The realistic higher restriction is set 50,000 years for the carbon dating due to the fact so little C-14 stays after nearly nine 1/2 of-lives that it could be difficult to come across and gain an correct reading, irrespective of the dimensions of the sample.
Because of the fast period of the carbon-14 1/2 of-lifestyles, carbon courting is most effective correct for objects which can be lots to tens of lots of years old. Most rocks of hobby are a good deal older than this. Geologists should consequently use factors with longer 1/2 of-lives.
For older fossils, an isotope with an extended 1/2 of-lifestyles ought to be used. For example, the radioactive isotope potassium-forty decays to argon-forty with a 1/2 of lifestyles of 1.three billion years. Other isotopes normally used for courting consist of uranium-238 (1/2 of-lifestyles of 4.five billion years) and thorium-232 (1/2 of-lifestyles 14.1 billion years).
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a graphic organizer that illustrates the reactants, products and locations for each of the major stages of cellular respiration: a) glycolysis b) pyruvate oxidation c) krebs cycle d) oxidative phosphorylation
Krebs cycle is a visual organizer that shows the components, locations, and sites for each of the main phases of cellular respiration.
The second crucial stage of oxidative phosphorylation is the Krebs Cycle, often known as the citric acid cycle. The Krebs cycle converts the energy from the smaller, 3-carbon glucose molecules produced by glycolysis into electron carriers, which are then utilised in the electron transport chain to create ATP. The majority of living things utilize glucose as their main fuel source, but they first have to break it down and store the energy in ATP and other molecules. The mitochondria contain the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle's processes contribute electrons and protons to a variety of electron carriers inside the mitochondrial matrix.
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Calculate the pH for each of the following cases in the titration of 25.0 mL of 0.150 M pyridine, C5H5N(aq) with 0.150 M HBr(aq):
(a) before addition of any HBr
(b) after addition of 12.5 mL of HBr
(c) after addition of 19.0 mL of HBr
(d) after addition of 25.0 mL of HBr
(e) after addition of 33.0 mL of HBr
The pH in each case depends on the relative amounts of acid and base present.
a) Before the addition of HBr:
Number of moles = Mass of substance / Mass of one mole
Number of moles of C5H5N = 25/1000 L × 0.150 M = 0.00375 moles
pOH = -log[0.00375 M]
pOH = 2.42
pH = 14 - 2.42
pH== 11.58
b) After the addition of 12.5 mL of HBr:
Since the reaction is 1:1
Number of moles of HBr = 12.5/1000 L × 0.150 M = 0.00375 moles
The HBr is the limiting reactant
Amount of excess acid = 0.0045 M - 0.00375 = 0.00075 moles
Total volume of solution = 25mL + 12.5 mL = 37.5mL or 0.0375L
molarity of excess H+ = 0.000075 moles / 0.0375 L = 0.002 M
pH = - log[0.002M]
pH = 2.69.
c) After the addition of 19.0 mL of HBr:
Number of moles of acid = 19/1000 × 0.150 M = 0.00285 moles
Number of moles of excess acid = 0.0045 moles - 0.00285 moles = 0.000165 moles
Total volume of solution = 19.0 mL + 25.0 mL = 44mL or 0.044 L
Molarity of excess acid = 0.00018 moles/ 0.044 L = 0.00409 M
pH = -log[0.00409 M]
pH== 11.58
d) After the addition of 25.0 mL of HBr:
Number of moles of acid = 25/1000 × 0.150 M = 0.00375 moles
We have an equal number of acids and bases hence pH=11.65
e) After the addition of 33.0 mL of HBr:
Number of moles of acid = 33/1000 × 0.150 M =0.00495 moles
We can see that the base is the limiting reactant.
Number of moles of excess base = 0.00495 moles
Total volume of solution = 33 mL + 25 mL = 58mL or 0.058 L
Molarity of excess base = 0.00162 moles/0.058 L = 0.027 M
pOH = -log[ 0.027 M]
pOH = 1.56
pH = 14 - 1.56
pH- = 12.44
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Which one of the following pairs cannot be mixed together to form a buffer solution?
a)C5H5N, C5H5NHCl
b)HC2H3O2, NaOH (C2H3O2- = acetate)
c)KOH, HI
d)NH2CH3, HCl
e)NaClO, HNO3
It is impossible to combine KOH and HI to create a buffer solution.
