Great powers have historically extended their political influence throughout the international system with formal empires. A. True
A formal empire is a system of political, economic, and military domination that is characterized by direct rule over subject territories or client states. Formal empires have been a common feature of international relations throughout history, with examples including the Roman Empire, the British Empire, and the Soviet Union. The extension of political influence through formal empires has often been driven by a desire for resources, strategic advantage, and geopolitical dominance, as well as ideological and cultural factors. However, the practice of empire-building has also been a source of conflict and instability, as subject peoples have resisted domination and great powers have competed for control of key regions and resources.
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Paternalism, measured by a manager's involvement in both personal and off-the-job problems of subordinates is very important in _____.
A. the United States
B. Australia
C. Japan
D. France
Paternalism, which refers to a manager's involvement in both personal and off-the-job problems of subordinates, is more commonly practiced and valued in Japan compared to other countries. Option (c)
In Japan, paternalism is deeply ingrained in the culture, and managers are expected to take responsibility for the well-being of their subordinates, both in the workplace and in their personal lives.
This approach is consistent with the collectivistic values that are prominent in Japanese culture, where the group's interests are prioritized over individual interests. In contrast, paternalism is less common and less valued in the United States, Australia, and France, which tend to have more individualistic cultures that prioritize personal autonomy and independence.
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Gods are typically __________________, in that they resemble the human form and may have human-like personalities.
Gods are typically anthropomorphic, in that they resemble the human form and may have human-like personalities.
Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human characteristics or behavior to non-human entities, such as gods or animals. In many cultures and belief systems, gods are often depicted as having human-like appearances, emotions, and qualities.
This is because it makes it easier for humans to relate to and understand the deities they worship. By giving gods human-like features, it helps people to create a stronger connection with them and helps convey moral and ethical lessons through mythology.
Here's a step-by-step explanation of anthropomorphism in relation to gods:
1. Gods are typically anthropomorphic, which means they are given human-like characteristics or behaviors.
2. This can include physical appearances, emotions, and qualities that resemble those of humans.
3. Anthropomorphism helps people to relate to and understand the gods they worship, by making them more familiar and approachable.
4. This approach also makes it easier to convey moral and ethical lessons through mythology, as people can identify with the human-like traits and emotions of the gods.
5. Examples of anthropomorphic gods can be found in various belief systems, such as Greek, Roman, Egyptian, and Hindu mythology.
In summary, gods are often depicted as anthropomorphic entities, meaning they resemble human form and have human-like personalities. This approach helps people to relate to and understand their deities and enables the communication of moral and ethical lessons through mythology.
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Bill, I saw you at the party the other night. You were with a beautiful redhead. Level with me, are you still cheating on your wife?"A) Begging the question.B) Tu quoque (you, too).C) Complex question.D) Division.E) No fallacy.
The given statement "Bill, I saw you at the party the other night. You were with a beautiful redhead. Level with me, are you still cheating on your wife?" is an example of complex question (option c).
The statement presents a complex question fallacy because it combines two unrelated matters, attending a party with a beautiful redhead and cheating on one's wife, and assumes a connection between them.
This fallacy involves asking a question that implies wrongdoing or a negative assumption without providing evidence to support it. By asking if Bill is still cheating on his wife, the questioner is assuming that Bill has cheated in the past and continues to do so, without giving him the opportunity to address the two issues separately.
Thus, the correct choice is option c- complex question.
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______ refers to collecting and interpreting information that clarifies the causes and effects of public problems.
Policy analysis refers to collecting and interpreting information that clarifies the causes and effects of public problems.
A methodical technique to assessing societal issues and creating evidence-based remedies is policy analysis. It entails gathering and analysing data, selecting prospective policy directions, and assessing the results and effects of each direction. To conduct their assessments, policy analysts employ a number of methods and tools, including stakeholder analysis, cost-benefit analysis, and risk assessment.
The main objective of policy analysis is to provide information to decision-makers and assist them in selecting the optimal course of action to solve a specific public problem. Policy analysis equips public employees with the knowledge of how social, economic, and political circumstances vary and how public policies must change to meet the changing needs of a changing society.
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Zinsser states that he may have raised a paradox when it comes to audience. why is it not a paradox after all?
Zinsser's initial belief that this was a paradox may have been disproven through the recognition that audience diversity is simply a reality of effective writing.
