FILL IN THE BLANK. ________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.

Genomic imprinting, DNA methylation, and histone acetylation are all examples of Epigenetic phenomena.

Epigenetic phenomena is the field of science which determines how behaviors tend to change with environment and how it affects our gene functions and expression. Though these changes are not irreversible in nature, yet they determine the DNA sequence indirectly. DNA methylation refers to the addition of a methyl group, to the part of the DNA molecule which inhibits expression of certain genes. Genomic imprinting is the biological condition in which only one copy of gene is expressed while other is either suppressed or hidden. For example: Silver-Russell syndrome. Histone acetylation is a form of epigenetic change in which the chromatin architecture varies and regulates gene expression.

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Apart from being the major regulator of water balance in the body the effective circulating volume regulates sodium levels in the body as well.

The portion of the ECF that is inside the vascular space and efficiently perfusing the tissues is referred to as the effective circulating volume. Effective circulation volume and ECF volume both fluctuate with total body sodium storage, and both parameters do as well. Volume expands when sodium is added, and volume shrinks when sodium is removed.

Effective circulating volume, which relates to the capillary circulation's rate of perfusion, is not a quantity that can be measured. By adjusting cardiac output, renal sodium and water excretion, and vascular resistance, effective circulation volume is kept constant. Venous return, cardiac output, and blood pressure all drop with a decrease in effective circulation volume. Special volume receptors in the cardiopulmonary circulation and kidney detect decreases in volume and pressure and increase sympathetic tone, increasing arterial and venous constriction as well as cardiac contractility and heart rate.

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Biodiversity is all the different kinds of life you’ll find in one area—the variety of animals, plants, fungi, and even microorganisms like bacteria that make up our natural world. Each of these species and organisms work together in ecosystems, like an intricate web, to maintain balance and support life.

Some of the ways to protect biodiversity are:

1Conserve your water use: Fresh bodies of water are essential to biodiversity. Reducing the amount of water you use, by having a 5-minute shower or not running the water when washing up the dishes, can help protect vital wetlands.Plant scientists are also working to help conserve by developing crop varieties that use less water.

2Protect natural habitats: Human impact on the earth can have a devastating impact on biodiversity. Small steps like keeping to walking paths, and not stepping through flowers or crops, can help protect what is growing there.

3Support farmers: Farmers play a key role in conserving biodiversity.

With the help of biotechnology and plant science, farmers can grow more food on the same amount of land. This takes the pressure off the need to convert natural habitats into farmland.

4Reduce, reuse and recycle: Recycling reduces pollution by decreasing energy, electricity, and water consumption and the need for landfills. Not only can you recycle bottles and cans, but your local recycling center will usually allow you to recycle clothes, electrical goods and batteries.Programs around the world have collected and recycled almost 800,000 metric tons of empty pesticide containers and agricultural plastics in the last thirteen years. That is more than the weight of 100 Eiffel Towers.

5Plant local flowers, fruits and vegetables: Research the plants and vegetables that are local to your area and grow a variety. Each plant and vegetable helps to protect biodiversity and supports the wider ecosystem of your local area.

6Help the bees: Bees pollinate nearly 90% of plant species and they contribute to more than 35% of the world’s food supply, but they’re under threat from varroa mites. Plant scientists are developing cutting edge crop protection products to help farmers control the mites and protect precious bee populations.

)Educate yourself and others: Educating people about the importance of biodiversity conservation increases public awareness of the issue. As public awareness increases, people become more involved in caring about their environment.

With no anterior-posterior body axis, the infant would most likely grow into type D, according to the statement.

Bicoid protein promotes the expression of anterior gap genes such hunchback, orthodenticle, & buttonhead while suppressing the translation of downstream mRNA.

This embryo lacks workable bicoid mRNA and has bicoid mRNA pumped at the posterior end. Because it lacks fully functioning bicoid mRNA, the anterior end cannot develop, while the posterior end these have bicoid mRNA injected, the posterior tail won't develop, resulting in the absence of an anterior-posterior body axis. Normally, bicoid casein prevents the development of the posterior end and inhibits the establishment of the tail in.

Since there is no anterior-posterior body axis, the correct answer is D.

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Answer: A. The amount of DNA is doubled so that the two new cells each have the same original amount.

Explanation:

I will say the answer to this question is A; I am pretty sure. I remember learning that DNA makes a copy of itself before the beginning of mitosis. If I am wrong, I am sorry; it has been a long time since I learned this.

One method for doing it is to utilize nonlinear least-squares relapse to fit the whole informational index worldwide to the underneath condition to acquire best-fit values for every one of the motor constants.

