0,
The values in the formula for the cosine of the angle between the planes:
[tex]\frac{{2\sqrt 3 }}{{3\sqrt 3 }} = \frac{2}{3}\][/tex]
The angle between the planes is: 48.19 degrees.
The angle between the planes, √3x + 2 − 5 = 0 and
2x + 2 − √3z + 10 = 0
can be determined using the formula:
[tex]\[\cos \theta =n_1.n_2[/tex]
where [tex]\[\cos \theta \][/tex] is the angle between the planes and [tex]n_1[/tex] and [tex]n_2[/tex]
are the normal vectors to the planes.
The normal vectors can be written as:
[tex]\[{n_1} = \left\langle {\sqrt 3 ,0,0} \right\rangle \]and \[{n_2} = \left\langle {2,0, - \sqrt 3 } \right\rangle \][/tex]
The dot product of the normal vectors can be calculated as:
[tex]\[{n_1}.{n_2} = \left\langle {\sqrt 3 ,0,0} \right\rangle .\left\langle {2,0, - \sqrt 3 } \right\rangle \\= \sqrt 3 \times 2 + 0 + 0 = 2\sqrt 3 \][/tex]
Magnitude of [tex]\[{n_1}\][/tex] can be calculated as:
[tex]\[\left\| {{n_1}} \right\| = \sqrt {{{\left( {\sqrt 3 } \right)}^2} + {{(0)}^2} + {{(0)}^2}} \\= \sqrt 3 \][/tex]
Magnitude of [tex]\[{n_2}\][/tex]
can be calculated as:
[tex]\[\left\| {{n_2}} \right\| = \sqrt {{{\left( 2 \right)}^2} + {{(0)}^2} + {{\left( { - \sqrt 3 } \right)}^2}} = 3\][/tex]
Now, we can plug the values in the formula for the cosine of the angle between the planes:
[tex]\[\cos \theta =n_1.n_2\\ = \frac{{2\sqrt 3 }}{{3\sqrt 3 }} = \frac{2}{3}\][/tex]
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the average time to get a job after graduation is 100 days. assuming a normal distribution and a standard deviation of 15 days, what is the probability that a graduating student will get a job in 90 days or less? approximately 75% approximately 15% approximately 25% approximately 50%
The probability that a graduating student will get a job in 90 days or less is approximately 25% is the answer.
The problem describes a normal distribution with a mean of 100 days and a standard deviation of 15 days.
To find the probability of a graduating student getting a job in 90 days or less, we need to calculate the z-score and then use the standard normal distribution table. z-score = (90 - 100) / 15 = -0.67
The z-score is -0.67.
Using the standard normal distribution table, we find the probability that a z-score is less than or equal to -0.67 is approximately 0.2514 or 25.14%.
Therefore, the probability that a graduating student will get a job in 90 days or less is approximately 25%.
In conclusion, the probability that a graduating student will get a job in 90 days or less is approximately 25%.
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Consider the heat equation of the temperature of a solid material. The Mixed boundary conditions means to fix end of the solid material, and the heat the other end..
The heat equation of the temperature of a solid material is a partial differential equation that governs how heat energy is transferred through a solid material.
The mixed boundary conditions in this context refer to a combination of boundary conditions where one end of the solid material is fixed and the other end experiences heat.
In other words, mixed boundary conditions are boundary conditions that consist of different types of boundary conditions on different parts of the boundary of a domain or region. They are a combination of Dirichlet, Neumann and Robin boundary conditions. When applying these boundary conditions, it is important to ensure that they are consistent with each other to ensure a unique solution to the heat equation.
In the case of fixing one end of the solid material and applying heat to the other end, the boundary conditions can be expressed as follows:
u(0,t) = 0 (Fixed end boundary condition)
∂u(L,t)/∂x = q(L,t) (Heat boundary condition)
where u(x,t) is the temperature at position x and time t, L is the length of the solid material, and q(L,t) is the heat flux applied at the boundary x = L.
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You are interested in the association between post-term pregnancy (pregnancy lasting >42 weeks) and macrosomia (infant birth weight of >4500grams (9lbs 15oz)), which is associated with delivery complications and some poor infant outcomes. You are concerned that the effect might differ by pre-pregnancy BMI, as those who are heavier tend to have larger babies. Using medical records, you obtain the following data on deliveries in the past year:
Post-term pregnancy BMI >30 Macrosomia No macrosomia
Yes Yes 9 110
No Yes 17 277
Yes No 11 132
No No 11 320
1.)What is the relative risk of macrosomia associated with post-term pregnancy among those with BMI >30?
