For each of the following DNA sequences, write the complementary RNA sequence.

ITS B ITS B ITS B ITS B ITS B

Dark skin (a result of increased melanin production) likely a response to ultraviolet (UV) radiation because UV radiation can cause Skin cancer.

This is due to an increase in melanin production through increased synthesis of -melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-Msh), which is mediated by Protein 53 (p53), in response to DNA damage produced by ultraviolet radiation (UVR) (76).

Why is a person with a darker complexion more protected from the sun's UV rays?

Persons with naturally darker skin are less likely to get burnt than people with lighter complexion, as melanin helps to partially block off harmful UV rays. Your risk of developing skin cancer, including melanoma, is increased by sunburns.

Thus from above conclusion we can say that dark skin (a result of increased melanin production) likely a response to ultraviolet (UV) radiation because UV radiation can cause Skin cancer.

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The specified reaction rate at the test line: the complexes have been eluted by way of 500 μg/ml, The x-axis shows the time following the primary advantageous RRT-PCR take a look at (A). Dotted lines denote the assay cutoff for superb effects.

Any substance recognized as foreign by way of the immune gadget is called an antigen. Antigens are also considered immunogens. Antigens are recognized to trigger the immune device. They may be endogenous, exogenous, or autoantigens. Examples of antigens are pollen, bacteria, parasitic worms, and viruses.

In immunology, an antigen is a molecule or molecular structure or any overseas particulate depend or a pollen grain that may bind to a selected antibody or T-cell receptor. The presence of antigens inside the body may additionally trigger an immune response. The three extensive methods to outline antigens encompass exogenously (overseas to the host immune machine), endogenous (produced by intracellular microorganisms and viruses replicating interior a number mobile), and autoantigens (produced with the aid of the host).

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Suppose various legume plant parts are rubbed with a protein gel. The root plant part is most likely to test positive for nitrogenase.

In agriculture, legumes are farmed largely for their food grain seed (beans, lentils, or typically pulses), feed and silage for livestock, and as soil-improving green manure. scrambled eggs on toast with baked beans on top.

Pea and bean plants are the most widely consumed legumes. While peas might have edible or shelled pods, pole or bush beans have long, slender pods. Beans with no strings are simpler to eat, while snow or sugar peas' soft shells make the entire pea delightful when consumed whole.

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Water in the chloroplast acts as a reducing agent which provides H⁺ ions that convert NADP to NADPH which is then utilized in Krebs cycle. NADPH is an important reducing agent present in chloroplasts.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants prepare their own food with the help of sunlight which is trapped in the chlorophyll molecules present in the chloroplast. Chloroplast contains different pigments which include chlorophyll a, b, and accessory pigments.

Chlorophyll b absorbs mostly the blue and yellow colored light with less intensity. This reflects green-colored light which makes the plant look green.

Anthocyanin is an accessory pigment. These are water-soluble vacuole pigments which looks red, purple, blue, or black depending on the pH.

Chlorophyll a has the maximal absorption in the red light region with 642 nm and in the blue region with 372 nm. Whereas, chlorophyll b has the absorption maximum values 626 nm and 392 nm, respectively.

The leaf with the green color will show the lowest amount of starch in it. This is because plants absorb blue and red light more than the green light which will affect the photosynthesis rate. Therefore, less amount of starch is produced.

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True, Early data also suggests that metformin is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory women with pcos.

What is PCOS?

PCOS with full meaning "Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is a common disorder of the endocrine system that is diagnosed based on inclusion criteria of an ovulation or oligo–ovulation, presence of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. From research, it has shown that many women with PCOS also have hyperinsulinemia, leading to over production of ovarian androgens. This has led to several studies on the use of the insulin–sensitizing agent metformin in inducing ovulation in women with PCOS. Metformin combined with the fertility drug clomiphene citrate (clomid) has shown to be more effective than the placebo in stimulating ovulation. While metformin has not yet gained the title of a first–line pharmacological agent for ovulation induction, research shows it has many benefits in PCOS treatment.

