The partial pressure of helium gas is 162.24 ATM, and it is utilized in the gas mixture Heliox to assist patients with breathing.
A helium and oxygen gas mixture called Heliox is given to people who have trouble breathing. Using it for scuba diving is another usage. The overall pressure requirement is 4.2 atm. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures states that since heliox is a mixture of only two gases—helium and oxygen—the total pressure in the tank must be equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the two gases. 20% oxygen and 80% helium make up heliox. A breathing gas called heliox is made up of helium (He) and oxygen (O2). It is used as a medicinal treatment for those who have respiratory problems.
Total pressure in Heloix =[tex]po= 208 atom[/tex]
Mole fraction of oxygen =[tex]x0=0.22[/tex]
Mole fraction of helium =[tex]xhc=1- xo=1-0.22=0.78[/tex]
According Dalton's law of partial pressure.
partial pressure of oxygen gas in Heloix:[tex]p0 * x0=208 atom *0.22=45.76 atom[/tex]
Partial pressure of helium gas in Heloix:
[tex]phc=po &xhc=208 atom *0.78=162.24 atm[/tex]
Partial pressure of helium gas is 162.24 atm.
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When does a metallic bond present
Answer:
Metallic bonds occur among metal atoms.
what is the leaving group when acetic anhydride is reacted with ethanol in a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction?
BH3/THF with H2O2/NaOH is the leaving group when acetic anhydride is reacted with ethanol in a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction
Corn and other plant resources are used to make ethanol, a sustainable fuel. In the United States, ethanol is widely used and is present in more than 98% of gasoline. E10 (10% ethanol, 90% gasoline) is the most widely used ethanol mix. The production of medicines, polymers, lacquers, polishes, plasticizers, and cosmetics all need ethanol. In medicine, ethanol is employed as a topical anti-infective and as an antidote for methanol or ethylene glycol overdose. More than two billion people consume ethanol (also known as ethyl alcohol) daily.
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consider the structure of the amino acid aspartic acid. indicate the hybridization about each interior atom.
They are known as the s p 3 hybrid orbitals because they are made up of ones atomic orbital and three p atomic orbitals. Aspartic acid's structural formula is C4H7NO4, as shown in the image below:
The concept of hypothetical orbitals mixing to produce new orbitals with the same energy is referred to as hybridization. The orbitals are shown with hybrid orbitals. Only sigma bonding makes use of hybrid orbitals. Hybridization is the process of combining atomic orbitals to create new hybridized orbitals. These recently hybridized orbitals are known as hybrid orbitals. The total number of atomic orbitals fused will always equal the total number of hybrid orbitals. For example, one s atomic orbital and three p atomic orbitals may combine.
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What is the difference between the collision theory and the transition state theory? How do they explain the factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction?
The basic differences between the collision theory and the transition state theory are-
Collision theory assumes a collision between reactants needs to happen before a reaction can take place. But on the other hand, during a reaction, an increase in potential energy corresponds to an energy barrier over which the reactant molecules must pass if the reaction is to proceed.The majority of collisions do not lead to a reaction, but only those in which the colliding species have: kinetic energy greater than a certain minimum called the activation energy, Ea, and the correct special orientation with respect to each other. Whereas the transition state occurs at the maximum of this energy barrier.Collision theory states that chemical reactions (in the gas phase) occur due to collisions between reactants. But transition state theory states that chemical reactions occur via going through a transition state.According to collision theory, chemical reactions occur only due to successful collisions. Although according to transition state theory, a chemical reaction will happen if and only if the reactants can overcome the activation energy barrier.The factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction:
Temperature: With increasing temperature reaction rate will also increase.Concentration: In a solution, if the amount of reactants increases then the reaction rate increases.Pressure: Increasing pressure increases reaction rate.State of matter: Gases react more readily than liquids, whereas liquids react more readily than solids.Catalysts: A catalyst lowers the activation energy, then the reaction rate increases.Mixing: Mixing reactants improves reaction rate.To learn more about this topic,
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Why might Pacific Ocean be more conducive to volcanic activity?
Answer:
The movement of tectonic plates in the area, causes more volcanoes.
They call it the Pacific Ring of Fire
Answer:
The Pacific Ocean is more likely to experience volcanic activity because the Ring of Fire, an area in which several volcanos and earthquakes occur, is located within it.