2.)What is the relative risk of macrosomia associated with post-term pregnancy among those with BMI ≤30?
The following is the solution to the given problem. The given table can be used to calculate the relative risk of macrosomia associated with post-term pregnancy among those with BMI >30. The relative risk can be calculated as a ratio of the risk of developing macrosomia for post-term pregnant women with BMI >30 to the risk of developing macrosomia for non-post-term pregnant women with BMI >30.
The risk of developing macrosomia for post-term pregnant women with BMI >30 is 9/20 = 0.45. The risk of developing macrosomia for non-post-term pregnant women with BMI >30 is 110/387 = 0.284. The relative risk can be calculated by dividing the risk of developing macrosomia for post-term pregnant women with BMI >30 by the risk of developing macrosomia for non-post-term pregnant women with BMI >30.Relative risk of macrosomia associated with post-term pregnancy among those with BMI >30= Risk of developing macrosomia for post-term pregnant women with BMI >30/Risk of developing macrosomia for non-post-term pregnant women with BMI >30= 0.45/0.284= 1.59What is the relative risk of macrosomia associated with post-term pregnancy among those with BMI ≤30?The given table can be used to calculate the relative risk of macrosomia associated with post-term pregnancy among those with BMI ≤30. The relative risk can be calculated as a ratio of the risk of developing macrosomia for post-term pregnant women with BMI ≤30 to the risk of developing macrosomia for non-post-term pregnant women with BMI ≤30.
The risk of developing macrosomia for post-term pregnant women with BMI ≤30 is 11/143 = 0.077. The risk of developing macrosomia for non-post-term pregnant women with BMI ≤30 is 277/597 = 0.464. The relative risk can be calculated by dividing the risk of developing macrosomia for post-term pregnant women with BMI ≤30 by the risk of developing macrosomia for non-post-term pregnant women with BMI ≤30. Relative risk of macrosomia associated with post-term pregnancy among those with BMI ≤30= Risk of developing macrosomia for post-term pregnant women with BMI ≤30/ Risk of developing macrosomia for non-post-term pregnant women with BMI ≤30= 0.077/0.464= 0.166
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There is some data that is skewed right. Where are the median and mode in relation to the mean? OI. to the left. O II. to the right O III. exactly on it O IV, there is no mean; so there is no relationship.
The answer is: II. to the right. Mean, median and mode are the three most common measures of central tendency used in data analysis.
The mean is the average of the dataset, calculated by adding up all the values and dividing by the total number of observations. The median is the midpoint value in the dataset, separating the top 50% from the bottom 50%. The mode is the most frequent value in the dataset. In a right-skewed distribution, the tail of the distribution is longer on the right-hand side than on the left.
The mean is always pulled in the direction of the skewness, i.e. towards the longer tail. Therefore, in a right-skewed distribution, the mean is greater than the median and mode and is located to the right of them. So, the correct option is II. to the right.
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Let f be a function defined on all of R, and assume there is a constant c such that 0
The given condition implies that f is uniformly continuous on R, which implies f is continuous on R.
To show that f is continuous on R, we need to demonstrate that for any given ε > 0, there exists a δ > 0 such that |x - a| < δ implies |f(x) - f(a)| < ε for all x, a ∈ R. Given the condition |f(x) - f(y)| ≤ c|x - y| for all x, y ∈ R, we can see that the function f satisfies the Lipschitz condition with Lipschitz constant c. This condition implies that f is uniformly continuous on R.
In uniform continuity, for any ε > 0, there exists a δ > 0 such that for any x, y ∈ R, if |x - y| < δ, then |f(x) - f(y)| < ε. Since the given condition is a stronger form of Lipschitz continuity (with c < 1), the Lipschitz constant can be chosen as c itself. Therefore, by selecting δ = ε/c, we can satisfy the condition |f(x) - f(y)| ≤ c|x - y| < ε for all x, y ∈ R.
Hence, we have shown that for any ε > 0, there exists a δ > 0 such that |x - a| < δ implies |f(x) - f(a)| < ε for all x, a ∈ R, which verifies the continuity of f on R.
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Complete question - Let f be a function defined on all of R, and assume there is a constant c such that 0 < c < 1 and |f(x) - f(y)| ≤ c|x - y| for all x, y ∈ R. Show that f is continuous on R.
