Guided Case Study
Muscle Malady
1) What symptoms is Rahul experiencing?
2) Describe 2 purposes of the blood test that was ordered.
3) What is the function of dystrophin and how is it altered by DMD?
4) Knowing the inheritance pattern of DMD, what can you predict about Rahul's family histors?
5) Assuming that Rahul lives until aduithood, he could have children. Show a Punnett Square illustrating the likelihood of Rahul passing this mutation on if he marries a woman with two normal X chromosomes.
6) What treatments are suggested for DMD?
Answers
Rahul is experiencing difficulty walking and an abnormal gait, which are symptoms of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD).
2. The blood test that was ordered specifically tests for the creatine-kinase (CK) enzyme linked to degeneration of muscles and provides a genetic analysis through DNA testing of the blood cells. The purpose of the CK test is to measure the level of CK enzyme in the blood, which is often elevated in individuals with DMD, and the purpose of the genetic analysis is to identify the presence of a mutation in the dystrophin gene, which is the genetic cause of DMD.
3. Dystrophin is a protein found beneath the sarcolemma of the muscle fibers. It is responsible for distributing the force from a muscle contraction to the cell membrane and helps to protect muscle fibers from damage during contraction. In DMD, there is a mutation in the dystrophin gene, which prevents the production of dystrophin, allowing the contraction force to damage the fibers, causing permanent tears in the fibers, and leading to muscle degeneration and weakness.
4. Because DMD is an X-linked disorder, it is more common in males, and it is inherited in a pattern of sex-linked inheritance. This results in the disease being more common in males, although females can unknowingly pass the mutated gene to their children. Knowing this, one can predict that Rahul's biological parents are likely to be unaffected carriers of the mutation, and it is highly likely that his biological siblings have the same condition.
5:
X^n X^n
X^n X^n X^n
Assuming that Rahul lives until adulthood, he could
What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a rare genetic disorder that affects muscle function and strength. It is caused by a mutation in the dystrophin gene, which is located on the X chromosome. This gene provides instructions for making a protein called dystrophin, which is essential for the proper functioning of muscles.
Without dystrophin, muscle fibers are unable to withstand the force of contraction, leading to damage and degeneration. This results in progressive muscle weakness, starting in the legs and pelvis.
Therefore, in the above case, none of his children will have DMD, but they will all be carriers of the mutation, meaning they have the potential to pass it on to their own offspring. It's important to note that, in reality, the genetic transmission of a disease like DMD is not always as simple as a Punnett square.
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See transcribed text below
Rahul Carter is a 2 year old who was adopted from an Indian orphanage just over a year ago. His adoptive parents have brought him in for his annual pediatric exam. Rahul's pediatrician has been monitoring his physical progress carefully because he was a late walker and has always been a bit clumsy. At this appointment, Rahul's pediatrician notices that he is continuing to have difficulty walking and has an abnormal gait. Suspecting an undiagnosed muscular condition, the pediatrician orders a blood test for Rahul. This blood test specifically tests for the creatine- kinase (CK) enzyme linked to degeneration of muscles and provides a genetic analysis through DNA testing of the blood cells. Upon receiving results of elevated CK levels and a mutated dystrophin gene. Rahul is diagnosed with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD).
DMD is a progressive disease of the muscular system. It is most often diagnosed between the ages of 3 and 5 and is defined by weakened muscles of the legs, torso, and hips. As the muscles of the heart and diaphragm are eventually affected, it becomes lethal. Dystrophin is a protein found beneath the sarcolemma of the muscle fibers. It is responsible for distributing the force from a muscle contraction to the cell membrane. The absence of this protein permits the contraction force to damage the fibers themselves, causing permanent tears in the fibers. As the child ages, these tears are replaced by scar tissue, reducing the effectiveness of skeletal muscles.
DMD is caused by a mutation within the X chromosome that prevents the production of dystrophin. Because it is located on the X chromosome, it follows a pattem of sex- linked inheritance. This results in the disease being more common in males, although females can unknowingly pass the mutated gene to their children.
Although there is currently no cure for DMD, treatment includes physical therapy and light exercise to slow muscle damage. Orthopedic braces and walkers can be used, but individuals with DMD are often confined to wheelchairs by age 12. Corticosteroids are commonly prescribed to reduce muscle inflammation, slowing skeletal muscle loss. The life expectancy of an individual with DMD is around age 30, but scientific advances are extending life expectancies with some individuals living into their 50s.
