The critical points function relative extrema and saddle points.
(a) f(x, y) = x - x2 - y2 =f(x, y) = 0: x - x² - y²= 0
(b) f(x, y) = (x + 1)(y – 2)=: x + 1 = 0 and y - 2 = 0.
(c) f(x, y) = sin(xy)= cos(xy),
(d) f(x, y) = xy(x - 1)= (0, 0) and (1, y)
(a) For the function f(x, y) = x - x² - y²
To find the critical points, to find where the gradient is zero or undefined. The gradient of f(x, y) is given by (∂f/∂x, ∂f/∂y):
∂f/∂x = 1 - 2x
∂f/∂y = -2y
Setting both partial derivatives to zero,
1 - 2x = 0 -> x = 1/2
-2y = 0 -> y = 0
The only critical point is (1/2, 0).
To determine the nature of the critical point, examine the second-order partial derivatives:
∂²f/∂x² = -2
∂²f/∂y² = -2
∂²f/∂x∂y = 0
The determinant of the Hessian matrix is Δ = ∂²f/∂x² * ∂²f/∂y² - (∂²f/∂x∂y)² = (-2)(-2) - (0)² = 4.
Since Δ > 0 and ∂²f/∂x² = -2 < 0, the critical point (1/2, 0) is a local maximum.
To sketch the level sets, set f(x, y) to different constant values and plot the corresponding curves. For example:
f(x, y) = -1: x - x² - y² = -1
This equation represents a circle with radius 1 centered at (1/2, 0).
f(x, y) = 0: x - x² - y² = 0
This equation represents a parabolic shape that opens downward.
(b) For the function f(x, y) = (x + 1)(y - 2):
To find the critical points, we set both partial derivatives to zero:
∂f/∂x = y - 2 = 0 -> y = 2
∂f/∂y = x + 1 = 0 -> x = -1
The only critical point is (-1, 2).
To determine the nature of the critical point, we can examine the second-order partial derivatives:
∂²f/∂x² = 0
∂²f/∂y² = 0
∂²f/∂x∂y = 1
Since the second-order partial derivatives are all zero, we cannot determine the nature of the critical point based on them. We need further analysis.
To sketch the level sets, set f(x, y) to different constant values and plot the corresponding curves. For example:
f(x, y) = 0: (x + 1)(y - 2) = 0
This equation represents two lines: x + 1 = 0 and y - 2 = 0.
(c) For the function f(x, y) = sin(xy):
To find the critical points, both partial derivatives to zero:
∂f/∂x = ycos(xy) = 0 -> y = 0 or cos(xy) = 0
∂f/∂y = xcos(xy) = 0 -> x = 0 or cos(xy) = 0
From y = 0 or x = 0, the critical points (0, 0).
When cos(xy) = 0, xy = (2n + 1)π/2 for n being an integer. In this case, infinitely many critical points.
To determine the nature of the critical points, we can examine the second-order partial derivatives:
∂²f/∂x² = -y²sin(xy)
∂²f/∂y² = -x²sin(xy)
∂²f/∂x∂y = (1 - xy)cos(xy)
Since the second-order partial derivatives involve the trigonometric functions sin(xy) and cos(xy), it is challenging to determine the nature of the critical points without further analysis.
To sketch the level set f(x, y) to different constant values and plot the corresponding curves.
(d) For the function f(x, y) = xy(x - 1):
To find the critical points, both partial derivatives to zero:
∂f/∂x = y(x - 1) + xy = 0 -> y(x - 1 + x) = 0 -> y(2x - 1) = 0
∂f/∂y = x(x - 1) = 0
From y(2x - 1) = 0, y = 0 or 2x - 1 = 0. This gives us the critical points (0, 0) and (1/2, y) for any y.
From x(x - 1) = 0, x = 0 or x = 1. These values correspond to the critical points (0, 0) and (1, y) for any y.
To determine the nature of the critical points, examine the second-order partial derivatives:
∂²f/∂x² = 2y
∂²f/∂y² = 0
∂²f/∂x∂y = 2x - 1
For the critical point (0, 0), the second-order partial derivatives are ∂²f/∂x² = 0, ∂²f/∂y² = 0, and ∂²f/∂x∂y = -1. Based on the second partial derivative test, this critical point is a saddle point.