A research team has developed a face recognition device to match photos in a database. From laboratory tests, the recognition accuracy is 95% and trials are assumed to be independent. a. If the research team continues to run laboratory tests, what is the mean number of trials until failure? b. What is the probability that the first failure occurs on the tenth trial?
After considering the given data we conclude that a) the mean of the given trials is about 1.0526 trials before failing, b) the probability of first failure occurring in the tenth trial is 0.2%.
a. To evaluate the mean number of trials until failure, we can apply the geometric distribution, since the probability of success (i.e., correct recognition) is 0.95 and the trials are assumed to be independent.
The geometric distribution has a mean of 1/p,
Here
p = probability of success.
Then, the mean number of trials until failure is 1 / p
= 1/0.95
= 1.0526
So, the mean that the device will correctly recognize faces for about 1.0526 trials before failing.
b. To evaluate the probability that the first failure occurs on the tenth trial, we can apply the geometric distribution again.
The probability of the first failure talking place on the tenth trial is the probability of having nine successes followed by one failure.
Can be written as
P(X = 10) = (0.95)⁹ × (0.05)
= 0.02
Hence, the probability that the first failure occurs on the tenth trial is 0.002, or 0.2%.
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random sample of 199 auditors, 104 indicated some measure of agreement with this statement: Cash flow is an important indication of profitability. Test at the 10% significance level against a twosided alternative the null hypothesis that one-half of the members of this population would agree with this statement. Also find and interpret the p-value of this test.
Because the rejection criterion is not met, there is enough evidence to conclude that the members of the population would agree with the supplied assertion. The p-value is 0.522.
To begin, state the null (H₀) and alternative (H₁) hypotheses on the problem, where P denotes the population proportion of members who agree with the statement.
H₀ :P=0.5
H₁ :P/ 0.5
Using the information provided, we determine the fraction of successes [tex]p^[/tex].
[tex]p^[/tex] - x/n
= 104 / 199
= 0.523
We utilize the z-test because proportions can be modeled as regularly distributed random variables. Calculating the z statistic test value:
z = [tex]\frac{{p^ - P_{0} } }{\sqrt{ P_{0}( 1 - P_{0}) / n} }[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{{0.523 - 0.5} }{\sqrt{0.5( 1 -0.5) / 199} }[/tex]
=0.64
The p-value of the z statistic is now determined. We use the Standard Normal Distribution Table to determine z= + 0.64 or - 0.64 because it is a two-tailed test H₁ is two-sided as indicated by the / sign).
p =P( z < −0.64 ∪ z > 0.64)
Because of the normal distribution's symmetry:
p =2P(z>0.64)
=2(0.2611)
=0.522
In this case, we reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is smaller than the level of significance (α ). Assuming that α =0.10, then:
p < α
0.522 ≮ 0.10
As a result, the choice is made not to reject the null hypothesis. We can only reject H₀ when is bigger than 0.522.
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A bagel shop sells different kinds of bagels: onion, chocolate chip, sunflower, and wheat. The selling price for all bagels is $0.50 except for the chocolate chip which are $0.55. How can we represent this information as a vector?
The vector [0.50, 0.50, 0.50, 0.55] represents the prices of onion, chocolate chip, sunflower, and wheat bagels, respectively.
To represent the selling prices of the different bagels as a vector, we can assign each price to an element in the vector. In this case, there are four kinds of bagels: onion, chocolate chip, sunflower, and wheat.
Let's assign the selling price of each bagel to the corresponding position in the vector. Since the selling price for all bagels except chocolate chip is $0.50, we assign 0.50 to the first three elements of the vector. For the chocolate chip bagels, which are priced at $0.55, we assign 0.55 to the fourth element of the vector.
Thus, the vector representation of the selling prices is [0.50, 0.50, 0.50, 0.55]. Each element in the vector corresponds to a specific kind of bagel, maintaining the order of onion, chocolate chip, sunflower, and wheat.
This vector representation allows for easy manipulation and access to the selling prices of the different bagels. It provides a concise and organized way to represent the information about the prices of the various bagel types in a structured format.