Related Questions
Ravi is driving her car, hits a patch of ice, and momentarily loses control of the vehicle. Despite spinning in a full circle, Ravi manages to
avoid hitting any objects and drives away unharmed. Ravi experiences a surge of adrenaline and a racing heartbeat to due to the activation
of which of the following?
O sympathetic nervous system
O parasympathetic nervous system
O thyroid gland
O somatic nervous system
O pancreas
Answers
Ravi is driving her car, hits a patch of ice, and momentarily loses control of the vehicle. Ravi experiences a surge of adrenaline and a racing heartbeat to due to the activation due to Symphthetic nervous system.
What is Symphathetic nervous system?Autonomic nervous system includes the sympathetic nervous system. It might be referred to as your "automatic" nervous system because it controls a variety of processes that don't require conscious thought.
The ability of your sympathetic nervous system to react to risky or stressful conditions is its most well-known function.
When this happens, your sympathetic nervous system kicks in to help you escape danger by increasing your heart rate, pumping more blood to areas of your body that need it, and other responses.
Therefore, Ravi is driving her car, hits a patch of ice, and momentarily loses control of the vehicle. Ravi experiences a surge of adrenaline and a racing heartbeat to due to the activation due to Symphathetic nervous system.
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If a person lives at high altitudes for an extended period of time, other body responses occur. One response is an increase in the number of red blood cells.
C. Explain how this response is helpful to the body.
At high altitudes, air temperature is also generally colder than at sea level.
D. Describe and explain one internal body response that occurs when a person has been outside long enough for his core temperature to drop.
Answers
Answer:
When a person has been outside long enough for their core temperature to drop, their body will respond by shivering. Shivering is an involuntary muscle movement that helps to generate heat and raise the core body temperature back to a normal level. This is an important response as it helps to protect the body from hypothermia, a dangerous condition in which the body's core temperature is too low.
Explanation:
can you help with this
Answers
In the given question original DNA sequence has amino acid sequence methionine, tryptophan, asparagine, arginine, cysteine, and stop codon, so a mutation in 1 sequence: Transition, 2: Transition, and 3: Transversion.
How does a mutation in the DNA change the protein structure?In the first DNA sequence, the transition mutation changes the amino acid sequence of protein into methionine, stop, asparagine, arginine, and cysteine.
The second amino acid sequence after mutation is methionine, leucine, glutamine, proline, and leucine.
The third amino acid sequence after mutation is methionine, tryptophan, threonine, and alanine.
Therefore, a mutation in the DNA changes the amino acid sequence, which changes the structure and function of the protein.
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6. Understanding of the cell has changed over
time. Which explains why this has occurred?
A New scientific discoveries lead to new theories.
B Theories are redesigned every ten years as a necessity.
C The constantly evolving universe requires new theories to describe it.
D Larger number of scientists have opinions that must be incorporated.
Answers
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Cell theory was first formulated by Schwann and Schleiden, but because of new and advanced technology some statements were replaced and some are added.
Evan was 54 meters away from his car adter shopping. It took 9 seconds to push a shopping card one third of the way directly to his car at a constant velocity. What was his velocity whilehe was pushing the cart ?
Answers
The velocity while Evan was pushing the cart is 50.15m/s.
How to calculate velocity?The velocity of a moving body can be calculated using one of the following equations of motion as follows:
s = ut + ½at²
Where;
s = distanceu = velocityt = timea = accelerationAccording to this question, Evan was 54 meters away from his car after shopping. It took 9 seconds to push a shopping card one third of the way directly to his car at a constant velocity. The velocity used is as follows:
54 = (u × 9) - ½ × 9.81 × 9²
54 = 9u - 397.31
54 - 397.31 = 9u
u = 50.15m/s
Therefore, 50.15m/s is the velocity while pushing the cart.
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Evan's velocity while pushing the cart towards his car would be 2 m/s.
Velocity calculationThe velocity of a moving object is the speed of the object in a specific direction. Thus, velocity is the ratio of distance covered relative to time.
Mathematically, velocity = distance/time.