Which choice is not true of a liquid in a glass capillary with a convex meniscus?
The liquid has strong cohesive forces.
The liquid level will be lower inside the capillary when a capillary is inserted into a bowl of the liquid.
The liquid will have a convex meniscus as it moves in the capillary.
The behavior of the liquid is driven by strong interactions with the capillary glass.
If the liquid's behavior in a glass capillary with a convex meniscus is determined by strong interactions with the capillary glass, then the alternative is false. Thus, option D is the best choice.
Capillaries made of glass come in a variety of outer diameters, from 0.1 mm to 2.0 mm. They are made for x-ray data collecting and can mount, hold, and store crystals of tiny molecules and biological macromolecular specimens. Additionally, crystal density measurements and crystal development investigations can be conducted with the use of capillaries.
Healthcare establishments like hospitals, clinics, doctors' offices, blood banks, and labs all employ glass capillary tubes to collect blood samples for analysis.
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The right question is:
Which choice is not true of a liquid in a glass capillary with a convex meniscus?
The liquid has strong cohesive forces.The liquid level will be lower inside the capillary when a capillary is inserted into a bowl of liquid.The liquid will have a convex meniscus as it moves in the capillary.The behavior of the liquid is driven by strong interactions with the capillary glass.an element compound has 82 protons, 82 electrons, and 123 neutrons. write its isotopic symbol including both the mass number and the atomic number.
With an atomic number of 82, the chemical element lead has 82 protons and 82 electrons in its atomic structure. Lead has the chemical symbol Pb.
Lead's neutron number and mass number Lead's usual isotopes have masses between 204 and 208. Lead's (pb) atomic number is 82. The quantity of protons in an element's nucleus is indicated by the element's atomic number. Only lead displays no Thomson effect in a metal. In other words, neither heat is emitted nor absorbed when an electrical current is transmitted through a sample of lead. Lead has a molecular weight of 207. Natural bluish-gray metal called lead may be found in trace levels in the earth's crust. Every area of our is filled with lead environment.
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imagine the reaction in model 1 starts with zero molecules of a and 100 molecules of b. will the concentration of substance b increase or decrease as the reaction proceeds? explain.
Imagine the reaction in model 1 starts with zero molecules of a and 100 molecules of b is the concentration of b decreases .
The model 1 starts with zero molecules of a and 100 molecules of b. if we start with the zero molecules of a the concentration of b will decreases as it will turn to the reactant. The chemical reaction occurs when the two or substance reactant to form a new product. so the reaction is given as :
A ⇄ B
so, if in the reaction it start with the molecules of a and the b is 100 molecules than the concentration of b decreases as the b turns in to the reactant.
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if 0.300 moles of nitrogen gas occupies 0.600 l under certain conditions, what number of moles occupies 1.500 l under the same conditions? 0.300 moles 1.50 moles 0.750 moles 0.950 moles
0.750 moles of nitrogen will occupy 1.500 I under certain conditions in which 0.300 moles of nitrogen gas occupies 0.600.
The amount of moles of a gas is proportional to the volume it occupies under certain conditions. Therefore, the number of moles of a gas that occupies 1.500 liters under the same conditions can be determined by using the following equation:
Moles = (Volume of original sample × Moles of the original sample) / Volume of new sample
Moles = (0.600 liters × 0.300 moles) / 1.500 liters
Moles = 0.750 moles
Therefore the correct answer to this question is option number 3 which is 0.750 moles.
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not all of the orbitals in the n = 4 shell are shown in this figure.which subshells are missing?
The 4d and 4f subshells of the orbitals are not shown in the figure when n=4.
Subshell energies are determined by examining orbital diagrams showing how the subshells are arranged. The 1s orbital has the lowest energy, the 2s orbital has slightly higher energy than her 1s orbital, and so on. Electrons in orbits farther from the nucleus have higher energies.
The closer the orbitals, the greater the nuclear charge experienced by the electrons in them. 4d experiences a larger nuclear charge than 4f because 4d is closer to the nucleus.
Inside the subshell are orbitals. The s subshell contains 1 orbital, the p subshell contains 3 orbitals, the d subshell has 5 orbitals, and the f subshell has 7 orbitals. Every orbital can hold up to 2 electrons.
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which of the following is true for the solubility of nacl(s) and ch4(g) in water?