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Suppose that the individuals are divided into groups j = 1,..., J each with n, observations respectively, and we only observe the reported group means y, and j. The model becomes ÿj = Bīj + Uj, (2) Derive an expression for the standard error of the OLS estimator for 3 in terms of ij and Tij indicates ; of individual i belonging to group j. (6 marks) σ, where What are the consequences of heteroskedasticity in the errors for the OLS estimator of the param- eters, their usual OLS standard errors reported by statistical packages, and the standard t-test and F-test for these parameters? (4 marks)
Heteroskedasticity in the errors has an impact on the accuracy of the standard errors estimated using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and can affect hypothesis tests. To address this concern, it is advisable to utilize robust standard errors, which provide more reliable inference regarding the parameters of interest.
In the presence of heteroskedasticity, the OLS estimator for the parameters remains unbiased, but the usual OLS standard errors reported by statistical packages become inefficient and biased. This means that the estimated standard errors do not accurately capture the true variability of the parameter estimates. As a result, hypothesis tests based on these standard errors, such as the t-test and F-test, may yield misleading results.
To address heteroskedasticity, robust standard errors can be used, which provide consistent estimates of the standard errors regardless of the heteroskedasticity structure. These robust standard errors account for the heteroskedasticity and produce valid hypothesis tests. They are calculated using methods such as White's heteroskedasticity-consistent estimator or Huber-White sandwich estimator.
In summary, heteroskedasticity in the errors affects the accuracy of the OLS standard errors and subsequent hypothesis tests. To mitigate this issue, robust standard errors should be employed to obtain reliable inference on the parameters of interest.
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Over the past year, Extinguish the Fiery Chicken has made $40,000. It has had 200,000 unique users and a conversion rate of 4%. What is the ARPPU? Choose one • 1 point $0.008 $0.20 $5.00 $1,600.00
Therefore, the ARPPU (Average Revenue Per Paying User) for Extinguish the Fiery Chicken is $5.00.
ARPPU stands for Average Revenue Per Paying User. To calculate the ARPPU, we need to find the average revenue generated per user who made a purchase.
Given:
Total revenue: $40,000
Unique users: 200,000
Conversion rate: 4% (or 0.04)
To find the number of paying users, we multiply the total number of unique users by the conversion rate:
Paying users = Unique users * Conversion rate = 200,000 * 0.04 = 8,000
Now, we can calculate the ARPPU by dividing the total revenue by the number of paying users:
ARPPU = Total revenue / Paying users = $40,000 / 8,000 = $5.00
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Predicate Logic ..... 14 marks In the following question, use the following predicates about beings eating different type of food: 1. E(x,y): 2 eats y 2. D(2): x is a donkey 3. C(x): is a carrot 4. H(*): x is hungry (a) (3 marks) Give all correct logic translations of the English sentence "Some donkey is hungry." A. Vz(D() + H(2)) B. 3x(D(x)) + H(x) C. Vx(D(2) A Hz)) D. Vx(D(x) V H()) E. 3x(D(2) A H(2) F. 3x(D(x) V H:)) G. -Vx(D(x) +-H(2)) H. None of the above. (b) (3 marks) Give all correct English translations of the formula Vr(EyE(,y) + 3z(E(2, 2) AC(z))). A. The only thing eaten are carrots. B. Everything that is hungry eats carrots. C. Everything that eats something must eat some carrot. D. Every donkey eats some carrot. E. Hungry donkeys eat some carrots. F. If something eats carrots, then it eats everything. G. If something eats everything, then it must eat carrots. H. None of the above.
(a) The correct logic translation of the English sentence "Some donkey is hungry" is "There exists a donkey that is hungry."
(b) The correct English translations of the formula Vr(EyE(x,y) + 3z(E(2, 2) A C(z))) are "Everything that is hungry eats carrots" and "Everything that eats something must eat some carrot."
What is the correct logic translation of the sentence?(a) The correct logic translation of the English sentence "Some donkey is hungry" is:
F. 3x(D(x) A H(x))
Explanation:
The existential quantifier (∃x) indicates that there exists at least one donkey (x) satisfying the condition.The conjunction (A) connects the predicates D(x) and H(x), meaning that the donkey is hungry.(b) The correct English translations of the formula Vr(EyE(x,y) + 3z(E(2, 2) A C(z))) are:
B. Everything that is hungry eats carrots.
C. Everything that eats something must eat some carrot.
Explanation:
The universal quantifier (∀r) indicates that the formula holds for all beings.The existential quantifiers (∃y) and (∃x) indicate that there exists at least one being that is being eaten and there exists at least one being that is doing the eating.The conjunction (A) connects the predicates E(x,y) and C(z), indicating that if something eats something, it must eat some carrot.Learn more on logic sentence here;
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The first four primes are 2.3.5 and 7. a Find integers had such that 2a + 3b + 50 + 7 = 2. b Hence find integers & b c d such char 2a + 3b + 5c + 7d = 14 Find integers & è csuch that 2a +36 + 5€ =
(a) The integers a = -29 and b = 19 satisfy the equation 2a + 3b + 50 + 7 = 2.