For the critical points (1, y) and (1/2, y) where y can be any value, the second-order partial derivatives are ∂²f/∂x² = 2y, ∂²f/∂y² = 0, and ∂²f/∂x∂y = 1. The nature of these critical points depends on the value of y.
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Find the lateral surface area.
Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
Rhonda has an extra credit protect to make a rectangular prism whit the volume of at least 24 in*3 . if the area of her base is 6 in*3 , which inequality would represent all the possible heights, h, of her prism in order to meet her teachers requirements
A. h > 4
B. h > 8
C. h < 4
D. h < 8
Im not sure how to do this can someone please help me only answer if you know
Answer:
57%
Step-by-step explanation:
FORMULA:LESS/TOTAL × 100%
=52/92 × 100%
=56.52 %
ROUND OFF TO NEAREST WHOLE NUMBER
56.52%=57%
(because the 5 after the (.) is near 1)
Solve the inequality below and identify the correct answer: X - 2<-4
Answer:
x < -2 ?
Step-by-step explanation:
What is the surface area of this right rectangular prism glass slab with dimensions of 20 inches by 3 inches by 12 inches?
a.576
b.588
c.672
d.648
Answer:
C. 672
Step-by-step explanation:
Answer:
C) 672
Step-by-step explanation:
can some one please help. 4789658953 round to the nearest 10th
mean =
mean absolute deviation =
Answer:
i believe your answer is.
4,789,658,950
Step-by-step explanation:
PLEASE HELP THIS IS MATHHHHH
what inequality??????
Which of the following statements best describes the value of the expression 6x + 7 when x = 5?
Answer:
? is there a option?
Step-by-step explanation:
Answer:
37
Step-by-step explanation:
6x+7
6(5)+7
37
Suppose X is an exponential random variable, show that E(X²) = 2/λ²
The exponential distribution is a continuous probability distribution that is widely used in probability theory and statistics. In probability theory, an exponential random variable is a continuous random variable that represents the waiting time between events in a Poisson process.
Suppose X is an exponential random variable. We have to show that E(X²) = 2/λ². We can show this by using the definition of expectation that is, E(X) = ∫[0,∞] xf(x) dx
where f(x) is the probability density function of X.
Similarly, E(X²) = ∫[0,∞] x²f(x) dx
We know that the probability density function of an exponential distribution with parameter λ is given by f(x) = λe^(-λx)So, E(X²) = ∫[0,∞] x²λe^(-λx) dx
Using integration by parts, we have ∫[0,∞] x²λe^(-λx) dx= [-x²e^(-λx)/λ] + [2xe^(-λx)/λ²] + [(-2/λ³)e^(-λx)]∞ 0= (2/λ²)
E(X²) = 2/λ².
The exponential distribution is a continuous probability distribution that is widely used in probability theory and statistics. In probability theory, an exponential random variable is a continuous random variable that represents the waiting time between events in a Poisson process.
Suppose X is an exponential random variable. We have to show that E(X²) = 2/λ². We can show this by using the definition of expectation that is, E(X) = ∫[0,∞] xf(x) dx
where f(x) is the probability density function of X.
Similarly, E(X²) = ∫[0,∞] x²f(x) dx
We know that the probability density function of an exponential distribution with parameter λ is given by f(x) = λe^(-λx)So, E(X²) = ∫[0,∞] x²λe^(-λx) dx
Using integration by parts, we have ∫[0,∞] x²λe^(-λx) dx= [-x²e^(-λx)/λ] + [2xe^(-λx)/λ²] + [(-2/λ³)e^(-λx)]∞ 0= (2/λ²)Therefore, the main answer to this question is E(X²) = 2/λ².
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Please help !!!!!!!!!
Answer:
5
Step-by-step explanation:
3x -12 = -36
-36 ÷ -3 = 12
-7 + 12 = 5
Answer:
The value of -7 + 3(-12) ÷ (-3) is 5
Step-by-step explanation:
First: -7 + -36 ÷ (-3)
Second: -7 + 12
Third: = 5
Therefore your value of this equation is 5.
your welcome.
f(x) = 9x-7. If f(x)= -7, find x.