Sodium chloride will be soluble in water because it is polar molecule.
A polar molecule was one who has a slight positive charge on one end and a slight negative charge on the other. A polar molecule would be a diatomic compound, such as HF, that contains a polar covalent link.
We refer to something as being polar when it differs at either end. Some molecules also contain positive as well as negative ends; these are known as polar molecules. If not, we refer to them as non-polar. Polar objects can both attract and repel one another.
Pyramidal and V-shaped molecules were typically considered to be polar. Linear molecules, on the other hand, are thought to be non-polar through nature. Because the oxygen and hydrogen atoms have different electronegativities, water would be considered to be a polar molecule.
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compute repeat unit molecular weights for the following: (a) poly(vinyl chloride), (b) poly(ethylene terephthalate), (c) polycarbonate, and (d) polydimethylsiloxane.
Repeat unit molecular weights for the poly(ethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, and polydimethylsiloxane are 62.494 g/mol, 192.164 g/mol, and 74.158 g/mol, respectively.
The mass of a molecule is its molecular weight. Gram/mole is a fundamental unit. It is the result of adding the atomic weights and atom counts of all the molecules' constituent elements.
Basic formulas for calculating molecular weight include:
Some of the most well-known elements' atomic masses are as follows:
Atomic Weight (g/mole) = Element
C = 12.01 for carbon
H - Hydrogen = 1.008
O = 16.00 for oxygen.
CI = 35.45 for chlorine.
1.
Type the chemical formula for poly vinyl chloride in the following format: H Cl C C H
Polymer's monomer unit is
Calculate the poly vinyl chloride repeat unit molecular weight.
MW = 2 (C's atomic weight) + 3 (H's atomic weight) + 4 (Cl's atomic weight) = 2 (12.01) + 3 (1.008) + 35.45
=62.494 g/mol
For poly vinyl chloride, molecular weight is calculated as the sum of the atomic weight and the number of atoms. Monomer is the name for the polymer's repeating unit
2. Compose the polyethylene terephthalate chemical equation.
The polymer's monomer unit will
Determine the polyethylene terephthalate repeat unit molecular weight.
MW = 10 (C's atomic weight) + 8 (H's atomic weight) + 4 (Atomic weight of O
=10(12.01)+8(1.008)+4(16.00)
=192.164 g/mole
For polyethylene terephthalate, the atomic weight and number of atoms are multiplied to get the molecular weight.
Write the polycarbonate chemical equation
Determine the polycarbonate repeat unit molecular weight.
MW = 16 (C's atomic weight) + 14 (H's atomic weight) + 3 (Atomic weight of O)
=16(12.01)+14(1.008)+3(16)
=254.272 g/mole
For polycarbonate, molecular weight is calculated as the sum of the atomic weight and the number of atoms.
4. Compose the polydimethylsiloxane chemical equation.
The polymer's monomer unit is
Calculate the polydimethylsiloxane repeat unit molecular weight
MW = 2 (C's atomic weight) + 6 (H's atomic weight) + (Si's atomic weight) + (Atomic weight of O)
=2(12.01)+6(1.008)+28.09+16
=74.158 g/mol
For polydimethylsiloxane, molecular weight is calculated as the sum of the atomic weight and the number of atoms.
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2. The illustration here shows rock layers in their original order, along with a fracture in some rock
layers caused by an earthquake. Based on the evidence in the illustration, an earthquake occurred -
Caused by earthquake
A before layer W was deposited.
B. before layer X was deposited.
C. after layer Y was deposited.
D. after layer Z was deposited.
Rock Layer Z
Rock Layer Y
Rock Layer X
Rock Layer W
Rock Layer V
after the limestone's placement. demonstrates the sequence of the rock layers as well as parts of the layers' fractured due to an earthquake. According to the evidence in the graphic, there was an earthquake.
Explain what an earthquake is:
An earthquake is a quick movement of geological materials beneath the earth's surface that causes the ground to shake violently or weakly. The tectonic plate border is where the earthquakes start.
How is earthquake caused?
Although the tectonic plates are constantly moving slowly, friction causes them to become impermeable at their borders. An earthquake occurs when the stress on the edge exceeds the friction, releasing energy in waves that flow through the earth's crust and produce the shaking we experience.
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Question 1 of 10
What information does a reaction rate give?