What is a buffer solution?A buffer solution, also referred to as a pH buffer or hydrogen ion buffer, is an aqueous mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or vice versa. The pH scarcely changes at all when a small amount of a strong acid or basic is added to it. Buffer solutions are used in a wide range of chemical processes to keep pH values almost constant. Buffering is used by many living systems to regulate pH in the natural world. For instance, the bicarbonate buffering system regulates the pH of blood, and bicarbonate also acts as a buffer in the ocean.
The pH of a solution containing a buffering agent can only fluctuate within a specific range, regardless of what else may be in the solution. This is necessary for the enzymes in biological systems to function properly. For instance, the primary mechanism for maintaining the blood's pH between 7.35 and 7.45 is a blend of carbonic acid and bicarbonate found in the plasma component of human blood. Outside of this exact pH range, metabolic diseases called acidosis and alkalosis that finally end in mortality rapidly develop if the necessary buffering capacity is not immediately restored.
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assuming that the uranium atoms are spherical and that their metallic radius is such that their size is determined by the unit cell dimensions (i.e., equal size spheres that touch each other as constraint by the unit cell) determine the metallic radius of uranium atoms at room temperature.
Uranium is often known as a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. Uranium is softly radioactive because all isotopes of uranium are unstable, with half-lives varying between 159,200 years and 4.5 billion years.
Uranium has the giant atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements and Its hardness is about 70% higher than that of lead and slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten.
Uranium is often found at low levels (a few ppm – parts per million) in all rocks, soil, water, plants, and animals (including humans). generally, Uranium occurs also in seawater and can be recovered from the ocean water.
Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some elements such as uraninite (the most common uranium ore), phosphate rock deposits, and other minerals.
Uranium is a chemical element with atomic number 92 which means there are ninety-two protons in its nucleus.
There are a total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is denoted by the symbol Z. The total amount of electrical charge of the nucleus is, therefore, +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals 1,602 x 10-19 coulombs.
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the compound c5h8o2 exists in two forms in equilibrium with one another. (lone pairs are not shown.) what change occurs in the hybrid orbital set used by the c atom labeled carbon 3?
An electron in a molecule behaves wave-like according to a function called a molecular orbital. Utilizing quantum mechanics, the molecular orbital theory defines the electrical structure of molecules.
What would an example of equilibrium look like?
There are several examples of equilibrium, such as: an open book that is lying flat. a moving object that is moving steadily a chemical reaction takes place where the rates of both the forward and reverse reactions are identical.
What is straightforward equilibrium?
A system is at an equilibrium when all of its external forces are in balance. When a system is in equilibrium, nothing changes.
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Write a balanced overall reaction given the unbalanced half‑reactions. Ca ⟶ Ca2+ Na+ ⟶ Na
Answer:
Ca + 2 Na+ + 2 e- ⟶ Ca2+ + 2 Na
Explanation:
The overall reaction is balanced by including the electrons that are transferred in the reaction. The balanced overall reaction is:
Ca + 2 Na+ + 2 e- ⟶ Ca2+ + 2 Na
This reaction shows the transfer of two electrons from calcium to sodium ions, which results in the formation of calcium ions and sodium atoms. This reaction is electrically neutral, with the same number of positive and negative charges on each side of the reaction. Overall, the reaction represents the transfer of electrons from one element to another, resulting in the formation of new chemical species.
draw the lewis structure for monochloramine, which is a covalent compound with the formula nh2cl. include all nonbonding electrons, such as lone pairs, and any nonzero formal charges.
Lewis structures are used to show the arrangement of electrons around the valence shell of atoms present in the molecules.
A Lewis dot structure is composed of dots and symbols of the elements. The Lewis structure shows the electrons present on the valence shells of atoms in molecules. We can easily deduce the number of valence electrons in a molecule by simply counting the number of electrons from the molecule.
The Lewis structure of NH₂Cl is clearly shown in the image attached. The lone pairs of electrons are shown by using dots while the bond pairs are shown by using a single dash.
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mass percent question: in a universe far far away, all of their elements happen to weigh nice even number that are easy to do calculations with. so for this question we will be using their elements/molecules. formatting issues: don't worry about sig figs. just put your number as you calculate it. do not include the percent sign or any units in your answers. canvas just doesn't handle this stuff well.