Evans took a total of 9 seconds to cover 1/3 of his distance from his car.
1/3 of 54 = 18 meters.
Thus, Evan covered a distance of 18 meters in 9 seconds. His speed can be calculated as follows:
Distance = 18 meters
Time = 9 seconds
Speed = 18/9
= 2 m/s
In other words, the velocity of Evan while he was pushing the cart is 2 m/s towards his car.
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Is iron malleable, ductile, or brittle?
Answers
Answer: Iron is both malleable and ductile .
Explanation:. (malleable) because it has the ability to be fold into any shape of material.
. and(ductile) because it is able to be deformed without losing toughness.
mendel found that due to ___, certain traits do not demonstrate independent assortment.
a.linkage
b.crossing over
c.mutation
d.none of the above
Answers
mendel found that due to linkage, certain traits do not demonstrate independent assortment.
Use the
drop-down menus and the image to
complete these statements about
prokaryotes.
Prokaryotes
a nucleus
surrounding their chromosome of DNA.
Prokaryotes are
simple cells than
eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes have a
membrane that
~ outside their cell
gives protection and support.
Prokaryotes will often move by a tail-like
DONE
Answers
Prokaryotes are less complex than eukaryotes and lack a nucleus. They also contain a flagellum outside of their cell.
Where does the DNA of prokaryotes reside?
Prokaryotes have a nucleoid in the center of the cell that houses the DNA but is not protected by a nuclear membrane. In addition to chromosomal DNA, many prokaryotes also possess smaller, circular DNA molecules known as plasmids, which can provide genetic benefits in particular situations.
Do prokaryotic chromosomes exist?
Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus, in contrast to eukaryotic cells. Instead, the nucleoid, a part of the cytoplasm, is where their genetic material is located. Typically, a prokaryotic cell contains just one circular, coiled chromosome.
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The state of a medium helps determine the speed of sound passing through medium
Answers
True. The speed at which sound travels through a medium is determined by the properties of that medium.
What do you mean by sound?
Sound is a type of energy made by vibrations that travel through the air or another medium, like water. It is sensed by our ears and interpreted by our brains. Sound is made up of waves that have different frequencies, which determine the pitch and loudness of a sound.
Factors such as temperature, pressure, composition, and density can all affect the speed of sound in the medium. For example, sound travels faster through warmer air than through colder air, and faster through denser materials than through less dense materials.
Hence, the statement is True.
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Complete question:
The state of a medium helps determine the speed of sound passing through medium.
State True or False.
Check all characteristics of life:
- Complex, ordered organization consisting of one or more cells (1)
- Use and transforms energy to perform work (2)
- Sensitive and responsive to the external environment (3)
- Regulate internal conditions(4)
- Grow, develop, and reproduce(5)
- Evolutionarily adapt and over time undergo descent but with modification(6)
Answers
The characteristics of life are complexity, ordered organization, energy use and transformation, and regulation of internal conditions. and all of the statements about life forms are correct.
What are the characteristics of the life forms?There are both eukaryotic and prokaryotic life forms, as well as unicellular and multicellular animals, but all life forms grow, take nutrients, adapt, and evolve; some can regulate their internal temperature, use energy, and transform it, such as in photosynthesis.
Hence, the characteristics of life are complexity, ordered organization, energy use and transformation, and regulation of internal conditions. and all of the statements about life forms are correct.
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In what ways are "Golden Rice" affect the sustainability of community? Discuss it in terms of all three pillars of sustainability: economic, social, and enviormental.
Answers
The Golden Rice will improve the sustainability of the community in the following ways:
economic - it will boost the economy of the community by providing a means of income generationsocial - it will boost the social life of the community it promotes the health and well-being of the community.environmental - it will improve land use and reduce the amount of land that is used for agriculture thereby preserving the natural environment.What is the Golden Rice?Golden rice is a type of rice created by genetic engineering that allows the edible sections of the grain to generate beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A. Hence, it helps in the prevention of diseases due to a lack of vitamin A.
It has improved yield and hence, boosts the economic, social, and environmental well-being of the community.
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Researchers determine the population of phytoplankton in an area of the ocean is significantly decreased compared
to the previous year. What can they conclude from this observation? (1 point)
The plankton as a carbon sink will be less than expected, but the plankton as a carbon source will
be greater than expected.