To find the integers a and b that satisfy the equation 2a + 3b + 50 + 7 = 2, we can rearrange the equation as follows:
2a + 3b + 57 = 0
We know that the first four primes are 2, 3, 5, and 7. From this, we can observe that a = -29 and b = 19 satisfy the equation since:
2*(-29) + 3*19 + 57 = -58 + 57 = -1
(b) The integers a = -29, b = 19, c = 1, and d = 2 satisfy the equation 2a + 3b + 5c + 7d = 14.
We are given the equation 2a + 3b + 5c + 7d = 14. We can substitute the values of a and b that we found earlier:
2*(-29) + 3*19 + 5c + 7d = 14
Simplifying this equation gives us:
-58 + 57 + 5c + 7d = 14
-1 + 5c + 7d = 14
Now, we need to find integers c and d that satisfy this equation. By rearranging the equation, we have:
5c + 7d = 15
We can see that c = 1 and d = 2 satisfy this equation since:
51 + 72 = 5 + 14 = 19
(c) There are no integers a, b, and e that satisfy the equation 2a + 3b + 5e = 36.
As for the final part of the question, we need to find integers a, b, and e that satisfy the equation 2a + 3b + 5e = 36.
Since we already found values for a and b in the previous parts, we can substitute them into the equation:
2*(-29) + 3*19 + 5e = 36
-58 + 57 + 5e = 36
-1 + 5e = 36
5e = 37
However, there is no integer e that satisfies this equation since 37 is not divisible by 5.
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The average number of miles (in thousands) that a car's tire will function before needing replacement is 64 and the standard deviation is 12. Suppose that 14 randomly selected tires are tested. Round all answers to 4 decimal places where possible and assume a normal distribution. A. If a randomly selected individual tire is tested, find the probability that the number of miles (in thousands) before it will need replacement is between 60.6 and 65. B. For the 14 tires tested, find the probability that the average miles (in thousands) before need of replacement is between 60.6 and 65.
The correct answers are 0.04738 and 0.2789.
Given:
The population mean is 64.
The standard deviation is 12.
The sample size is 14.
A). The probability that the number of miles (in thousands) before it will need replacement is between 60.6 and 65.
[tex]P(60.6 < X < 65) = P (\frac{60.6-\mu}{s.t} < \frac{X - \mu}{s.t} < \frac{65-\mu}{\ s.t} )[/tex]
[tex]\frac{60.6-64}{12} < \frac{X-64}{12} < \frac{65-64}{12}[/tex]
[tex]\frac{3.4}{12} < z < \frac{1}{12}[/tex]
[tex]0.28 < z < 0.08[/tex]
Using standard normal distribution table:
[tex]0.57926 < z < 0.53188[/tex]
0.04738
P(60.6 < 65) ≈ 0.04738
The probability that the number of miles (in thousands) before it will need replacement is between 60.6 and 65 is P(60.6 < 65) ≈ 0.04738.
B. For the 14 tires tested, find the probability that the average miles (in thousands) before need of replacement is between 60.6 and 65.
[tex]P(60.6 < X < 65) = P (\frac{60.6-\mu}{\frac{s.t}{\sqrt{n} } } < \frac{X - \mu}{\frac{s.t}{\sqrt{n} } } < \frac{65-\mu}{\frac{s.t}{\sqrt{n} } } )[/tex]
[tex]\frac{60.6-64}{\frac{12}{\sqrt{14} } } < \frac{X-64}{\frac{12}{\sqrt{14} }} < \frac{65-64}{\frac{12}{\sqrt{14} }}[/tex]
[tex]0.087 < z < 0.025[/tex]
Using standard normal distribution table:
0.53188 - 0.50399.
0.2789.
The probability that the average miles (in thousands) before need of replacement is between 60.6 and 65 is 0.2789.
Therefore, the probability that the number of miles and the probability that the average miles are 0.04738 and 0.2789.
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i have no idea about how to do it.