Answer: the answer is 56
Step-by-step explanation: since the f(x) is -7 it would be 9 times -7 then minus 7 and get the answer.
e. 15 = 1.5t t=? Solve please
Answer:
E Z
10
Step-by-step explanation:
15 = 1.5t
so t = 15/1.5
= 10
Answer: t = 10
1. Switch sides
- 1.5t = 15
2. Multiply both sides by 10
- 15t = 150
3. Divide both sides by 15
4. Simplify
t = 10
Provide an appropriate response, Compute the standardized test statistic x 2 to test the claim o 2.38.7 it n - 12. 52-32.4, and a -0.05. O 0.492 12.961 18.490 9.209
The standardized test statistic is 12.961
To test the claim that σ = 2.38.7 with n - 12, a = -0.05 and 52-32.4,
we need to calculate the standardized test statistic.
The appropriate response is 12.961.
So, the standardized test statistic is calculated as follows:
`x = (n - 1)s² / σ²`
Where `n` is the sample size, `s` is the sample standard deviation, and `σ` is the population standard deviation.
`n = 12, s = 52 - 32.4 = 19.6, and σ = 2.38.7`
Then, `x² = (12 - 1)(19.6)² / (2.38.7)² = 12.961`
Therefore, the appropriate response is 12.961`.
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Veterinarians often use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to treat lameness in horses. A group of veterinary researchers wanted to find out how widespread the price is in the United States. They obtained a list of all veterinarians treating large animals, including horses. They send questionnaires to all the veterinarians on the list. Such a survey is called a cemus. The response rate was 40%. What is the population of interest? a all veterinarians Oball veterinarians treating large animals e all veterinarians in the United States treating large animals, including horses d. All of the answer options are correct.
The population of interest in this case is (d) All of the answer options are correct. It includes all veterinarians, all veterinarians treating large animals, and all veterinarians in the United States treating large animals, including horses.
The population of interest in this study is defined as all veterinarians in the United States who treat large animals, including horses. This population includes all individuals who fit this criteria, regardless of their location or any other specific characteristics.
The researchers wanted to gather information about the prevalence of using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treating lameness in horses among veterinarians in the United States. To do this, they obtained a list of all veterinarians who treat large animals, including horses, and sent questionnaires to each of them.
The response rate refers to the percentage of veterinarians who completed and returned the questionnaires out of the total number of questionnaires sent. In this case, the response rate was 40%, meaning that 40% of the veterinarians who received the questionnaires responded to them.
By surveying a representative sample of veterinarians, the researchers can gather information and make inferences about the larger population of veterinarians in the United States who treat large animals, including horses. The data collected from the survey can provide insights into the widespread use of NSAIDs for treating lameness in horses and contribute to the overall understanding of veterinary practices in this context.
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Recall the set T form part 1 of the test: T = {(z,y) € NxN: 1≤z+y≤ 4, z 21 and y ≥ 1}. Moreover, recall the joint pmf of two discrete random variables X and Y: Pxy (z,y) = P(X = 1, Y = y) = { (1+y), if (r,y) eT 0, otherwise. (a) (1 pt) Briefly explain why X and Y are dependent random variables. (b) (2 pts) Compute E[XY]. (c) (2 pts) Determine the covariance of X and Y. Hint. Use the marginal pmf you obtained from part 1 (along with symmetry between X and Y).
(a) Explanation: In order to prove that X and Y are dependent random variables, we need to show that: pX,Y(x,y)≠pX(x)pY(y) when (x,y) ∈ T which means the joint probability of X and Y is not equal to the product of the marginal probability of X and Y.
For (x,y) ∈ T, pX,Y(x,y) = P (X=1, Y=y) = 1+y
But pX(x) = P(X=1) = Σ pX,Y(1, y) = Σ (1+y)
where the summation is taken over all y for which (1, y) ∈ T. For (1,1) ∈ T,
we get pX,Y(1,1) = 2 and pX(1) = Σ pX,Y(1,y) = 2 + 3 = 5. So, pX,Y(1,1) ≠ pX(1)pY(1) which implies that X and Y are dependent random variables.
(b) E[XY] = Σ Σ xy pX,Y(x,y) where the summation is taken over all x and y for which pX,Y(x,y) > 0.
Substituting the values, we get, E[XY] = Σ Σ xy (1+y) where the summation is taken over all (x,y) ∈ T.
So, E[XY] = (1+1) (1+1) + (1+2) (1+2) + (1+3) (1+3) = 2*2 + 3*4 + 4*6 = 2 + 12 + 24 = 38.