The plankton as a carbon sink and as a carbon source in the area will be less than expected.
The plankton as a carbon sink will be greater than expected, but the plankton as a carbon source
will be less than expected.
O The plankton as a carbon sink and as a carbon source in the area will be greater than expected.
Answers
This information might be used to draw the conclusion that there will be fewer plankton in the region than is typical both as a carbon source and sink, hence B is the appropriate response to this question.
What is phytoplankton?The kind of organisms that live in watery habitats are known as phytoplankton.
These species are autotrophic in nature and are the producers of this ecosystem. These creatures share a characteristic with terrestrial plants in that they both contain chlorophyll.
Therefore, if the phytoplankton population falls in the coming year, it means that the region's carbon supply and sink will be less than anticipated.
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A radioactive element has a half-life of 2,000 years. If a sample of this element begins with a mass of 100 grams, how long would you have to wait for the mass to decrease to 25 grams?
Answers
Therefore, a half-life of 2000 years saying that 100 grams will decompose to 50 grams in 2000 years. That 50 g will decompose to the requested 25 grams in another 2000 years. 2,000 + 2,000 = 4,000 years are required.
Describe element.Elements are substances that cannot further breakdown as a result of any chemical reaction. There are a certain number of protons in each element's atom.
Which elements are important?Since they make the organic compounds that are present in all living things, chemical elements are crucial to living things. Carbon is the primary element in all organic compounds, including lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
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What two forms of matter do plants absorb from soil in order to grow?
Answers
Answer:
liquid (water)
geses like hydrogen,oxygen etc.,
Answer: Nutrients and Water
Explanation: Plants actually need Nutrients as well as water which consists of hydrogen and oxygen from the soil to grow. Plants also need sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow. They get carbon dioxide from the air as carbon helps plant to build new stem, leaves, stems, and roots. And the oxygen they get from the carbon dioxide is used to build glucose molecules.
Nutrients provide plants with the strength which helps them to grow big strong and healthy.
Water helps to move the food and nutrients to all over the different parts of the plant.
ASAP HELP!!!!!!! LIMITED TIME!!!!!!! PLEASE
Hydrogen fuel cells, biodiesel, and long-term electric batteries are potential solutions to
Select one:
1. carbon sequestration
2. replacing coal as a major fuel for generating electricity
3. cap-and-trade emission control
4. reducing carbon emissions from cars and trucks
Answers
Answer:
reducing carbon emissions from cars and trucks
The mechanical advantage of a machine is the number of times it a. multiplies the resistance force. b. multiplies the effort force. c. changes the direction of the effort force. d. changes the direction of the resistance force.
Answers
The force or speed of a machine is multiplied by its mechanical advantage. It is a figure (without units) that indicates how many times the apparatus multiplies a force (or speed). I. M. A. An ideal machine's mechanical advantage is the optimal mechanical advantage. Thus option A is correct.
What is the mechanical advantage of a machine?The ratio of load to effort is referred to as a machine's mechanical advantage. The efficiency of a machine is due to its mechanical advantage. Effort/Load = Mechanical Advantage. The mechanical advantage M A is equal to F 0 F I where F 0 is the output force and F I is the input force.
Therefore, multiplies the resistance force.
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1. Which image shows a virus that can infect
the human body?
Answers
Answer: c
Explanation:
a is mitochondria which is part of the cell
b is the cell itself
c is the virus
d is a nerve
Briefly, explain how Tiktaalik could have existed in this Canadian environment.
Answers
Tiktaalik, an extinct fish species, could have existed in a Canadian environment due to the presence of shallow freshwater environments with low oxygen levels, which would have been suitable for its lung-like structure and ability to breathe air.
What is Tiktaalik?Tiktaalik is an extinct genus of fish that lived about 385 million years ago during the Late Devonian period. It is considered a transitional fossil, as it has characteristics of both fish and early tetrapods, four-legged land-dwelling animals. Tiktaalik could have existed in a Canadian environment, as it is known to have been found in the Canadian Arctic, specifically in the Elpistostege watsoni fossil beds of the Nunavut territory.