The mass percent formulas is given as :
mass percent = ( mass of the solute / mass of the solution ) × 100 %
The mass is generally represented in the grams. the mass percent percent mean the weight percent or w/w %. the mass formula is given as follows :
mass percent = ( mass of the solute / mass of the solution ) × 100 %
let us take an example if mass of solute = 7 g and the mass of solvent = 367 g. the mass percent is given as :
mass of solution = 7 + 367 = 374 g
mass percent = ( mass of the solute / mass of the solution ) × 100 %
= (7 / 374) × 100 %
= 1.86 %
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PLEASE ANSWER THIS QUESTION (EXPLAIN AND CORRECTLY ANSWER) FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS IN THE IMAGE
There can be release of radiations like gamma radiation. There can be emission of particles too like alpha particle. Therefore, the given nuclear decay reaction is balanced.
What is nuclear decay?It is process in which the radioactive element releases particles or radiations. Alpha particles is ⁴₂He. Alpha particle is nothing but helium particle.
So, according to our questions Uranium-238 is undergoing alpha emission. The balanced reaction can be written as
²³⁸U₉₂ ²³⁴ [tex]\rightarrow[/tex]Th₉₀+⁴₂He
So, From above reaction we can see that the total mass on reactant side is equal to total mass on product side. So, this reaction is balanced.
Therefore, the given nuclear decay reaction is balanced.
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according to the big bang during the very earliest moments of the universe the first photons appeared in the universe were
according to the big bang during the very earliest moments of the universe the first photons appeared in the universe Were those released during decoupling (visible today as the cosmic microwave background) and 21 cm radio emissions occasionally emitted by hydrogen atoms.
The Big Bang theory is a physiological concept that explains how the universe is expanding from a dense population and heat state. Various Big Bang cosmic models explain the progression of the visible universe from its earliest known time frames to its global context form. During a talk for a March 1949 BBC Radio broadcast, English astronomer Fred Hoyle is credited with coining the term "Big Bang," saying: "Such theories were predicated on the hypothesis that all of the material in the universe was created inside one big bang at a special time in the distant past."
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The student performs a second titration using the 0.10MNaOH(aq) solution again as the titrant, but this time with a 20.mL sample of 0.20MHCl(aq) instead of 0.10MHCl(aq).
1. The box below to the left represents ions in a certain volume of 0.10MHCl(aq). In the box below to the right, draw a representation of ions in the same volume of 0.20MHCl(aq). (Do not include any water molecules in your drawing.)
2. graph in part (d), carefully draw a curve that shows the results of the second titration, in which the student titrates a 20.mL sample of 0.20MHCl(aq) with 0.10MNaOH(aq)
The box below to the left represents ions in a certain volume of 0.10MHCl(aq). In the box below to the right, representation of ions in the same volume of 0.20MHCl will contain eight dots and eight circles.
The student performs a second titration using the 0.10 M NaOH(aq) solution again as the titrant, but this time with a 20.mL sample of 0.20MHCl(aq) , instead of 0.10 M HCl. the square represents the 0.10 M HCl(aq) solution is contains four dots and the four circles.
Then the square representation of ions in the same volume of 0.20MHCl(aq) is eight dots and the eight circles. the image is attached below with representation of the sots and the circles.
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______ in a white, crystalline solid at room temperature that is soluble in water, has low melting and boiling points, and held together through covalent bonds. a. Baking soda b. Butter
c. Granulated sugar
d. Table salt
At room temperature, granulated sugar is a white, crystalline solid that is soluble in water, has a low melting and boiling point, and is bound together by covalent bonds.
What types of solids have crystal lattices?
Crystalline solids are made up of atoms, polymers, or ions that are arranged in a predictable, three-dimensional pattern. Solids that have a crystal structure include quartz, diamonds, sodium chloride, and others.
What are the characteristics of a crystalline solid?
Solids with crystalline structures have conventional geometries. In these kinds of solids, atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in long-range order throughout the 3-dimensional network of a crystal. Sodium chloride, quartz, diamond, etc. are few examples. Crystalline solids' characteristics.
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Can somebody help me, what's the name of this
The name of the organic compound shown is methylpropenaoate.
It is an alkanoate.