A. It indicates the concentrations of products formed.
B. It indicates the equilibrium position of the reaction.
O
C. It indicates if products or reactants are preferred.
D. It indicates how fast reactants become products.
The rate of reaction is the rate at which the reactants disappear or the rate at which the products appear. Option D.
What is the rate of reaction?The rate of a chemical reaction can be defined in a variety of ways. Some of them are:
It is the rate of disappearance of reactantsIt is the rate of appearance of productsIt is an indication of how fast reactants become products.Before the beginning of a reaction, only reactants are present in reaction vessels. Once the reaction starts, the reactants start reacting to form products. Thus, the rate of reaction is the rate at which the reactants are being converted into products.
This can be measured by either of or a combination of the rate of disappearance of the reactants or the rate of appearance of the products.
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a concentration cell is set up using two zinc wires and two solution, one containing 0.350 m zncl2 solution and the other containing 1.40 m zn(no3)2 solution. compute the potential of this cell.
Two zinc wires are used to create a concentration cell, and two solutions—one containing 0.350 m ZnCl2 solution and the other 1.40 m Zn(NO3)2 solution—are used to create the cell with potential 0f 0.0178V
Given that Zn(NO3)2 solution = 1.40m and ZnCl2 solution = 0.350m
According to the reading given above, the response was:
Zn ==> Zn2+(0.350 M) oxidation on the left side of Zn | Zn2+(0.350 M) || Zn2+(1.40 M)
Zn2+(1.40M) + 2e- translates into a reduction of Zn(s) on the right side.
Zn2+(1.40M) ==> Zn2+ then (0.350M)
The formula is as follows:
Ecell = Eocell - RT ln Q, where Q = 0.350 / 1.40 = 0.25 and the temperature is assumed to be 25oC (298K),
gives us Ecell = Eocell - 0.0592 / 2 log Q and
Ecell = 0 - 0.0296 log 0.25
Ecell = -0.0296 * -0.602 = 0.0178V
This is the instantaneous cell potential, Ecell = +0.0178 V (notice the potential is positive, indicating the reaction is spontaneous). The cell potential will eventually reach zero.
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a copper, cu(s) , electrode is immersed in a solution that is 1.00 m in ammonia, nh3 , and 1.00 m in tetraamminecopper(ii), [cu(nh3)4]2 . if a standard hydrogen electrode is used as the cathode, the cell potential, ecell , is found to be 0.057 v at 298 k . part a based on the cell potential, what is the concentration of cu2 in this solution?
A copper electrode is immersed in the solution that is 1 M in the ammonia and 1.00 M in tetrammine copper(ii). the concentration of the Cu²⁺ in the solution is 3.3 × 10¹¹ M.
given that :
concentration of ammonia = 1 M
concentration of the tetramine copper = 1 M
cell potential = 0.057 V
temperature = 298 K
the reaction
at cathode :
Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ ----> Cu E° cathode = 0.337 V
at anode :
2H⁺ + 2e⁻ ---> H₂ E° anode = 0.00 V
electrode potential = E° cathode - E° anode
= 0.337 - 0.00
= 0.0337 V
Nernst equation :
E cell = E° cell - (0.0591 / n ) log Q
0.055 V = 0.337 V - ( o.0591 / 2 ) log Q
log Q = 0.282 / 0.029
Q = 2.95 × 10⁻¹⁰
concentration of Cu²⁺ = 1 / Q
= 1 / 2.95 × 10⁻¹⁰
= 3.3 × 10¹¹ M
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What is the difference between theoretical yield and actual yield? How do you calculate the percent yield of a chemical reaction?
The difference between theoretical yield and actual yield is that theoretical yield is what is calculated while the actual yield is what you actually get in a chemical reaction.
What is actual and theoretical yield?Actual yield is the quantity of a product that is obtained from a chemical reaction while the calculated or theoretical yield is the amount of product that could be obtained from a reaction if all of the reactant converts to product.
This depicts that theoretical yield is based on the limiting reactant. The relationship between actual yield and theoretical yield is used to calculate percent yield:
Percent yield = (actual yield ÷ theoretical yield) x 100%
The difference between actual yield and theoretical yield is illustrated above.
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calculate the depth below the surface of water at which the pressure due to the weight of water equals 2 atm?
The depth below the surface of water at which the pressure due to the weight of water equals 2 atm is 10.2m.