(c) Covariance of X and Y can be determined as follows: Cov(X,Y) = E(XY) - E(X)E(Y)Now, E(X) = Σ x pX(x) and E(Y) = Σ y pY(y)
Substituting the values, we get E(X) = 5/9 and E(Y) = 20/9
Therefore, Cov(X, Y) = E(XY) - E(X)E(Y) = 38 - (5/9) (20/9) = 38 - 100/81 = 998/81.
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Evaluate the integral by reversing the order of integration 7/2 cosx V1+cosx dc dụ.
The evaluated integral is (7/4) (π - (3√3)/6) (rounded to an appropriate decimal approximation based on the given values of π and √3).
To evaluate the integral ∫∫(7/2 cos(x)) dV, where the region of integration is given by V: 1 ≤ c ≤ 2 and 0 ≤ x ≤ cos⁻¹(2c-1), we can reverse the order of integration.
Step 1: Write the integral with reversed order of integration:
∫∫(7/2 cos(x)) dc dx
Step 2: Determine the limits of integration for the reversed order. The variable c now varies from 1 to 2, and x varies from 0 to cos⁻¹(2c-1). Therefore, the integral becomes:
∫[1,2] ∫[0,cos⁻¹(2c-1)] (7/2 cos(x)) dx dc
Step 3: Integrate with respect to x first. The integral with respect to x is straightforward:
∫[1,2] [sin(x)] [0,cos⁻¹(2c-1)] (7/2) dc
Step 4: Evaluate the inner integral:
∫[1,2] [sin(cos⁻¹(2c-1))] (7/2) dc
Step 5: Simplify the inner integral using the trigonometric identity sin(cos⁻¹(u)) = √(1 - u²):
∫[1,2] [√(1 - (2c-1)²)] (7/2) dc
Step 6: Integrate with respect to c:
(7/2) ∫[1,2] [√(1 - (2c-1)²)] dc
Step 7: Evaluate the integral:
Using the trigonometric substitution u = sin(t), du = cos(t) dt, and the limits change to t: π/6 ≤ t ≤ π/2.
(7/4) ∫[π/6, π/2] [√(1 - sin²(t))] cos(t) dt
Step 8: Simplify the integrand:
(7/4) ∫[π/6, π/2] [cos²(t)] dt
Step 9: Apply the double-angle formula for cosine:
(7/4) ∫[π/6, π/2] [(1 + cos(2t))/2] dt
Step 10: Split the integral into two separate integrals:
(7/4) [∫[π/6, π/2] (1/2) dt + ∫[π/6, π/2] (cos(2t)/2) dt]
Step 11: Integrate each term separately:
(7/4) [(t/2) + (sin(2t)/4)] evaluated from π/6 to π/2
Step 12: Substitute the limits and simplify:
(7/4) [((π/2)/2 + (sin(2(π/2))/4) - ((π/6)/2) - (sin(2(π/6))/4)]
Step 13: Simplify further:
(7/4) [(π/4 + 0 - π/12 - (1/4)(√3/2))]
Step 14: Simplify and calculate the final value:
(7/4) [(π/4 - π/12 - (√3/8))]
= (7/4) [(3π - π - 3√3)/12]
= (7/4) [(2π - 3√3)/12]
= (7/4) (π - (3√3)/6)
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What is an outcome variable in a survey project? What
is its purpose?
In a survey project, an outcome variable refers to the variable that represents the main focus or result of interest in the study.
What is an outcome variable?In a survey project, the outcome variable, otherwise known as the dependent variable, represents the main focus or result of interest.
It is the variable researchers seek to measure or predict based on the collected data. The purpose of an outcome variable is to provide insights into the specific aspect being studied, enabling researchers to understand relationships between independent variables and the outcome.
Analyzing the outcome variable allows for drawing conclusions, identifying patterns, and determining the impact of various factors. It serves as a crucial metric for evaluating success, making informed decisions, and drawing meaningful conclusions from the survey findings.
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Can somebody help me please no links
Answer:
Lololololo9lolo9lkiujyhgdfbhjkifewkjuhgsdvcgfh
Step-by-step explanation:
y= 5x - 9; domain = { 1,3,7 }
what is the range values?
Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
range = [-4,6,26]
Step-by-step explanation:
y = 5x - 9.....domain = [1,3,7]....the domain is ur x values, and I am assuming ur looking for the y values that go with the x ones
y = 5x - 9.....when ur domain (ur x) = 1
y = 5(1) - 9
y = 5 - 9
y = -4
y = 5x - 9...when ur domain (x) = 3
y = 5(3) - 9
y = 15 - 9
y = 6
y = 5x - 9...when ur domain(x) is 7
y = 5(7) - 9
y = 35 - 9
y = 26
so ur range (ur y valus) = [-4,6,26]
The answer is 3/4 What could the question be?
Answer:
how many brain cells do you have compared to the average person?
Step-by-step explanation:
NEED HELP PLEASE AND THANK YOU.
40% of my grade
What is the relationship between the angles?!!???
write a quadratic function with leading coefficient 1 that has roots ofp.
A quadratic function with leading coefficient 1 and roots of p can be expressed as f(x) = (x - p)(x - p), which simplifies to f(x) = x^2 - 2px + p^2.
To construct a quadratic function with leading coefficient 1 and roots of p, we utilize the relationship between the roots and the factors of a quadratic equation. Since p is a root, the factors of the quadratic function would be (x - p) and (x - p). By multiplying these factors together, we obtain the quadratic function f(x) = (x - p)(x - p). Simplifying further, we can expand the expression:
f(x) = (x - p)(x - p) = x^2 - px - px + p^2 = x^2 - 2px + p^2
Hence, the quadratic function with leading coefficient 1 and roots of p is given by f(x) = x^2 - 2px + p^2. This form allows for easy identification of the coefficients and reveals that the constant term of the quadratic is p^2.
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PLSSS HELP IF YOU KNOW THISS:))
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires that cities monitor over 80 contaminants in their drinking water. Samples from the Lake Huron Water Treatment Plant gave the results shown here. All observations were below the allowable maximum, as shown by the reported range of contaminant levels. (presumably the mean would be the midrange) Allowable Substance Range Detected Maximum Origin of Substance Chromium 0.45 to 8.61 100 Discharge from steel and pulp mills, natural erosion Barium 0.006 to 0.018 2 Discharge from drilling wastes, metal refineries, natu Fluoride 1.04 to 1.14 Natural erosion, water additive, discharge from fertil aluminum factories For each substance, estimate the standard deviation o by assuming uniform distribution and normal distribution shown in Table 8.11 in Section 8.8. (Round your answers to 4 decimal places.) Uniform Distribution Normal Distribution Chromium Barium Fluoride
(i) The uniform and normal distribution for chromium is 2.4927 and 16.5762. (ii) The uniform and normal distribution for Barium is 0.0031 and 0.3323. (iii) The uniform and normal distribution for Fluoride is 0.0289 and 0.0167
For each substance, the standard deviation o is estimated by assuming uniform distribution and normal distribution. The uniform distribution standard deviation is computed using the formula as follows:
o = (b-a) / √12
where
a is the minimum value,
b is the maximum value.
The normal distribution standard deviation is calculated using the formula as follows:
o = (b - a) / 6.
Estimate the standard deviation o for each substance. Round your answers to 4 decimal places. Substance Chromium Barium Fluoride Uniform Distribution. The range of contaminant levels for chromium is from 0.45 to 8.61. The minimum value is 0.45 and the maximum value is 8.61.
(i) Chromium
Uniform distribution
o = (b-a) / √12
= (8.61 - 0.45) / √12
= 2.4927
≈ 2.4927 (rounded to 4 decimal places)
Normal Distribution
The maximum value for chromium is 100 and the minimum value is 0.45. Thus, the standard deviation o for chromium using normal distribution is:
o = (b-a) / 6
= (100 - 0.45) / 6
= 16.5762
≈ 16.5762 (rounded to 4 decimal places)
(ii) Barium
Uniform Distribution
The range of contaminant levels for barium is from 0.006 to 0.018. The minimum value is 0.006 and the maximum value is 0.018.