What are esters?Esters are organic compounds formed when an organic acid reacts with an organic base.
An example of an ester is alkanoates.
Alkanoates are formed when alkanoates, the alkanoic acids react with alkanols.
In hydrogen ion, an alkanoic acid reacts with the hydroxide ion of the alkanol to form water and the alkanoates are formed as well from the remaining moieties of the alkanol and the alkanoic acids.
The molecule whose structure is shown is an alkanoate.
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b. Explain why manganese (IV) oxide is not able to conduct electricity when it
is in solid form but can conduct when it is in molten or solution form. You
should use ideas about bonding and structure in your answer.
Total for Question 4-4 marks
[3 marks]
Answer:
manganese dioxide, is a solid chemical compound that is typically not able to conduct electricity when it is in its solid form. This is because the structure of solid manganese dioxide is made up of a network of strong covalent bonds between the manganese and oxygen atoms. These covalent bonds are very stable and do not allow electrons to flow freely through the compound, which is necessary for the conduction of electricity.
However, when manganese dioxide is melted or dissolved in a solvent, the covalent bonds are broken and the electrons become more mobile. This allows the electrons to flow more freely through the compound, enabling it to conduct electricity.
In summary, manganese (IV) oxide is not able to conduct electricity in its solid form due to the strong covalent bonds between its atoms, which do not allow electrons to flow freely. However, when it is in its molten or solution form, the covalent bonds are broken and the electrons become more mobile, allowing the compound to conduct electricity.
Identify the relationship in each of the following pairs. Do the drawings represent constitutional isomers or stereoisomers, or are they just different ways of drawing the same compound? If they are stereoisomers, are they enantiomers or diastereomers? CH3 CBr and C-CH3 CH3CH2 CH3CH2 CH2OH CH OH (b) HOH and HOH CH2OH CH2OH and он OH HC CH2OH CH20H and CH3 CH3 and CH3
The given pairs of compounds are the stereoisomers and in it they are enantiomers.
A chemical molecule's atoms can be organized in a variety of ways. Isomerism is the name given to this phenomenon. Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula but distinct atom configurations.
The nomenclature system used to identify enantiomers is called the R-S system. According to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rule scheme, which assigns a priority to each of the chiral center's substituents, this method labels the chiral center R or S. On the basis of atomic mass, the priority is determined. Stereoisomers make up the given pair of molecules.
The given pair of compounds are the R and S enantiomers.
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a. Consider the reaction
Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) --> FeCl2(s) + H2(g)
Using standard thermodynamic data at 298K, calculate the entropy change for the surroundings when 2.13 moles of Fe(s) react at standard conditions.
S°surroundings = ____ J/K
b. Consider the reaction
C2H4(g) + H2O(g) --> CH3CH2OH(g)
Using standard thermodynamic data at 298K, calculate the entropy change for the surroundings when 2.23 moles of C2H4(g) react at standard conditions.
S°surroundings = ___ J/K
i) Entropy change for the surroundings when 2.13 moles of Fe(s) react at standard conditions is 52.89 K/J.
According to Hess law, “at constant temperature, heat energy changes (enthalpy – ΔHrec) accompanying a chemical reaction will remain constant, irrespective of the way the reactants react to form product”.
Heat of reaction = sum of heats of reaction of products - sum of heats of reaction of reactants or
ΔH0rxn = ∑n×ΔHf0(products)−∑n×ΔHf0(reactants)
= ΔHf0 FeCl2(s) + ΔHf0 H2(g) - (ΔHf0 Fe(s) + 2 *ΔHf0 HCl(aq))
= (-341.8 KJ + 0 KJ)-(2*-167.2 KJ+1*0 KJ)
= -7.4 KJ
the enthalpy change when 2.13 moles of Fe(s) react at standard conditions = 2.13(-7.4) KJ = -15.762 KJ
ΔS°surroundings = -ΔH0rxn /T
= -(-15.762 KJ)/298 K
= 52.89 J/K
ii) Entropy change for the surroundings when 2.23 moles of C2H4(g) react at standard conditions is 341.2 J/K.