The blanks are filled as follows
Step one
Equation 2x + y = 18 Isolate y,
y = 18 - 2x
How to complete the stepsStep Two:
Equation 8x - y = 22, Plug in for y
8x - (18 - 2x) = 22
Step Three: Solve for x by isolating it
8x - (18 - 2x) = 22
8x - 18 + 2x = 22
8x + 2x = 22 + 18
10x = 40
x = 4
Step Four: Plug what x equals into your answer for step one and solve
y = 18 - 2x
y = 18 - 2(4)
y = 18 - 8
y = 10
So the solution to the system of equations is x = 40 and y = 10
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The mean age of bus drivers in Chicago is 48.7 years. If a hypothesis test is performed, how should you interpret a decision that rejects the null hypothesis There is not sufficient evidence to reject the claim 48.7 There is sufficient evidence to reject the claim = 48.7 There is sufficient evidence to support the claim p = 48 7 There is not sufficient evidence to support the claim = 48.7
There is sufficient evidence to reject the claim = 48.7
The mean age of bus drivers in Chicago is 48.7 years.
If a hypothesis test is performed, the correct option is:
There is sufficient evidence to reject the claim = 48.7.
The given null hypothesis is:
There is not sufficient evidence to reject the claim 48.7.
How to interpret a decision that rejects the null hypothesis:
When the null hypothesis is rejected, it suggests that the alternative hypothesis is the most effective hypothesis.
That is, there is enough evidence to support the alternative hypothesis.
To interpret a decision that rejects the null hypothesis, you can say that there is sufficient evidence to support the alternative hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis.
Therefore, the option "There is sufficient evidence to reject the claim = 48.7" is the correct answer.
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Exact solutions for divide-and-conquer recurrence relations. Expand the terms of each recurrence relation in order to obtain an exact solution for T(n). Your solution should include all the constants in the expression for T(n), and not just the asymptotic growth of the function T(n). You can assume that the value of n, the input to the function T, is a power of 3. That is, n = 3k for some integer k. (a) T(n) = 3T(n/3) + 5n T(1) = 5 (b) T(n) = 3T(n/3) + 5n² T(1) = 5 Solution At each level, expand the expression for T, using the recurrence relation. Start with T(n) at level 0. Replace T(n) by 5n² at level 0 and add three T(n/3) terms at level 1. Then replace each T(n/3) at level 1 with 5 (n/3)². For each term at level 1, add three T(n/9) terms at level 2. Continue with the expansion until level L, where n/3 = 1. There will be 3 terms at level L, each of value T(1). Use the initial value T(n) and replace each T(1) terms at level L with the number 5. There are a total of L+1 levels. Since n/3¹ = 1, then n = 3 and by the definition of logarithms, L = log3 n. The value of T(n) is the sum of all the terms at each level. At level j, there are 3³ terms, each with value 5 (n/3¹)². Note that at level L, there are 3 terms, each with value 5 = 5 (n/34)², because n/34 = 1. The total value of all the terms at levelj is 2 3 3¹.5. (+)* n² = 3¹.5. 3²j = 5n² = 5n² The sum of all the terms at all the levels is logą n T(n) = Σ 5n²( -Σ*5m² (+)². (1/3)logs n+1 1 (1/3) - 1 j=0 1- (1/3)(1/3)log, n 3 = 5n² (1-(1/3)) -157² (1-3) = 1- (1/3) n 2 3n = 5n². 5n².
In this case, we have two recurrence relations: T(n) = 3T(n/3) + 5n and T(n) = 3T(n/3) + 5n². By expanding the expressions at each level and replacing the recursive terms, we can derive the exact solution for T(n).
To obtain the exact solution for T(n), we start by expanding the expression for T(n) at level 0, using the given recurrence relation. We replace T(n) with the initial value of 5n² and add three terms of T(n/3) at level 1. We continue this expansion process, adding three terms at each subsequent level until we reach the final level, where n/3 = 1.
At each level, the number of terms is determined by 3 raised to the power of the level. The value of each term is 5 times the square of n divided by 3 raised to the power of the level. Finally, we sum up all the terms at each level to obtain the total value of T(n).
In the end, we use the property of logarithms to determine the number of levels, which is log3 n. By simplifying the expression, we arrive at the exact solution for T(n) as 5n² times the sum of a geometric series.
By following this expansion and simplification process, we can obtain the exact expression for T(n) in terms of n, including all the constants involved in the recurrence relation.