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Answer:here are three main steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis; the citric acid (TCA) or the Krebs cycle; and the electron transport chain, where oxidative phosphorylation occurs. The TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation require oxygen, while glycolysis can occur in anaerobic conditions.

Glycolysis is the initial breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, a three carbon structure, in the cytoplasm. The pyruvate then moves into the mitochondrial matrix where a transition step called pyruvate oxidation takes place. In this process, pyruvate dehydrogenase converts the three-carbon pyruvate to the two-carbon acetyl-CoA. The TCA cycle begins when acetyl-CoA combines with a four-carbon oxaloacetate in order to form the six-carbon citrate. Because each molecule of glucose produces 2 pyruvate molecules, it takes two turns through the Krebs cycle to completely break down the original glucose.

Finally, the electron transport chain is a series of redox reactions powered by high energy electrons that pumps protons across the membrane, creating a proton gradient. Together, an electrochemical gradient is created. At the end of the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor, O2, combines with protons to produce water (H2O). Meanwhile, ATP synthase uses the movement of protons back into the mitochondrial matrix for ATP synthesis.

Explanation:

The phylum has very few surviving species, and are tropical and subtropical plants with stout, trunk-like stems, and compound leaves that resemble those of palms or tree ferns is  Cycadophyta. 

The well known example is Cycas. There are found stout, trunk like structure  in stems. They have compund leaf and resembles with fern leaves. There are found very few surviving species. 

What are cycadophytes?
Any member of the wide group of extinct or nearly extinct primitive gymnospermous plants is a cycadophyte. Although some botanists prefer to limit the name "cycadophyte" to those belonging to the division Cycadophyta, three families of prehistoric seed plants—of which seed ferns and cycadeoids are only represented by extinct forms—are treated here. A third group, the order Cycadales (cycads), has 11 extant genera and roughly 310 species as of the present.

Therefore the answer is B. Cycadophytes.

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Answer:

Biodiversity is the variability of living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic habitats, and the ecological complexes to which they belong ; this involves the variety of species, species and ecosystems.The significance of this concept is that the many aspects of biodiversity are drawn to attention. It explicitly acknowledges that each bio ta can be described by its taxonomic, ecological, and genetic diversity and that a main characteristic of biodiversity is how these dimensions of diversity differ over moment and space. Therefore, only a multidimensional biodiversity evaluation can provide insights into the connection between changes in biodiversity and changes in the functioning of ecosystems and ecosystem services.

Tumor suppressor proteins are the regulatory proteins that prevent cells from entering the s phase under conditions of DNA damage.

What are regulatory proteins?

These are the proteins that interact with RNA polymerase and affect the role of transcription. These proteins bind to regions near the promoter where the RNA polymerase binds to initiate the transcription of DNA to mRNA.

Tumor suppressor protein acts to inhibit cell proliferation and tumor development. These cells slow down cell division and make cells die at the right time (apoptosis or programmed cell death).

Retinoblastoma protein was the first tumor suppressor protein that plays a central role as a negative regulator of the cell cycle. These proteins are used mostly for the reduction of cancer by inhibiting the growth of tumor cells through apoptosis. Mostly they block the cell cycle at the g1(gap 1) phase.

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Answer:

glucose

Explanation:

The order of information flow from the primary sensory afferent to the lower motor neuron is option(a) i.e, dorsal root ganglion, dorsal horn, ventral horn.

The nerve fibers that carry sensory data from the outside environment into the brain are known as afferent neurons, also referred to as sensory afferent neurons. Special senses like vision, hearing, smell, or taste, as well as the senses of touch, pain, and temperature, can all play a role in sensory information.

The signal from the higher motor neuron is sent to the effector's muscle by the lower motor neuron, which then causes the muscle to move. Somatic motor neurons, specific visceral efferent (branchial), and generic visceral motor neurons are the three main subtypes of lower motor neurons. Somatic motor neurons, specific visceral efferent (branchial), and generic visceral motor neurons are the three main subtypes of lower motor neurons.