Calculation:-
Entering the known values into the expression for h gives
h = 1.01 × 105N/m2(2.00×103kg/m3)(9.80m/s2) = 10.2m.
Force normal to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. At a point in the gas, pressure acts in all directions. At the surface of a gas, compressive forces act perpendicular to the surface. If the gas is moving as a whole, the measured pressure will be different in the direction of movement.
Pressure is defined as the physical force exerted on an object. The force applied is normal to the surface of the object per unit area. The basic formula for pressure. The unit of pressure is Pascal. Pressure types include absolute, atmospheric, differential, and gauge. Pressure is a measure of the force exerted on a surface per unit area.
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pressure has little effect on the solubility of liquids and solids because they are almost incompressible. This state of True Or False
- True
- False
Pressure has little effect on the solubility of liquids and solids because they are almost incompressible. This statement is True. Solid solubility hardly gets affected by changes in pressure.
A substance's physical and chemical characteristics affect how soluble it is. A few other factors and circumstances can also influence it. A few of them are: temperature, pressure, type of binding, and forces between the particles.
Pressure has a significantly greater impact on gases than it does on solids and liquids. The likelihood of a gas's solubility also increases as its partial pressure rises. One instance of how CO2 is stored under high pressure is in a soda bottle.
In like, like dissolves.
Each molecule has a unique set of intermolecular forces and connections. The likelihood of solubility between two dissimilar compounds is less likely than that between like substances. For instance, ethanol is highly soluble in water, a polar solvent, whereas water is not.
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predict whether, to any significant extent, ag(s) will react with 1 m hcl(aq).
Under normal conditions, Ag does not react with hydrochloric acid. However, if the HCl is concentrated and heated, it can dissolve silver to form silver chloride.
To determine whether Ag(s) will react with 1 M HCl(aq), we can consult a table of standard reduction potentials to see if the reaction is thermodynamically favorable. If the standard reduction potential for the reaction Ag(s) + [tex]H^+[/tex] (aq) -> [tex]Ag^+[/tex] + H(aq) is positive, then the reaction is not thermodynamically favorable and will not occur to a significant extent. If the standard reduction potential for the reaction is negative, then the reaction is thermodynamically favorable and will likely occur to a significant extent.
Alternatively, you can also perform a simple experiment to see if the reaction occurs. Simply mix a sample of Ag(s) with 1 M HCl(aq) and observe if any reaction occurs. If the solution becomes cloudy or if the silver metal appears to dissolve or change color, then a reaction has occurred.
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Occaionally, you will ee a few white flower on a plant that normally ha purple flower. Explain what caue flower color and how ome white flower could appear on a purple-flowered plant
You will see a few white flowers on a plant that normally has purple flowers due to mutations.
Flower color is determined by pigments in the flower petals. The pigments responsible for the purple flower color are anthocyanins. A mutation in the genetic code responsible for producing anthocyanins could cause some of the petals to be white.
If this mutation is inheritable, then it could be passed down to future generations, resulting in some white flowers appearing on a plant that normally has purple flowers.
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the empirical formula for a compound containing 26.0 % n and 74.0 % o by mass is selected answer: a. n2o5 correct answer: a. n2o5
The empirical formula for a compound is N2O5, that can be calculated by considering the masses of elements.
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms present in a compound. The mass composition for both the elements is given which is as follows:
N = 26g and O = 74g
Now we will divide the above masses with respect to the Molecular mass of each element;
N = 26/14 = 1.857 moles and for O = 74/16 = 4.625 moles
Now as we have molar ratio of each species;
We will divide the mole ratio by smallest number and round off to nearest decimal;
1.857/4.625 ~ 2/5 (say divide by 0.9 approx.)
Which will give a composition of N2O5.
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you have 100 grams of rubidium bromide (rbbr). how many moles do you have? responses 0.61 mol 0.61 mol 1.00 mol 1.00 mol 1.22 mol 1.22 mol 2.00 mol
If you have 100 grams of rubidium bromide (rbbr) then no of moles you have is 0.61 mol.
What in chemistry is an A mole?The International Unit System uses the mole (symbol: mol) as the unit of material quantity. How so many basic entities of a particular substance are present in an item or sample is determined by the quantity of that material. One molecule or atom possesses the same weight in grams as one mole of the substance does in units of atomic mass.