According to Hess law,
ΔH0rxn = ∑n×ΔHf0(products)−∑n×ΔHf0(reactants)
= ΔHf0 CH3CH2OH(g) - (ΔHf0 C2H4(g) + ΔHf0 H2O(g)))
= (-235.1 KJ)-(52.3 KJ+(-241.8 KJ)
= -45.6 KJ
the enthalpy change when 2.23 moles of C2H4(g) react at standard conditions = 2.23(-45.6) KJ = -101.688 KJ
ΔS°surroundings = -ΔH0rxn /T
= -(-101.688 KJ)/298 K
= 341.2 J/K
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Show that the hydrogenic 2px, and 2py, orbitals are obtained by the linear combination of 2p1, and 2p2, functions and 2pz, is directly equal to 2p0
The linear combination of 2p1 and 2p2 functions can be used to generate the hydrogenic 2px and 2py orbitals.
What is orbitals?Orbitals are regions of space that describe the probable location of an electron around an atom's nucleus. They are usually shown as a cloud-like region and are divided into sub-regions called s, p, d, and f orbitals. Each orbital has a specific energy level and a specific shape. The orbitals determine the properties of the atom and its chemical behavior. Electrons in different orbitals interact in different ways, and this determines the type of bonds that form between atoms.
This is done by adding and subtracting the two functions and then normalizing the resultant wave functions. This gives the following expressions:
2px = (1/√2)(2p1 + 2p2)
2py = (1/√2)(2p1 - 2p2)
The hydrogenic 2pz orbital is simply equal to the 2p0 function, since the z-axis is the axis of highest symmetry.
Thus, 2pz = 2p0.
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the presumptive definition of driving under the influence in florida is having a blood alcohol content (bac) of .08.
True. The presumptive definition of Driving Under the Influence in Florida is having a Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) of .08.
True. In Florida, it is illegal to operate a motor vehicle with a blood alcohol content (BAC) of .08 or higher. This is known as driving under the influence (DUI). The legal limit for DUI in Florida is .08.
If a driver is found to have a BAC of .08 or higher, they can be arrested for DUI. Florida also has a Zero Tolerance Law for drivers under 21, meaning that any BAC .02 or higher can lead to an arrest for DUI.
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Complete question:
The presumptive definition of Driving Under the Influence in Florida is having a Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) of .08. true or false
Calculate the amount of energy (in kJ) necessary to convert 450g of liquid water from 38°C to water vapor at 125 C. The molar heat of vaporization (Hvap) of water is 40.79 kJ/mol. The specific heat for water is 4.184 J/g C, and for steam is 1.99 J/g C. (Assume that the specific heat values do not change over the range of temperatures in the problem.)
total amount of energy required is= 132.6 + 717.9 + 45.42 = 896 kJ to convert 450g of liquid water from 38°C to water vapor at 125 C. The molar heat of vaporization (Hvap) of water is 40.79 kJ/mol. The specific heat for water is 4.184 J/g C, and for steam is 1.99 J/g C.
cslculation-heat energy required to raise the temp of liquid water to 100 C = 317 * 4.184 * 100 = 132632 J =132.6 kJ,mole of water = 317 / 18 = 17.6 mol,heat required for vaporization = 17.6 * 40.79 = 717.9 kJ,Heat required to raise the temp of water vapor to 172 C = 317 * 1.99 * 72 = 45420 J = 45.42 kJ, total heat required = 132.6 + 717.9 + 45.42 = 896 kJ. The quantity of heat necessary to increase the temperature of one unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius. The specific heat capacity of a substance is specified as the amount of heat (J) soaked up per unit mass (kg) when its temperature rises 1 K (or 1 °C). The specific heat capacity of a substance is typically calculated by monitoring the heat capacity of a specimen of the material, generally with a calorimeter, and trying to divide by the sample's mass. The average kinetic energy of each molecule increases as the substance heats up.
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giant stars... are close to exhausting their supply of helium. are close to exhausting their supply of hydrogen. have already exhausted their supply of hydrogen. have already exhausted their supply of helium.
Giant stars' hydrogen reserves are almost depleted. High-mass stars are defined as having a mass of at least 8 times that of the Sun. These stars are of type O and B, and as we already observed, they only exist for a brief period of time on the Main Sequence, on the order of 10 million years.