Zinsser may have initially believed that he raised a paradox when it comes to audience because he recognized that different audiences may have different expectations and preferences when it comes to writing style and content. However, upon further reflection, he likely realized that this is not a paradox but rather a natural aspect of writing for diverse audiences. While it may be challenging to please all readers, acknowledging and respecting their individual differences and perspectives can ultimately lead to more effective and meaningful communication.
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The creation of international organizations provokes principle-agent tensions with their memberstates. What factors worsen this principle-agent relationship?A. Multiple principalsB. Agency slackC. ShirkingD. Options A, B, and C are all correct
The factors that worsen the principal-agent relationship in the context of international organizations and their member states include A) Multiple principals, B) Agency slack, and C) Shirking. Therefore, D) Options A, B, and C are all correct.
D. Options A, B, and C are all correct. The creation of international organizations often involves multiple member states as principals, which can lead to conflicting interests and difficulty in holding the organization accountable. Agency slack, or the tendency of agents to prioritize their own interests over those of their principals, can also worsen the principle-agent relationship. Similarly, shirking, or the tendency of agents to not fulfill their obligations, can exacerbate these tensions. All of these factors can contribute to a strained relationship between international organizations and their member states.
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Arranging classroom experiences for learning, like creating a lesson plan, is called the ______.
Arranging classroom experiences for learning, like creating a lesson plan, is called the Formal (Explicit) Curriculum.
What is Formal (Explicit) Curriculum?Arranging classroom experiences for learning, like creating a lesson plan, is called the Formal (Explicit) Curriculum. This involves a structured and planned approach to delivering content, ensuring that the necessary topics and skills are covered in a logical and organized manner. While many would call arranging classroom experiences of learning, like creating a lesson plan.
The explicit curriculum refers to intentional instructive techniques. A teacher can purposefully change the environment of her class as an intentional learning experience. For example, she may have the class role-play a setting where normal classroom restrictions do not apply.
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Why do Jains consider all life forms worthy of respect and care? Give two examples of how nonhuman life-forms participate in Jain religious life. How do those life-forms attain salvation? What is your perspective on these ideas?
Jains consider all life forms worthy of respect and care because they believe in the concept of Ahimsa or non-violence.
This means that they aim to avoid causing harm to any living being, including animals, plants, and insects. Jains believe that every living being has a soul and is capable of achieving enlightenment or liberation from the cycle of birth and death. Therefore, they believe in treating all life forms with equal respect and care.
Two examples of how nonhuman life-forms participate in Jain religious life are:
1. Jain monks and nuns are known to sweep the ground before walking to avoid harming any insects that may be on their path.
2. Jains practice fasting, which involves not consuming any food or water for a specific period. During this time, they take great care to avoid harming any living beings, including insects and plants.
Nonhuman life-forms attain salvation by following the principles of Jainism, such as Ahimsa, Satya (truth), Asteya (non-stealing), Brahmacharya (celibacy), and Aparigraha (non-attachment). Jains believe that by following these principles, all living beings, including animals and plants, can attain enlightenment and liberation from the cycle of birth and death.
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Using a disguised name, Jen sends threat emails and bullies their school friends on various online forums. This is an example of deindividuation that is primarily based on
The scenario described is an example of deindividuation that is primarily based on anonymity.
Deindividuation refers to the psychological phenomenon where individuals lose their sense of self-awareness and self-restraint in group settings or situations that encourage anonymity. Anonymity allows individuals to feel less accountable for their actions and less likely to be identified and punished for their behavior.
In this case, Jen is using a disguised name to send threatening emails and bully their school friends on various online forums. By remaining anonymous, Jen feels emboldened to engage in this behavior without fear of consequences or social backlash. Furthermore, the lack of face-to-face interaction and physical presence of others further facilitates deindividuation.
The anonymity and lack of social cues in online forums create an environment where individuals are more likely to engage in aggressive or antisocial behavior. This highlights the importance of promoting accountability and ethical behavior online, as well as emphasizing the value of face-to-face interactions and building empathy and social skills.
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true or false women's facial and body communications tend to indicate that they are emotionally reserved and in control.
The statement "women's facial and body communications tend to indicate that they are emotionally reserved and in control" is false.