Briefing:as we know that
165.3718 g Rubidium Bromide = 1 mol
according to the question-
100 g of Rubidium Bromide = (1/165.3718 ) x 100
= 0.61 mol
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If the temperature of a fixed amount of an ideal gas is increased, it NECESSARILY follows that?
a. the pressure of the gas will increase.
b. the volume of the gas will increase.
c. the average kinetic energy will increase
d. All of the above statements are correct.
The volume of an ideal gas must obviously rise if the temperatures of a fixed sum of the gas is raised.
Explain what an ideal gas is.The phrase "ideal gas" describes a fictitious gas made up of molecules that adhere to the following principles: No attraction or repellence exists between the molecules of ideal gases. Only an unbalanced force upon impact would occur between molecules of a perfect gas.
What is the ideal gas worth?Because when pressure is expressed in kPa, the real gases characteristic is found to be 8.314J/Kmol. The pressure, area, temperature, & number of moles of an ideal gas are all related by a single equation known as the ideal gas law. Pressure, density, & temperature of a gas are related by the combined gas law.
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the basic units of matter, the smallest units that maintain the chemical properties of an element, are called a. atoms. b. lipids. c. compounds. d. molecules.
What is the total dose required for a 140 lb patient if the amount required is 28 mg/kg bodyweight? Given: 1.00 kg = 2.20 lb. Group of answer choices 1.8 mg 11 mg 28 mg 1.8 g 8.6 g 26)How many O atoms are in the formula unit GaO(NO2)2?
The many O atoms are in the formula unit GaO(NO2)2 as the total dose required are 63.5 kg.
You get lb and mg/k*g need to know mg
63.5 kg^ * 28 mg/k * g = 1778 mg1.8g is the next answerWhenNeed to convert lb to kg: 140 lb^ * 1kg / 2.205 * lb = 63.5kg.The total dose required for a 140 lb patient if the amount required is 28 mg/kg bodyweight is 63.5kg.
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Where can Xenon tetroxide be found in the real world
Answers
Xenon tetroxide is present in the atmosphere
if a hot and cold object come into contact, heat is why are chemists interested in studying thermochemistry? until:
Chemists are interested in researching thermochemistry because heat is produced when a hot and cold substance come into contact until thermal equilibrium is attained.
In general, heat (thermal energy) is transferred from the hotter to the colder item when they come into contact.When two objects are in touch, the warmer object's faster-moving particles collide with the colder object's slower-moving particles. Heat will transfer from a hot object to a cold one when they are in close proximity. Heat transfer, thermal transfer, or heat transfer are all terms used to describe the area of physics that analyzes these phenomena.
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hydrogen is in group 1 of the periodic table. which kind of bond would form between two hydrogens?(1 point)
A covalent bond would form because the electron would be shared, so both hydrogen's have a full and stable shell.
What is covalent bond?The exchange of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms forms a covalent connection. The two atomic nuclei are concurrently drawing these electrons to them. When the difference between the electronegativities of two atoms is too tiny for an electron transfer to take place to create ions, a covalent bond is formed.
Covalent bonds were first described in 1939. The word "covalent bond" is derived from the prefix co-, which means jointly, associated in action, partnered to a lesser extent, etc. The hydrogen atoms share the two electrons through covalent bonding since the prefix co- implies jointly, associated in action, etc.
Given element is hydrogen.
Although the element hydrogen is placed along with the alkali metals in group 1, the hydrogen atom act as a non-metal.
Hence to complete its valence shell, it shares 1 electron with another hydrogen atom and forms a covalent bond.
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what is a semiconductor whose electrical properties are dictated by the impurity atoms in the semiconductor?
Whose electrical properties are dictated by the impurity atoms in the semiconductor is extrinsic semiconductor.
Any member of the family of crystalline solids known as a semiconductor falls into the range of conductors and insulators in terms of electrical conductivity. Diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits are just a few of the electrical devices that use semiconductors in their production. Due to their portability, dependability, energy efficiency, and affordability, these gadgets are widely used. They have been utilized as discrete components in solid-state lasers, optical sensors, and power devices. They are capable of tolerating a wide range of current and voltage, and more importantly, they are well suited for integration into intricate but easily fabricated microelectronic circuits. They are and will continue to be the primary components of the vast majority of electronic systems, supporting applications in communications, signal processing, computation, and control.
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