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Perform a detailed study for the error propagation for the following computations:
(A) z = xy
(B) z = 5x + 7y
Specifically, let fl(x) = x(1 + δx) and fl(y) = y(1 + δy) where fl(x) is the floating point repre-
sentation of x. Find the expression for the absolute error and the relative error in the answer
fl(z).
The text explains the expressions for absolute and relative errors in the computations (A) z = xy and (B) z = 5x + 7y using floating-point representations. It highlights that these expressions are derived by substituting the floating-point representations of x and y into the computations and considering the small errors introduced by the representation. The summary emphasizes the focus on error propagation and floating-point arithmetic.
The absolute error and relative error for the computation (A) z = xy, using floating-point representations fl(x) = x(1 + δx) and fl(y) = y(1 + δy), can be expressed as follows:
Absolute Error: Δz = |fl(z) - z| = |(x(1 + δx))(y(1 + δy)) - xy|
Relative Error: εz = Δz / |z| = |(x(1 + δx))(y(1 + δy)) - xy| / |xy|
For the computation (B) z = 5x + 7y, the expressions for the absolute error and relative error are:
Absolute Error: Δz = |fl(z) - z| = |(5(x(1 + δx)) + 7(y(1 + δy))) - (5x + 7y)|
Relative Error: εz = Δz / |z| = |(5(x(1 + δx)) + 7(y(1 + δy))) - (5x + 7y)| / |(5x + 7y)|
To derive these expressions, we start with the floating-point representation of x and y, and substitute them into the respective computations. By expanding and simplifying the expressions, we can obtain the absolute and relative errors for each computation.
It is important to note that these expressions assume that the floating-point errors δx and δy are small relative to x and y. Additionally, these expressions only account for the errors introduced by the floating-point representation and do not consider any other sources of error that may arise during the computation.
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Identify the graph and describe the solution set of this system of inequalities.
y < -3x - 2
y > -3x + 8
a. Linear graph; solution set is a line segment.
b. Parabolic graph; solution set is a parabola.
c. Hyperbolic graph; solution set is a hyperbola.
d. Circular graph; solution set is a circle.
The graph of the given system of inequalities is a linear graph, and the solution set is the region below the line y = -3x - 2 and above the line y = -3x + 8. Since the lines are not parallel, the solution set will be a line segment.
The graph and solution set of the given system of inequalities are:
Option a. Linear graph; solution set is a line segment.
Step-by-step explanation: The given system of inequalities is:y < -3x - 2 ……….. (1)
y > -3x + 8 ……….. (2)
Let's draw the graphs of the given inequalities: Graph of y < -3x - 2:First, draw the line y = -3x - 2:Mark a point at (0, -2).
Slope of the line is -3, i.e. it falls 3 units for each 1 unit it runs. Move 1 unit to the right and 3 units down from (0, -2) and mark another point. Connect both points to draw a straight line. Since y is less than -3x - 2, the solution set will lie below the line and will not include the line itself. Graph of y > -3x + 8:First, draw the line y = -3x + 8:Mark a point at (0, 8).Slope of the line is -3, i.e. it falls 3 units for each 1 unit it runs. Move 1 unit to the right and 3 units down from (0, 8) and mark another point. Connect both points to draw a straight line. Since y is greater than -3x + 8, the solution set will lie above the line and will not include the line itself. Therefore, the graph of the given system of inequalities is a linear graph, and the solution set is the region below the line y = -3x - 2 and above the line y = -3x + 8.
Since the lines are not parallel, the solution set will be a line segment.
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The given system of inequalities is: y < -3x - 2y > -3x + 8. The graph and the solution set of this system of inequalities is a. Linear graph; solution set is a line segment.
Graph of the system of inequalities: The graph represents the lines y = -3x - 2 and y = -3x + 8.
It is a linear graph.
Both the lines are of the same slope, i.e., -3.
The line y = -3x - 2 is the lower line, and the line y = -3x + 8 is the upper line.
The region below the line y = -3x - 2 and above the line y = -3x + 8 is the feasible region.
The points in this region satisfy the given system of inequalities.
Hence, the solution set of this system of inequalities is a trapezoidal region.
The correct option is: a. Linear graph; solution set is a line segment.
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A flourmill is concerned that new machinery is not
filling bags correctly. The bags are supposed to
have a population mean weight of 500 grams. A
random sample of 111 bags of flour has a mean
weight of 536.3 grams and a standard deviation of
2.2 grams. Give the value of the calculated test
statistic, to two decimal places
The calculated t-test statistic is 173.68 for the given data.