For mixed-type inhibition, the convergence in the plot is given by [I] = −Ki and (v)/v= −Ki/K'i in the third quadrant, and in the extraordinary situation where Ki = K'i (noncompetitive inhibition) the crossing points happen where [I] = −Ki and (v)/v= −1. Noncompetitive inhibition is a unique sort of blended restraint, where the inhibitor predicaments both the free catalyst and the compound substrate complex with an equivalent proclivity. In such a circumstance, the response will fall, yet they will stay unaltered. Serious and non-cutthroat inhibitors can be distinguished by what they mean for a protein's action at various substrate focuses. Assuming an inhibitor is cutthroat, it will diminish response rate when there's very little substrate, but rather can be "out-contended" by bunches of the substrate.

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Cranial nerves that are classified as predominantly motor are:

IV , VI , III , XII , XI.

The cranial nerves are a group of 12 paired nerves located in the back of the brain. Cranial nerves transmit electrical signals from your brain to your face, neck, and torso. Your cranial nerves assist you in tasting, smelling, hearing, and feeling sensations. They also assist you in making facial expressions, blinking your eyes, and moving your tongue.

Some have special sensory functions, while others have somatic sensory functions, autonomic functions, somatic motor functions, or a mixture of the aforementioned functions. Motor functions are controlled by the oculomotor nerve, the trochlear nerve, the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (V3), the abducens nerve, the facial nerve, the glossopharyngeal nerve, the vagus nerve, the spinal accessory nerve, and the hypoglossal nerve.

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Hydrologist is likely to study methods of water conservation and decontamination.

A person who studies the distribution, quality circulation, and "physical properties" of the water on Earth's surface is known as a hydrologist. They investigate the reactions that occur when water reaches the surface of the earth, such as how snow and rainwater penetrate the soil and become groundwater. They investigate how surface water and groundwater evaporate back into the atmosphere or ultimately reach the oceans, as well as how rain, snow, and other forms of precipitation affect river flows or groundwater levels.

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Answer:

Up to about 50,000 years old.

Explanation:

Please give the brainliest.

The embryonic stage of gestation is the period after implantation, during which all the major organs and structures within the growing mammal are formed. Once the embryo is fully formed, it expands, grows, and continues to develop in what is known as the fetal development stage.

The initial stages of a multicellular organism's development. In sexually reproducing mammals, embryonic development begins as soon as the male sperm cell fertilizes the female egg cell. The zygote, which is made up of these two cells together, divides repeatedly to produce blastomere cells. The blastocoel, a hollow structure made of fluid that eventually fills the solid ball-shaped morula that make up the blastomeres. The object is subsequently referred to as a blastula or, in the case of animals, a blastocyst.

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Assuming resting conditions at sea level, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in systemic veins is 46 mm Hg.

In systemic veins, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 46 mm Hg. Alveoli have a low partial pressure of carbon dioxide compared to lung capillaries.

Carbon dioxide concentration is high in the veins as compared to the arteries because veins carry deoxygenated blood from body to the heart chambers. Thus, amount of oxygen is low in comparison to carbon dioxide.

Using network of arteries, veins and capillaries, the blood carries carbon dioxide to lungs and picks up oxygen.

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False (b). Diffusion is a kind of process that does not require energy.

Microorganisms, plants, and animals all benefit from the diffusion of tiny molecules as well as macromolecules (like proteins) in aqueous solutions. Diffusion plays a significant role in the drying of liquid mixes and solutions as well as the preparation of food. For example, during evaporations, scent components in fruit juice, coffee, and tea diffuse from solutions.

Products, waste, and occasionally enzymes diffuse out during fermentation while nutrients, oxygen, and sugar diffuse to the microbes. Urea, creatinine, and extra fluid are all removed from the blood by the kidneys. Patients with dysfunctional kidneys receive renal dialysis to eliminate waste materials from their blood.

The hemodialysis procedure involves pumping the patient's blood through a dialyzer while waste diffuses to the aqueous cleaning fluid across a semipermeable membrane.

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When a piece of chromosome breaks off and reattaches at another site on the same or another chromosome, this is called chromosomal translocation.

In the field of science, chromosomal translocation can be described as a process in which a region of genes that is present on one chromosome have the ability to break and jump from to another chromosome and join to the other chromosomes.

These genes that take part in the process of chromosomal translocation are referred to as the jumping genes. It is due to the phenomenon of chromosomal translocation that same regions of genes in one chromosome can be found in another chromosome as well.

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The digestive tract consists of the oral cavity and its associated organs (lips, teeth, tongue, and salivary glands),

The esophagus, the ruminant forestomachs (reticulum, rumen, omasum), and the true stomach in all species, the small intestine, the liver, the exocrine pancreas, the large intestine, and the rectum and anus.