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The tendon tap reflex can be elicited by a stretch in a muscle. What is the order of information flow from the primary sensory afferent to the lower motor neuron?

a. dorsal root ganglion, dorsal horn, ventral horn

b. dorsal horn, dorsal root, ventral horn

c. ventral root, ventral horn, dorsal horn, dorsal root

Answer:

The answer is compound microscope

Answer:

Golgi apparatus

Explanation:

Stack of membranes which contains enzymes that attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins. lysosome. small membranous sac filled with enzymes used to break down breakdown matter or old cells!

climate change is the  a shift in an area's typical weather patterns. Climate change is a result of a variety of natural and anthropogenic (caused by humans) processes. Although climate change has always occurred on Earth, as is shown from the geological record, it is the current rate and severity that are causing so much anxiety on a global scale. The atmosphere's greenhouse gases trap heat radiation.

Causes of climate change

Human activity can be seen a major cause of climate change because of the greenhouse gas emissions we produce, humans are mostly to blame for climate change. As heat from the sun travels through Earth's atmosphere, greenhouse gases capture it.

Naturally  a volcanic eruption is commonly known to alters the climate due to volcanic activity leading to climate change

From my perspective  major benefit of climate change  include lower energy demand for heating and crop fertilization with carbon dioxide, while the negative  effect can be seen as increased temperature because of an increase in atmospheric gases caused by industrial activities

Conclusively Climate change can affect our health, ability to grow food, housing, safety and work.

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Ovarian cells with nondisjunction either have two X chromosomes or none. When the former is fertilized by a sperm that contains Y, it causes Klinefelter syndrome, and when the latter is fertilized by a sperm that has X, it causes Turner syndrome.

Nondisjunction occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to properly separate during meiosis. As a result, gametes that have more or fewer chromosomes than typical ones are produced. As a result, the person may grow a trisomal or monosomal syndrome. Both Meiosis I and Meiosis II of the cellular division might result in non-disjunction. Many aberrant medical diseases, such as Down's syndrome, Patau's syndrome, Edward's syndrome, and Turner's syndrome, are caused by it. Many genetic problems are also primarily caused by it, but its exact origin and mechanism are yet unknown. Both paternal and maternal meiosis I have an impact on it, even though maternal meiosis II mistakes cause it in the majority of cases.

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The Cyanocytta crystal commonly known as a Blue jay is native of eastern North America, it lives in deciduous and coniferous forests, though can be found in certain urban areas. It feeds mostly on seeds, sometimes even stockpile generating seed banks, or on rare occasions can feed on small invertebrates and vertebrates si can be considered as mainly a primary consumer.

Model B would be better for nutrient exchange because it has a larger ratio of surface area to volume. This measure allows a larger area of contact with the extracellular space, and therefore a more efficient nutrient exchange mechanism relative to total cell volume.

Van Helmont in his experiment concluded tried to answer that the plants growth does not only depend upon the minerals present in the soil as he observed there was no change in the mineral content of soil however the plant gained 75kgs weight.

Van Helmont planted a tree, watered the tree and then left it for 5 years. He then re-weighed the tree after 5 years, which had its mass increased by over 12 stones. He then dried the soil and weighed it again, showed that the mass of soil was almost the same. He then concluded that the tree grew by drinking water and not only by the minerals present in soil.

Trichomes are defined as the unicellular or multicellular appendages the extends from the stem above-ground epidermal cells in the plants. These appendages play an important role in the development of plants. Trichomes are the root modifications. Trichomes help in the protection dispersal of fruits and seeds and reduction in water loss in plants.

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Answer: Identical copy

Explanation:

cloning, the process of generating a genetically identical copy of a cell or an organism. Cloning happens often in nature—for example, when a cell replicates itself asexually without any genetic alteration or recombination. Prokaryotic organisms (organisms lacking a cell nucleus) such as bacteria create genetically identical duplicates of themselves using binary fission or budding.

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Fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids are the only sources that can not be used to directly make glucose.

The production of glucose is not possible using fatty acids or ketogenic amino acids. As acetyl-CoA cannot be transformed back to pyruvate due to the one-way nature of the transition reaction, it cannot be used as a fuel. As a result, because beta-oxidation results in the production of acetyl-CoA, fatty acids cannot be used to create glucose.