The environment during Late Devonian period in this region was a shallow freshwater delta or coastal plain that was home to a diverse array of fish and other aquatic organisms. Tiktaalik likely lived in the shallow water, and had adaptations such as flexible neck and fins with bones that resemble the limb bones of four-legged animals, which would have allowed it to move in shallow water and on land.
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Help I am stuck on this question
Answers
All of an organism's characteristics are inheritable which evolves over millions of years. An example of this is the modern day horse's foot.
What is Evolution?This is referred to as the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations and it occurs as a result of the changing environmental conditions which boost the chances of survival of organisms.
This leads to the prevention of the extinction of species in the ecosystem and an example is modern day horse's foot in which they lost their side toes and developed a single hoof as a result of them needing to cover more ground for grazing.
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How would i fill this in?
Answers
Relation between variables are the different born percentages in sea turtles.
What percentage of sea turtles are female?
Green sea turtles from cooler southern nesting strands were about 65 to 69 percent lady, testing showed. Sea turtles from warmer northern strands leaned indeed more heavily womanish, with86.8 percent of adult turtles,99.8 percent of sub-adult turtles, and99.1 percent of juvenile turtles turning out to be womanish.
How long does it take for a sea turtle to incubate?
The incubation time for utmost species is 45 to 70 days. exploration indicates that the coitus of an embryo is dependent on the temperature of the nest. Lower nest temperatures produce further males; advanced temperatures produce further ladies. For green ocean turtles, a nest temperature of 28 °C(82 °F) or below produces substantially males.
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The life activity known as synthesis is chiefly characterized by the:
A) Distribution of essential compounds throughout an organism.
B) Production of complex molecules from simpler ones.
C) Elimination of waste products from the organism.
D) Regulation of physiological activities.
Answers
Answer:
B) Production of complex molecules from simpler ones.
Explanation:
Synthesis is the process of combining simpler molecules to form more complex ones. This can occur through various chemical reactions within an organism. The other choices do not accurately describe the process of synthesis.
A) Distribution of essential compounds throughout an organism - This refers to the transport of essential molecules within an organism, rather than the production of complex molecules from simpler ones.
C) Elimination of waste products from the organism - This refers to the removal of waste products, rather than the production of complex molecules.
D) Regulation of physiological activities - This refers to the control of physiological processes, rather than the production of complex molecules.
A veterinarian is trying to ascertain why a herd of sheep suddenly all have green lips and muzzles and are coughing and vomiting. He believes that they have ingested a biotoxin and asks the owner if he has noted any rubber bitterweed in his fields. The farmer is incredulous, saying, “It’s right in the name—BITTERweed. Sheep don’t eat that stuff.” Which fact would support the veterinarian’s theory that these sheep have eaten the poisonous scrub?
A.
Bitterweed grows in most parts of America.
B.
The weed is actually very sweet and sheep like the taste.
C.
If they have not been fed properly, sheep will eat bitterweed.
D.
Sheep will eat anything that is not tied down.
Answers
Answer:
C. If they have not been fed properly...
Explanation:
If they have not been fed properly, sheep will eat bitterweed. This fact would support the veterinarian's theory that the sheep have eaten the poisonous scrub, as it suggests that the sheep may have turned to eating the bitterweed due to hunger or malnutrition.
A deer eats a leaf from a tree and gets energy from sugar molecules in the leaf. Which two organelles are required to make this process possible? Pls help thank u so much
Answers
Two organelles that are required to make the process of the deer obtaining energy from sugar molecules in the leaf possible are the mitochondria and the chloroplasts.
What is the function of mitochondria and chloroplast?Mitochondria are organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and are responsible for generating the majority of the cell's energy. They do this through a process called cellular respiration, in which sugar molecules are broken down and the energy released is used to produce molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which the cell can then use as a source of energy.
Chloroplasts are organelles found in the cells of plants, algae and some other organisms that absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy. They are only found in the cells that have green pigments called chlorophyll. Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis, the process by which plants and other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy by using carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen.
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Two organelles that are required to make the process of the deer obtaining energy from sugar molecules in the leaf possible are the mitochondria and the chloroplasts.
What are Organelles?The majority of the energy produced by eukaryotic cells is produced by mitochondria, which are organelles that can be found in the cytoplasm of these cells.
Through a process known as cellular respiration, sugar molecules are broken down and the energy released is used to form molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which the cell can then use as a source of energy.