Nevertheless, they go through very similar life phases to the low mass stars. Remember that these phases for low mass stars are: hydrogen burning in the core during the Main Sequence; when the hydrogen in the core is spent; the star starts hydrogen burning in a shell around the degenerate helium core; and the star moves up the Red Giant Branch.Extreme pressure increases the temperature to 100 million degrees, where helium burning is feasible, when the hydrogen fuel runs out. As the helium in the core is exhausted, the star starts burning helium in a shell around an inert carbon core while moving back up the H-R diagram to become a Red Supergiant. Suddenly, at the helium flash, the degenerate core starts burning helium and the star moves toward (but not quite to) the Main Sequence again.
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Dinitrogen tetroxide decomposes according to N2O4(g)=2NO2(g). In a certain experiment, N2O4(g) at an initial pressure of 0.554 bar is introduced into an empty reaction container; after equilibrium is established, the total pressure is 0.770 bar. A quantity of NO2(g) is injected into the container and the total pressure jumps to 0.906 bar. Calculate the total pressure after equilibrium is reestablished.
The total pressure after equilibrium will be 0.854 atm calculated help of kp.Since the Kp depends on the individual partial pressures of the components in mixture.
N₂O₄ ==> 2NO₂
initial..0.554.........0
change....-p..........+2p
equil....0.554-p.......2p
Total Pressure at equilibrium = 0.770;
therefore,
0.554-p+2p = 0.770 and this allows to calculate Kp.
NO₂ is injected to make the Ptotal equals to 0.906 bar
so that makes 0.906-0.770 = 0.136 bar being injected.
It would make a new ICE chart with the NO₂ start = 0.136 + old equilibrium pressure of N₂O₄ = old equilibrium and recalculate the new pressures using the Kp from the first part. You know of course that the reaction will be shifted to left side
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robert boyle and robert hooke worked together and discovered some important physics concepts. their work lead to the formation of boyle's law; this describes the . flow of fluids in the body and lead to the formation of the humoral theory flow of fluids in the body and lead to the formation of the humoral theory movement of oxygen and lead to the discovery of how blood delivered oxygen to tissues movement of oxygen and lead to the discovery of how blood delivered oxygen to tissues relationship between blood flow and the heart rhythm and helped them discover how the heart works relationship between blood flow and the heart rhythm and helped them discover how the heart works relationship between pressure and air volume and led to the understanding of how respiration works relationship between pressure and air volume and led to the understanding of how respiration works
A fundamental property of chemistry called Boyle's Law describes how a gas behaves when it is kept at a constant temperature. The rule asserts that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure it exerts at a certain temperature. Robert A. Boyle discovered this relationship in 1662.
This empirical relationship, which Robert Boyle, a scientist, first proposed in 1662, argues that, under constant temperature, the pressure (p) of a given amount of gas changes inversely with its volume (v); in equation form, this means that pv = k, a constant.
Blood flows into the syringe to balance the pressure difference since blood in a vein has a higher pressure than the gas in the syringe. One of the three gas laws that govern the behavior of gases is Boyle's law.
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draw the organic product(s) of the following reactions including stereochemistry when it is appropriate. h2 lindlar catalyst
Draw the organic by product(s) of the subsequent reactions, taking stereochemistry into account as necessary. The formula for H2 lindlar catalyst is:
Lindlar catalyst for CH3-C-CH2-CH2-CH3 + H2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3
| |
H H
The bond is hydrogenated into double bonds using the lindlar catalyst. Alkynes that include triple bonds are converted into alkenes that contain double bonds using the H2 + lindlar catalyst. Alkenes do not react with the H2 + lindlar catalyst. The following is a description of the H2 + lindlar catalyst reaction:
Using the Lindlar catalyst, the reaction goes from CH3-C to C-CH2-CH2- CH3 and then to CH3-C=C-CH2-CH2- CH3 and then to hexyne.
H H
(2) Hexene
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Electroplating is a way to coat a complex metal object with a very thin (and hence inexpensive) layer of a precious metal, such as silver or gold. In essence the metal object is made the cathode of an electrolytic cell in which the precious metal cations are dissolved in aqueous solution. Suppose a current of 0.270 A is passed through an electroplating cell with an aqueous solution of Ag_2 SO_4 in the cathode compartment for 72.0 seconds. Calculate the mass of pure silver deposited on a metal object made into the cathode of the cell. Round your answer to 3 significant digits. Also, be sure your answer contains a unit symbol.