It is a common stereotype that women are more emotional than men and that they express their emotions more openly. However, research has shown that men and women express their emotions similarly, and there is no gender difference in emotional expressiveness.Furthermore, the idea that women are emotionally reserved and in control is a societal expectation that has been placed on women. Women are often expected to be polite, nurturing, and emotionally stable, which can lead to them suppressing their emotions in certain situations. However, this does not mean that women are inherently emotionally reserved.In fact, many studies have shown that women are more expressive than men in certain situations, such as when they are experiencing positive emotions or when they are with close friends and family. Women also tend to use more nonverbal cues, such as facial expressions and body language, to communicate their emotions.In conclusion, the statement that women's facial and body communications tend to indicate that they are emotionally reserved and in control is false. Women express their emotions similarly to men, and the idea that women are emotionally reserved is a societal expectation that has been placed on them.For more such question on body communications
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______ is usually defined as the magnitude of adverse consequences of an event or exposure.
The magnitude of unfavorable effects of an encounter or incident is the typical definition of severity.
The degree or scope of injury or damage brought on by a specific occurrence, incident, or condition is referred to as its severity. It is a crucial component of risk assessment since it aids in quantifying the possible effects of a hazard on people, groups, or communities.
Depending on the type of danger and the environment in which it happens, there are numerous approaches to gauge the severity of an adverse occurrence. For instance, in the area of occupational health and safety, severity is frequently determined by the kind and extent of illnesses, fatalities, or injuries brought on by workplace exposures or accidents.
According to the magnitude and duration of ecological harm brought on by pollution, natural catastrophes, or other factors, severity can be assessed in the context of environmental risk assessment.
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The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and its successor, the World Trade Organization, have resulted in:a. Termination of export subsidies applied to manufactured goodsb. Termination of import tariffs applied to manufactured goodsc. Encouragement of beggar-thy-neighbor policiesd. Reductions in trade barriers via multilateral negotiations
One of the key achievements of GATT and WTO has been the reduction of trade barriers through multilateral negotiations. The correct answer is D,
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was created in 1947 as an international agreement aimed at reducing trade barriers between member countries. Its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO), was established in 1995 and has continued to work towards this goal. One of the key achievements of GATT and WTO has been the reduction of trade barriers through multilateral negotiations. This has led to the removal of import tariffs on many manufactured goods, making it easier and more affordable for countries to trade with each other. In addition, the agreement has also helped to reduce other barriers to trade, such as quotas and other restrictions on imports and exports.Another important impact of GATT and WTO has been the termination of export subsidies applied to manufactured goods. Export subsidies can distort trade by providing unfair advantages to certain countries, and their termination has helped to level the playing field for all countries in international trade.However, it is worth noting that GATT and WTO have not entirely eliminated all barriers to trade. There are still some countries that engage in "beggar-thy-neighbor" policies, which seek to boost their own exports by imposing tariffs and other trade barriers on other countries. However, the overall impact of GATT and WTO has been to reduce these kinds of policies and promote more open and fair trade between nations.For more such question on negotiations
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Since the 1950s, what has been the government's approach to free speech?
Since the 1950s, the government's approach to free speech has largely been centered around protecting and upholding the First Amendment rights of citizens.
The Supreme Court has played a crucial role in defining the scope of free speech through landmark cases like New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964), which established the "actual malice" standard for defamation, and Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), which set the "imminent lawless action" test for incitement.
The government has also aimed to balance free speech with national security concerns, as evidenced by cases like Pentagon Papers (1971), where the court upheld the right to publish classified information about the Vietnam War. Furthermore, the government has addressed issues related to hate speech and obscenity, as seen in Miller v. California (1973), which established the "Miller test" to determine the constitutionality of such content.
Overall, the government's approach to free speech since the 1950s has focused on striking a balance between upholding First Amendment rights, protecting public order, and ensuring national security, while adapting to societal and technological changes.
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How and to what extent did the methods and ideals of Renaissance humanism contribute to the Protestant Reformation?
The Renaissance humanism movement, which emerged in the 14th century, placed a strong emphasis on the value and potential of individual human beings. This movement also advocated for the study of classical literature, art, and philosophy, which led to a renewed interest in the original texts of the Bible.
The methods and ideals of Renaissance humanism contributed to the Protestant Reformation in several ways. First, the humanist focus on individualism led to a questioning of authority, particularly the authority of the Catholic Church. This encouraged people to challenge the church's teachings and to seek a more personal relationship with God.