Both the kidneys and the liver engage in glucose synthesis. The diabetes-causing hormones promote the synthesis of glucose (glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine, and cortisol).

Examples of gluconeogenic substrates include glycerol, lactate, propionate, and a few amino acids. The dicarboxylic acid shuttle moves hydrocarbons from pyruvate to PEP during the gluconeogenesis pathway.

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True, decomposers utilize and recycle the lost energy in an ecosystem by breaking down dead organisms at any trophic level and their wastes.

Decomposers are essential to an ecosystem's ability to transfer energy. They disassemble decomposing organisms into more straightforward inorganic components, releasing nutrients for use by primary producers.

Biomass is cycled back into the food chain by decomposers who transform it into carbon dioxide and nutrients. This process results in the release of heat as energy.

In aquatic habitats, the matter is recycled back to the water while in terrestrial situations, decomposers return nutrients from a dead plant or animal waste to the soil.

Decomposers convert decaying and dead animals into minerals. These minerals combine with the soil and are subsequently utilized by plants.

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Answer:  Bacteria.

Explanation:  Bacteria is one of the only organisms that reside in the mouth that can feed off of the carbohydrates in food left behind.  Epithelial Cells cannot cause tooth decay, viruses need a host and can’t directly cause tooth decay either, and fungi can’t destroy enamel by feeding off of carbohydrates.

The genotype of the cross is 50% Aa and 50% aa.

The phenotype of the cross is 50% side flower and 50% end flower.

The problem here has to do with a crossing involving a single gene. That is a monohybrid cross. Crosses involving two traits are known as dihybrid crosses.

Let us assume that the side flower allele is represented by A (since it is the dominant allele) and the end flower allele by a (the recessive allele). The dominant allele masks the expression of the recessive allele when they are together.  Hence:

The genotype of a homzygous recessive plant = aa

The genotype of a heterozygous plant = Aa

Crossing Aa and aa:

                 Aa    x    aa

            Aa   Aa   aa   aa

The genotype of the offspring from the cross:

    = 50%(1/2) Aa and  50% (1/2) aa

The phenotype of the offspring from the cross:

    = 50% Aa (side flowered) and 50% aa (end flowered)

Thus:

See the attached image for Punnet's square.

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Burning fossil fuels releases large amounts of carbon dioxide.

Answer:

(B.) carbon dioxide

Explanation:

k12 quiz

In order to perceive forms and patterns for incoming stimuli, individual utilizes :

a.) Feature analysis

Feature analysis theorizes that humans and animals have neurons and neural networks that function as detectors for observing individual features of all the object and pattern around us.

Feature analysis is one of the aspect of pattern recognition. This theory relies on the notion that we perceive different features of objects we see and use these features with to identify and categorize them.

Feature-matching theories propose that we decompose visual patterns into a set of critical features that we try to match with the features stored in our memory.

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A molecule is a group of two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds and are the structural components of chemical compounds. For example, ATP.

ATP, abbreviation for Adenosine Triphosphate, is a energy molecule found in all living forms. It is a coenzyme that transfers energy to cells by releasing its phosphate groups when used with enzymes like ATP triphosphatase. An adenine bicyclic system, a furanose ring, and a triphosphate chain make up the molecule.

Chloroplast is a plastid or an organelle found in plants and algae. It generally conducts photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a process by which plants synthesize their food by using water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide from air and convert it into oxygen and energy in the form of starch.

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During intense, all-out exertion, there is a point known as the lactate threshold at which lactate accumulates in the bloodstream more quickly than the body can eliminate it.

A level of effort or work at which more lactate is generated in cells than can be used. Anaerobic glycolysis, which takes place in anoxic settings, is the only process that can make up the deficit. You can raise your lactate threshold by running intervals. Interval training involves frequently exceeding your lactate threshold while jogging a predetermined distance at your highest speed, followed by a recovery pause.

For instance, you might decide to sprint 400 metres around a track. Once your run has lasted ten minutes, check your heart rate. Run on for another 30 minutes, then stop and take your heart rate. To calculate the average, add your heart rate at 10 minutes and at 30 minutes, then divide by 2. This is a rough estimation of your heart rate at lactate threshold.

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