Mass of the pure silver deposited on a metal object made into the cathode of the cell is calculated to be 0.0217 gm.
What is electroplating?The process of using electrodeposition to coat an object in a layer of metal is called electroplating .
As we know that, Q = I * t
=0.270 * 72
= 19.44 C
Here Q is quantity of electricity , I is current in amperes = 0.270 A (given)
t is time in seconds (72.0 sec)
As 96500 Coulomb of electricity electrolyzes 1 mole of Ag
then,19.44 C of electricity deposits,
=1/96500 * 19.44
= 0.000201 moles of Ag
Mass of Ag is = number of moles * molar mass
= 0.000201 * 108
= 0.0217 gm
Thus, mass of pure silver deposited on a metal object made into the cathode of the cell is 0.0217 gm.
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in the citric acid cycle (see the figure), beginning with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate, how many atp molecules can be made through substrate-level phosphorylation?
In the citric acid cycle , beginning with one of the molecule of isocitrate and ending with the fumarate, the ATP molecules can made through the substrate-level phosphorylation is one molecule.
In the citric acid cycle, the substrate level phosphorylation is the high energy of the phosphate group in the organic molecule. it transfers to the ADP to produces the ATP. it is the metabolic reaction and form the ATP molecules. The citric acid cycle is called as Krebs cycle also.
Thus, the number of ATP molecules form during the citric acid cycle that start with the one molecule of the isocitrate and end with the fumarate is the one molecule.
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note the number of atoms of carbon in pyruvic acid and explain why three molecules of carbon dioxide are produced.
Each molecule of pyruvic acid has three carbon atoms, while each molecule of carbon dioxide only has one.
Why are there three carbon dioxide molecules created?Explanation: If we start with one molecule of pyruvate, three carbon dioxide molecules are created during cellular respiration. The first is created by pyruvate dehydrogenase's intermediate step, which transforms pyruvate into acetyl-CoA. When D-isocitrate is changed into alpha-ketoglutarate, the second is created.
Why just three bonds can carbon form?If a quadruple bond were to form, it would point away from the two carbon atoms. The other three bonds would need to be severely bent in order for this bond to exist, which is extremely inefficient in terms of energy. Thus, the creation of the quadruple bond is prevented by this strain.
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which of the following can help initiate a sluggish grignard reaction? (select all that apply)a. waterb. a crystal of iodinec. a few drops of preformed grignard reagentd. a sonicatorb. a crystal of iodinec. a few drops of preformed grignard reagentd. a sonicator
a crystal of iodine, a sonicator, a few drops of performing Grignard reagent.
What is the purpose of a sonicator?Sonicators are high-frequency (20 kHz) devices that agitate particles in liquids using ultrasonic radiation.These tools are used to speed up a wide range of procedures, including sample preparation, cell disruption, cleaning, degassing, and mixing.
The sonicator principle is what?Small vacuum bubbles are formed in the liquid when low pressure is applied because this causes high-intensity ultrasonic waves to be created.In the high-pressure cycle, bubbles disintegrate as soon as they reach their saturation point.Cavitation is the name of this procedure.
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part a - identify the product of radioactive decay identify the product of radioactive decay and classify the given nuclear reactions accordingly. drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
The daughter of the parent isotope, which is the end result of a radioactive decay process, may be unstable in which case it will also degrade. Up till a stable nuclide has been produced, the process goes on.
Nuclear reactions are collisions between two nuclei or between a nucleus and an outside subatomic particle that result in the creation of one or more new nuclides in nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry. Consequently, at least one nuclide must change throughout a nuclear reaction.
Ionizing radiation is released as a result of radioactive decay. Among the ionising radiation that is released are alpha, beta, and/or gamma rays. Unbalanced atoms known as radionuclides are the site of radioactive decay. The release of energy in the form of ionising radiation occurs during radioactive decay. Alpha particles, beta particles, and/or gamma rays are all examples of the ionising radiation that is released.
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Determine how many grams of CO2 are produced by burning 7.49 g of C4H10
22.704 grams of CO2 are produced by burning 7.49 g of C4H10
This can be calculated as :
The basic reaction is: C4H10 + O2 = CO2 + H2O
We have 4 carbons for each reactant molecule, and this reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. We, therefore, need to show 4 CO2 molecules to consume these 4 carbons.