Second, the humanist emphasis on the study of original texts allowed individuals to read the Bible in their own language and interpret it for themselves. This led to a rejection of Catholic doctrines and practices that were not supported by the Bible, such as the selling of indulgences and the worship of saints.
Finally, the humanist emphasis on education and literacy made it possible for the ideas of the Protestant Reformation to spread quickly and easily. The printing press, which was invented during the Renaissance, allowed for the mass production of books and pamphlets, which were used to spread Protestant ideas throughout Europe.
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Sandra's roommate Lily is taking the same course as she, with the same professor, but in a different section. Lily took her exam and shared what was on the test with Sandra. Since they are not in the same class, this cannot be considered cheating.
True or false
The given statement "Sandra's roommate Lily is taking the same course as she, with the same professor, but in a different section. Lily took her exam and shared what was on the test with Sandra. Since they are not in the same class, this cannot be considered cheating." is false because sharing of information during exam is considered to be cheating.
Sharing exam information, even if the individuals are in different sections of the same course, is still considered cheating. This type of behavior is known as academic dishonesty and is a violation of academic integrity.
It is unfair to other students who did not receive the exam information, as they are at a disadvantage compared to those who did. Both Sandra and Lily could face severe consequences if caught, including failing the exam, failing the course, or even expulsion from school.
It is important to always prioritize academic honesty and to avoid any actions that could be seen as cheating, as it undermines the value and integrity of education.
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Intrinsic motivation includes internalized motives such as meeting goals, fulfilling core values, and __________.maintaining self-esteemmaking a lot of moneyreceiving a higher statusacquiring a lot of power
Intrinsic motivation includes internalized motives such as meeting goals, fulfilling core values, and maintaining self-esteem.
It is not necessarily focused on external rewards like making a lot of money, acquiring a lot of power, or receiving a higher status, although those factors may be present for some individuals as a means of status-acquiring. Actions motivated by internal rewards are referred to as having intrinsic motivation. Instead of the desire for a reward or particular result, the drive to engage in a behaviour comes from within because of the intrinsic enjoyment of the behaviour. Behaviour that is motivated by internal rewards is referred to as intrinsic motivation. In other words, you are motivated to engage in a behaviour because you find it to be inherently satisfying. In contrast, extrinsic motivation entails acting in a certain way in order to receive benefits from outside sources or stay out of trouble.
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when your friend was admitted to a psychiatric hospital for severe depression, he became very close with other patients on the ward. in fact, he even referred to other patients as brothers and sisters. what type of family did he experience?
A "family of choice" is the kind of family that your friend had while in the mental hospital. Unrelated by blood or marriage, a family of choice is a group of people who get together and create intimate, sustaining connections that perform many of the same functions as a traditional family.
These kinds of families frequently consist of people who have similar experiences, including being psychiatric hospital patients, and who depend on one another for emotional support, company, and a sense of belonging.
In the treatment and recovery of a loved one from mental health issues or addictions, families play a crucial role. enabling the entire family to recover together, whether it be the parents, kids, spouses, or others.
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Why should you talk directly with your social followers and prospects?
There are several reasons why talking directly with social followers and prospects is important:
Builds Trust: By engaging with them directly, you build a relationship of trust, which helps to establish your brand as reliable and trustworthy.
Provides Insights: By listening to their feedback, questions and concerns, you gain valuable insights into what your audience wants, what they need, and how they perceive your brand.
Increases Engagement: When you interact with your followers and prospects, you can create a more engaged community, which can lead to more likes, shares, and ultimately, more customers.
Improves Customer Service: Social media provides an opportunity to address customer issues and concerns quickly, publicly, and effectively, which can improve customer satisfaction and retention.
Increases Brand Awareness: As you engage with your followers and prospects, they may share your content with their own followers, increasing your brand's reach and exposure.
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all multiattribute attitude models specify the importance of attributes, beliefs, and ________. motivations regency of events importance weights action variables.
What is the third element?
a. Action variables.
b. Motivations.
c. Recency of data.
d. Importance weights.
Multiattribute attitude models are frameworks used to understand and measure an individual's attitudes towards a particular product, service, or brand. These models typically include three main elements: attributes, beliefs, and a third element that varies depending on the specific model.