In the cells of plants, algae, and certain other species, there are organelles called chloroplasts that collect light energy and transform it into chemical energy.
Therefore, Two organelles that are required to make the process of the deer obtaining energy from sugar molecules in the leaf possible are the mitochondria and the chloroplasts.
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Which Fisheries are used as a major source of protein
Plain
Coastal
Hilly
Desert
Answers
Carps, tilapia, catfish, and milkfish are particularly significant as protein sources for low-income families in developing nations. Freshwater finfish and tiny marine finfish species from the catch fisheries are also essential.
Which fisheries are the main sources of protein for Mcq?Pisciculture is the proper response. Pisciculture is the practice of rearing fish in ponds or tanks for human consumption. Tilapia, salmon, carp, and catfish are the most significant species that are raised on a global scale.
What are the top three places to find fish?Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, iodine, vitamin D, and calcium are just a few of the vital nutrients that can only be found in fish. Fish, one of the most significant sources of proteins and micronutrients, could be a powerful tool in the fight against malnutrition in India.
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Plate motion occurs as a consequence of convection in Earth's
crust
mantle
core
Answers
The movement of these tectonic plates is most likely caused by convection currents in the molten rock beneath the crust of the Earth. The immediate consequences of this tectonic shift are earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
What effect does this plate movement have?Mountains will grow where plates converge or push together, and continents will split and oceans will form when plates pull apart or diverge. The Earth's geography has changed significantly over the span of millions of years as a result of the continents passively drifting with the plates.
What causes the mantle's plates to move?The plates fit tightly against one another and lie on the heated, molten rock of the Earth's mantle like fragments of a split shell.
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work from home will have a future impact on urban sprawl?
Answers
Answer:
Yes, working from home will have a future impact on urban sprawl. Working from home reduces the need for people to commute to their workplace, which in turn reduces the demand for housing in urban areas. This can lead to a decrease in urban sprawl, as fewer people are commuting to urban areas and thus fewer people are in need of housing. Additionally, with fewer people commuting to urban areas, there will be less traffic congestion, leading to a reduction in air pollution.
Explanation:
in which sealed container would the organisms be able to continuously cucle 02 and Co2 gases
Answers
The container or jar with snails crawling on the living plants would be the one where organisms be able to continuously cycle oxygen and carbon dioxide gases. Thus, the correct option is B.
What is Gaseous exchange?Gas exchange is the physical process by which different gases move passively by diffusion across a surface. For example, this surface might be air or water interface of a water body, the surface of a gas bubble in a liquid, or a biological membrane which forms the boundary between an organism and its extracellular environment.
A sealed container is mainly comprised of a jar with snails which is crawling on the living plants, represents continuously cycle oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gases between the two organisms. The plants produce oxygen gas by consuming carbon dioxide in the photosynthesis process, and the snails produce carbon dioxide and consume oxygen gas during the respiration process.
Therefore, the correct option is B.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably the complete question is:
In which sealed container would the organisms be able to continuously cycle O2 and CO2 gases?
A. A jar with a lizard eating a snail
B. An jar with snails crawling on living plants
C. A room with a cat chasing a mouse
D. A room with mice eating moldy grain
Define bilateral symmetry and some special divisions that this type of body plan lends itself to. Give five examples of animals that are bilaterally symmetrical.
Answers
Answer:
Bilateral symmetry is a type of body plan in which the left and right sides of the body are mirror images of each other. This type of body plan lends itself to special divisions such as head, thorax, and abdomen. Examples of animals that are bilaterally symmetrical include humans, fish, frogs, butterflies, and worms.
Explanation:
Answer:
Explanation:
d
Which numbers are all characteristics of life things?
1. Complex, ordered organization consisting of one or more cells
2. Use and transforms energy to perform work
3. Sensitive and responsive to the external environment
4. Regulate internal conditions
5. Grow, develop, and reproduce
6. Evolutionarily adapt and over time undergo descent but with modification
Answers
evaluate the effects that the harmful substances have on the effeciency of aerobic respiration and how this affects metabolic pathways
pollutants (asbestoos, oxidants)
drugs( ketamine, cocaine)
chemicalsin cigarettes( toxins, tar, nicotine