C4H10 + O2 = 4CO2 + H2ONext, let's balance the H atoms. The 10 H atoms from the C4H10 must find a home in the water molecules. 5 water molecules can be made from 10 hydrogen atoms.
C4H10 + O2 = 4CO2 + 5H2OThe only atom left is oxygen. So far, the product side contains 13 O atoms (8 from the CO2 and 5 from the H2O). Awkward, since oxygen only comes in pairs, an even number. Let's use a fraction, 6.5, for the O2 for now, just to get it balanced:
C4H10 + 6.5O2 = 4CO2 + 5H2OThis equation is balanced, but not legal since we can't have 1/2 of an O2 molecule. So simply multiply all coefficients by 2:
2C4H10 + 13O2 = 8CO2 + 10H2OThe equation is now properly balanced. It is telling us that we'll get 8 moles of CO2 for every 2 moles of C4H10. That's a molar ratio of 4CO2/1 C4H8.
Let's find the moles of C4H8. Divide the grams of C4H8 by its molar mass (58.04g/mole).
7.49g/(58.04g/mole) = 0.12904 moles C4H8 .Now multiply moles C4H8 by the molar ratio we calculated above:
(0.12904 moles C4H8 )*(4 moles CO2/1 moles C4H8) = 0.516 moles CO2Convert to grams CO2 by multiplying by CO2's molar mass:
(0.516 moles CO2)*(44 g/mole CO2) = 22.704 gramsTo learn more about the properties of butane:
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A 22.02 ml solution containing 1.615 g of magnesium nitrate is mixed with a 28.64 ml solution containing 1.073 g of sodium hydroxide. a precipitate forms. calculate the total concentration of ions remaining in solution after the reaction is complete. assume that the volumes are additive.
The total concentration of ions remaining in the solution is 0.0007 M.
To solve this problem, we need to determine the concentration of both magnesium nitrate and sodium hydroxide before the solutions are mixed, and then use the reaction between magnesium nitrate and sodium hydroxide to determine the concentration of ions remaining in solution after the reaction is complete.
To calculate the total concentration of ions remaining in solution after the reaction is complete, we need to first determine the number of moles of each reactant present before the reaction occurs. To do this, we can use the molar mass of each compound to convert the mass of each compound to moles.
First, we can calculate the number of moles of magnesium nitrate present in the 22.02 mL solution:
Number of moles of magnesium nitrate = (1.615 g magnesium nitrate) / (148.32 g/mol magnesium nitrate) = 0.0109 moles magnesium nitrate
Next, we can calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide present in the 28.64 mL solution:
Number of moles of sodium hydroxide = (1.073 g sodium hydroxide) / (40.00 g/mol sodium hydroxide) = 0.0268 moles sodium hydroxide
Now that we know the number of moles of each reactant, we can use the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between magnesium nitrate and sodium hydroxide to determine the number of moles of each product that will be formed:
Magnesium nitrate + Sodium hydroxide -> Magnesium hydroxide + Sodium nitrate
1 mole magnesium nitrate + 1 mole sodium hydroxide -> 1 mole magnesium hydroxide + 1 mole sodium nitrate
Since we have 0.0109 moles of magnesium nitrate and 0.0268 moles of sodium hydroxide, the number of moles of each product that will be formed is also 0.0109 moles for magnesium hydroxide and 0.0268 moles for sodium nitrate.
Finally, we can use the number of moles of each product and the total volume of the solution to calculate the concentration of each product in the solution. The total volume of the solution is 22.02 mL + 28.64 mL = 50.66 mL.
The concentration of magnesium hydroxide in the solution is:
(0.0109 moles magnesium hydroxide) / (50.66 mL solution) = 0.0002 M magnesium hydroxide
The concentration of sodium nitrate in the solution is:
(0.0268 moles sodium nitrate) / (50.66 mL solution) = 0.0005 M sodium nitrate
The total concentration of ions remaining in the solution after the reaction is complete is the sum of the concentration of the magnesium ions and the concentration of the sodium ions. The concentration of the magnesium ions is 0.0002 M, and the concentration of the sodium ions is 0.0005 M, so the total concentration of ions remaining in the solution is 0.0002 M + 0.0005 M = 0.0007 M.
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