Importance weights, which is the correct answer, refer to the relative importance or weight that an individual assigns to each attribute of a product or service. For example, when purchasing a car, one individual may place a high importance on fuel efficiency, while another may prioritize safety features.
The importance weights assigned to each attribute are then used to calculate an overall evaluation of the product or service based on the individual's beliefs about each attribute.
Understanding the importance weights assigned by consumers can be crucial for companies, as it can help them identify which attributes to emphasize in their marketing and product development efforts.
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A violation that directly threatens clients is considered what class?
A violation that directly threatens clients is considered a Class 1 violation. Class 1 violations are the most serious type of violation and are typically reserved for the most egregious breaches of ethical or professional standards that put clients or others at risk of harm.
A violation that directly threatens clients is considered a Class 1 violation. Class 1 violations are the most serious type of violation and are typically reserved for the most egregious breaches of ethical or professional standards that put clients or others at risk of harm Examples of Class 1 violations in different professions might include malpractice, fraud, abuse, neglect, exploitation, or other serious violations of ethical or legal obligations. In some cases, Class 1 violations can result in disciplinary action, including license revocation, fines, or other penalties, depending on the severity and nature of the violation.
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the ancient greek city state of sparta was ruled by a gerousia. a gerousia was a council made up of members who were at least 60 years old and served for life. the political power within the ruling class accumulates with age, making the oldest the holders of the most power. in many preindustrial societies, the elderly still have influence and power and their vast knowledge is respected. this type of political and social structure is known as a .
The political and social structure known as Gerontocracy is defined as the rule of the elderly, typically in a society where elders have the greatest influence.
Gerontocracy is a system of government in which the elderly have the most power or are in charge. Since the power and influence of the elders are typically viewed as being correlated with experience and knowledge, this is frequently perceived as a sort of meritocracy.
The gerousia, or council of elders, which presided over Sparta, was made up of people 60 and older who were appointed for life, giving them the most authority.
The perception that the city-state's elders were the most significant individuals and the key decision-makers, with each member's authority and influence growing with age, was reinforced by this gerontocratic structure.
Complete Question:
The ancient Greek city state of Sparta was ruled by a gerousia, which was a council made up of members who were at least 60 years old and served for life. The political power within the ruling class accumulates with age, making the oldest the holders of the most power. What type of political and social structure is known as a ______________.
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At the present time, ______ percent of the total funding for public K-12 education comes from the federal government.
At the present time, approximately 10 percent of the total funding for public K-12 education comes from the federal government.
The English term "K-12," or kindergarten through the 12th grade, refers to the various years of publicly supported primary and secondary education found in the United States and Canada. This is comparable to publicly supported school grades prior to tertiary education in a number of other nations, including Afghanistan, Australia, Canada, China, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Iran, the Philippines, South Korea, and Turkey. K-12 refers to the American system that grants authority to local school "districts" that, depending on population and closeness, may be specific to a town, county, or many areas.
Typically, students must complete kindergarten through grade 12 (K–12) of elementary and secondary education before they can choose to enrol in college or a university. In the United States, there are two kinds of kindergarten through grade 12 (K–12) schools: public and private.
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In 1960, what was the percentage of female members in state legislatures?
In 1960, the percentage of female members in state legislatures was very low, at only 3.7%. This means that out of all the state legislators in the United States at the time, less than 4% were women. It wasn't until several decades later, in the 1990s and early 2000s, that the percentage of female state legislators began to increase significantly. Today, women make up around 28% of all state legislators in the US.
In 1960, the percentage of female members in state legislatures in the United States was approximately 1.5%. This was a very small proportion of the total number of state legislators, and women were significantly underrepresented in political office at the state and national levels. Over the past few decades, there has been significant progress in increasing the number of women elected to state legislatures and other political offices, though there is still work to be done to achieve full gender parity.
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Which of the following is NOT recommended by Lyubomirsky as a way to practice savoring?A. Indulging in sensesB. Relish bittersweet experiencesC. Celebrate your own, as well as others', successesD. On occasion, purchase something new for yourself
The option that is not recommended by Lyubomirsky as a way to practice savoring is none of the above, option E is correct.
Lyubomirsky recommends several ways to practice savoring, which involves intentionally appreciating and enjoying positive experiences. These strategies include indulging in senses, relishing bittersweet experiences, celebrating personal and others' successes, and occasionally treating oneself to something new.