Thus, the standard deviation o for barium using uniform distribution is:
o = (b-a) / √12
= (0.018 - 0.006) / √12
= 0.0031
≈ 0.0031 (rounded to 4 decimal places)
Normal Distribution
The maximum value for barium is 2 and the minimum value is 0.006. Thus, the standard deviation o for barium using normal distribution is:
o = (b-a) / 6
= (2 - 0.006) / 6
= 0.3323
≈ 0.3323 (rounded to 4 decimal places)
(iii) Fluoride
Uniform Distribution
The range of contaminant levels for fluoride is from 1.04 to 1.14. The minimum value is 1.04 and the maximum value is 1.14. Thus, the standard deviation o for fluoride using uniform distribution is:
o = (b-a) / √12
= (1.14 - 1.04) / √12
= 0.0289
≈ 0.0289 (rounded to 4 decimal places)
Normal Distribution
The maximum value for fluoride is 1.14 and the minimum value is 1.04. Thus, the standard deviation o for fluoride using normal distribution is:
o = (b-a) / 6
= (1.14 - 1.04) / 6
= 0.0167
≈ 0.0167 (rounded to 4 decimal places).
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Complete Question:
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires that cities monitor over 80 contaminants in their drinking water. Samples from the Lake Huron Water Treatment Plant gave the results shown here. Only the range is reported, not the mean.
For each substance, estimate the standard deviation σ by using one of the methods shown in Table 8.11 in section 8.8. (Round your answers to 4 decimal places.)
(i) The uniform and normal distribution is Chromium.
(ii) The uniform and normal distribution is Barium.
(iii) The uniform and normal distribution is Fluoride.
Use the function f=d+1 to find the value of f when d=5.
Answer:
f = 6
Step-by-step explanation:
Plug in what you know then solve:
f = d + 1
f = 5 + 1
f = 6
Solve X
[tex] {16}^{ \frac{1}{5} } \times {2}^{x} = {8}^{ \frac{3}{4} } [/tex]
I got X= 9/10
am I right?
16^1/5 = 2^4/5 .. & .. 8^3/4 = 2^9/4
____________
2^4/5 × 2^x = 2^9/4
2^16/20 × 2^x = 2^45/20
2^[ ( 16/20 ) + x ] = 2^45/20
16/20 + x = 45/20
x = 45/20 - 16/20
x = 29/20
Please Answer This, the question is on the picture. it needs to be a fraction
will mark brainllest if its right, no links!
Answer:
x = 19.5 or 19 1/2
Step-by-step explanation:
cos 41 = 14.7/x
x = 19.5
how many yards are in 1 foot?
correct=brainliest
Answer:
0.333333
Step-by-step explanation:
0.333 yards are in one foot
In a recent year, a research organization found that 300 of the 433 respondents who reported earning less than $30,000 per year said they were social networking users. At the other end of the income scale, 353 of the 546 respondents reporting earnings of $75,000 or more were social networking users. Let any difference refer to subtracting high-income values from low-income values. Complete parts a through d below. Assume that any necessary assumptions and conditions are satisfied.
a) Find the proportions of each income group who are social networking users.
The proportion of the low-income group who are social networking users is ____
The proportion of the high-income group who are social networking users is_____
(Round to four decimal places as needed.)
b) What is the difference in proportions? _____(Round to four decimal places as needed.)
c) What is the standard error of the difference? _____(Round to four decimal places as needed.)
d) Find a 99% confidence interval for the difference between these proportions. _____
The proportion of the low-income group who are social networking users is approximately 0.6928, and the proportion of the high-income group who are social networking users is approximately 0.6464.
a) To find the proportions, we divide the number of social networking users in each income group by the total number of respondents in that group. For the low-income group, the proportion is 300/433 ≈ 0.6928. For the high-income group, the proportion is 353/546 ≈ 0.6464.
b) The difference in proportions is obtained by subtracting the proportion of the high-income group from the proportion of the low-income group. The difference is approximately 0.6928 - 0.6464 = 0.0464.
c) The standard error of the difference can be calculated using the formula SE = √[(p1(1-p1)/n1) + (p2(1-p2)/n2)], where p1 and p2 are the proportions of social networking users in each group, and n1 and n2 are the sample sizes of each group. Plugging in the values, we get SE ≈ √[(0.6928(1-0.6928)/433) + (0.6464(1-0.6464)/546)] ≈ 0.0348.
d) To construct a confidence interval for the difference between the proportions, we can use the formula CI = (difference ± critical value × SE). For a 99% confidence level, the critical value can be found using a standard normal distribution table, which is approximately 2.576. Plugging in the values, we get the 99% confidence interval ≈ (0.0464 ± 2.576 × 0.0348) ≈ (0.0464 ± 0.0685).
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Find the area of the shaded sector.