Given:
Sample mean (x) = 536.3 grams
Population mean (μ) = 500 grams
Sample standard deviation (s) = 2.2 grams
Sample size (n) = 111
To determine the calculated test statistic, we can use the formula for the test statistic in a one-sample t-test:
t = (sample mean - population mean) / (sample standard deviation / √(sample size))
Substitute the given values into the formula, we get:
t = (536.3 - 500) / (2.2 / √(111))
Calculating the value of the test statistic:
t = (36.3) / (2.2 / 10.5357)
t = 36.3 / 0.209
t ≈ 173.68
Therefore, the calculated test statistic is 173.68.
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Find the potential function f for the field F.
F =1/z i-5j-x/z^2 k
The potential function f for the given field F is:
f(x, y, z) = x/z - 5y - x/z² + C where C = C1 + C2 + C3.
To find the potential function f for the given field F,
we need to integrate each component of F with respect to its corresponding variable.
Let's begin with each component of F.
The vector field F is given by:
F = 1/z i - 5j - x/z² k
Let us find the potential function f.
To find the potential function f, we need to integrate each component of F with respect to its corresponding variable. Potential function for F:
$\Large f\left( {x,y,z} \right) = \int {\frac{1}{z}} dx + \int \left( { - 5} \right) dy - \int \frac{x}{{{z^2}}} dz$
Since the function f has three variables, we can only integrate one variable at a time.
Integrating the first component of F with respect to x:
$\int {\frac{1}{z}} dx = \frac{x}{z} + C_1$
where $C_1$ is the constant of integration.Integrating the second component of F with respect to y:
$\int \left( { - 5} \right) dy = - 5y + C_2$
where $C_2$ is the constant of integration.
Integrating the third component of F with respect to z:
$\int \frac{x}{{{z^2}}} dz = - \frac{x}{z} + C_3$
where $C_3$ is the constant of integration.
Therefore, the potential function f for the given field F is:
f(x, y, z) = x/z - 5y - x/z² + C where C = C1 + C2 + C3.
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Let A be the set of positive multiples of 8 less than 100000. Let B be the set of positive multiples of 125 less than 100000. Find |A-B| and |B-A|. Find |P(A)| if A = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6}/ Find |P(B)| if B = {0, {1,2}, {3,4,5}} Determine whether these functions are injective/surjective/bijective: f: R -> [-1,1] with f(x) = sin(x) g: R -> (0, infinity) with g(x) = 2^x
Function g is both surjective and injective, making it bijective.
To find |A - B| and |B - A|, we need to determine the elements that are in A but not in B and vice versa.
The multiples of 8 less than 100,000 are 8, 16, 24, 32, ..., 99,984. The multiples of 125 less than 100,000 are 125, 250, 375, ..., 99,875.
To find |A - B|, we need to find the elements in A that are not in B. From the lists above, we can see that there are no common elements between A and B since 125 is not a multiple of 8 and vice versa. Therefore, |A - B| = |A| = the number of elements in set A.
To find |B - A|, we need to find the elements in B that are not in A. Again, from the lists above, we can see that there are no common elements between A and B. Therefore, |B - A| = |B| = the number of elements in set B.
|P(A)| is the power set of A, which is the set of all possible subsets of A. Since A has 7 elements, the power set of A will have 2^7 = 128 elements. Therefore, |P(A)| = 128.
|P(B)| is the power set of B, which is the set of all possible subsets of B. Since B has 3 elements, the power set of B will have 2^3 = 8 elements. Therefore, |P(B)| = 8.
Now let's analyze the functions f and g:
Function f: R -> [-1,1] with f(x) = sin(x)
Function f is surjective because for every y in the range [-1,1], there exists an x in R such that f(x) = y (as the sine function takes values between -1 and 1).
Function f is not injective because different values of x can produce the same value of sin(x) due to the periodic nature of the sine function.
Therefore, function f is surjective but not injective, making it not bijective.
Function g: R -> (0, infinity) with g(x) = 2^x
Function g is surjective because for every y in the range (0, infinity), there exists an x in R such that g(x) = y (as the exponential function with base 2 can produce all positive values).
Function g is injective because different values of x will always produce different values of 2^x, and no two distinct values of x will yield the same result.
Therefore, function g is both surjective and injective, making it bijective.
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