By fully engaging with positive experiences and expressing gratitude, individuals can enhance their well-being and overall life satisfaction. Therefore, the option that is NOT recommended by Lyubomirsky as a way to practice savoring is none of the above because all the options mentioned recommended by Lyubomirsky, option E is correct.
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The complete question is:
Which of the following is NOT recommended by Lyubomirsky as a way to practice savoring?
A. Indulging in senses
B. Relish bittersweet experiences
C. Celebrate your own, as well as others', successes
D. On occasion, purchase something new for yourself
E. None of the above.
Suzy and Dan met online. They have started to mix their network of other people together through e-mail, social websites, and instant messaging. This is an example of
Suzy and Dan's actions are an example of online social networking. Online social networking is the process of connecting with other individuals through the internet, typically through social media websites, e-mail, or instant messaging.
By mixing their networks together, Suzy and Dan are expanding their social circles and potentially forming new relationships with others in their networks. Online social networking has become increasingly popular in recent years, with platforms such as the ability to connect with others in this way has made it easier for people to maintain relationships over long distances, stay in touch with old friends and colleagues, and even form new romantic relationships. However, it is important to be cautious when using online social networking platforms. Users should be aware of the risks associated with sharing personal information online and should take steps to protect their privacy and security. It is also important to be mindful of the potential for online harassment or bullying, and to report any abusive behavior to the appropriate authorities. In summary, Suzy and Dan's actions are an example of online social networking, which has become an increasingly popular way for people to connect and maintain relationships with others over the internet.
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Modern day example of republicanism
Explanation:
A modern-day example of republicanism is the United States government, which is a federal constitutional republic. The U.S. government is based on the principles of republicanism, which include the election of representatives to make laws and govern on behalf of the people, the separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, and the protection of individual rights and liberties. The U.S. Constitution, which was written by the Founding Fathers in 1787, is a foundational document of republicanism and has guided the country's political system for more than two centuries.
on exam day, a student you do not know sits next to you. this person is best described as a(n) group of answer choices confederate. coactor. ingroup member. comrade.
Answer:
Coactor
Explanation:
Hope this is right
"The management process consists of all of the following five phases EXCEPTa. budgeting.b. identification of needs.c. planningd. organization and direction.e. identification of resources."
The management process typically consists of five phases: identification of needs, planning, organization and direction, identification of resources, and budgeting. Therefore, the answer to your question is that all of the following five phases are typically part of the management process, and none of them are excluded.
It is important for an organization to carefully follow each of these phases in order to effectively manage its resources and achieve its goals. Proper process management can help ensure that each phase is executed efficiently and effectively, leading to successful outcomes for the organization.The four phases of this project management process are initiating, planning, executing, & closing. Between the executing & closing phases, some may also include a fifth "monitoring and controlling" stage.phases: budget creation, authorization or legislation, execution or implementation, and reporting on the budget. Although clearly distinct, these activities are combined within a budget year.
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A(n) ____________________ is a text file generated by a Web server and stored on a user's browser.
A cookie is a text file generated by a Web server and stored on a user's browser.
A cookie is a small text file that a website saves on a user's computer or mobile device when they visit the site. Cookies are widely used by websites to remember user preferences, login information, shopping cart items, and other information that can help improve the user's experience on the site.
Cookies can also be used for tracking and advertising purposes, which has raised concerns about privacy and data protection. Users can choose to disable or delete cookies in their browser settings, but this may affect their ability to use certain features or services on websites.
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What type of schedule reinforcement would a pop quiz be?a) fixed ratiob) variable ratioc) fixed intervald) variable intervale) continuous reinforcementf) intermittent reinforcement
A pop quiz would be an example of d) variable interval. This is because the quizzes occur at unpredictable intervals
Pop quizzes work on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement as the quizzes occur at unpredictable intervals, encouraging students to maintain consistent study habits to be prepared at any time. Variable interval reinforcement is a schedule in which reinforcements are distributed at varying intervals of time, depending on whether or not the desired behaviour has been performed. These intervals may be completely random or within a range of times, but they are not fixed. In particular, a variable ratio reinforcement schedule is one in which individual responses will randomly result in reinforcement. Gambling and games of chance are good examples of this type of operant conditioning since wins come at random, enticing gamblers to play another round.
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