Food could only travel through the body in one direction if the mouth and anus were separate. This improved digesting efficiency. An animal might continue to feed while digesting food and eliminating waste. Different regions of the digestive tract may become specialized for certain digestive tasks.

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Growth hormone enhances protein synthesis, decreases glucose use, and promotes the destruction of fats.

Growth hormone promotes early development and aids in the survival of tissues and organs through life. It is produced by the pituitary gland, a tiny organ at the bottom of the brain. However, the pituitary gland gradually reduces the amount of growth hormone it generates starting in middle life.

This natural slowdown has generated interest in the use of artificial human growth hormone (HGH) as a method of avoiding some of the aging-related changes, such as a decline in bone and muscle mass.

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The enzyme rubisco can catalyze two seemingly conflicting reactions, it is both a carboxylase and an oxygenase because when the enzyme first evolved there was very little oxygen in the primitive atmosphere.

A biological enzyme catalyst is a protein capable of reducing the activation energy requires to carry out a chemical reaction such as in this case the rubisco enzyme which acts both as oxygenase and carboxylase.

An oxygenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of molecular oxygen, while a carboxylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of carbon, which was facilitated in the primitive highly rich carbon atmosphere.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that a biological enzyme catalyst such as rubisco is able to catalyze the addition of oxygen and carbon, which was likely due to the conditions of the primitive atmosphere.

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b) Hummingbirds have the highest weight-specific total rate of evaporative water loss.

In the field of biology, hummingbirds can be described as small birds that have the ability to fly just like the majority of other birds. In order to fly, hummingbirds need to have a weight-specific rate for the loss of water.

This weight-specific loss of water by evaporation is higher in hummingbirds because in order to fly, the weight-to-surface ratio of the hummingbirds needs to be small. Hence, a higher amount of water is lost by evaporation in hummingbirds to maintain the specific weight required for flying.

Other options, like chicken, are not correct as chickens do not need to be weight-specific as they do not fly, and hence much of their water is stored rather than being evaporated.

The question will correctly be written as:

Which animal has the highest weight-specific total rate of evaporative water loss?

a) chicken

b) hummingbird

c) ostrich

d) screech

e) owl

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Living organisms create macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, and complex higher-order structures by recycling and reusing energy from the sun.

A cell has 3 elements: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm. . The nucleus is a structure inside the cell that incorporates the nucleolus and the maximum of the cellular's DNA. it's also in which maximum RNA is made.

Cells are the basic constructing blocks of all residing things. They offer shape for the body, absorb nutrients from meals, convert those vitamins into electricity, and perform specialized functions.

Cells provide shape and function for all dwelling matters, from microorganisms to people. Cells residence the organic equipment that makes the proteins, chemical substances, and indicators chargeable for the whole thing that occurs interior our bodies.

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Answer:

Evaporation and Distillation

Drug seeking and usage that is obsessive, or difficult to control, despite negative effects, characterizes addiction as a chronic condition.

Most people choose to use drugs voluntarily at first, but continued drug use can result in brain changes that make it difficult for an addict to maintain self-control and interfere with their capacity to withstand strong desires to use drugs. Drug addiction is seen as a "relapsing" disease because of these potentially long-lasting brain changes; those in recovery from drug use disorders are more likely to relapse even after years of abstinence.

The brain adjusts as a person uses drugs by lowering the ability of cells in the reward circuit to react to it. As a result, the person experiences a lower high than they did when they initially started using the drug. This is a phenomenon known as tolerance. To try to get the same high, they can use more of the substance. These brain changes frequently result in the person's ability to enjoy formerly enjoyable activities like eating, sex, or social interactions diminishing with time.

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Answer:

the answer to the question is six

In tissues of plants sampled from across the population, search for increased amounts of PR protein bacterial pathogen in mRNA transcripts.

Sources: Green stems, full leaves, and photosynthetic tissues. Storage organs that are emptying their stockpiles - storage tissues in seeds that are germination - tap tubers or roots at the beginning of the growth session. Sinks: Growing or absorbing mineral ions from the soil utilizing energy from cell respiration.

Instead of a single dose, the zygote receives two doses of genetic material. By only providing a food source for zygotes once they successfully develop, the plant is able to conserve energy.

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Mesosaurus got distributed in this pattern because of the extinction of Pangea 250 million years ago.

The genus of extinct aquatic animals known as Mesosaurus, which means middle lizard, lived in the southern hemisphere during the early Permian period. Mesosaurus fossils can be found in Africa and South America. They were separated during the 250 million-year breakup of Pangea. Strong evidence for the existence of Pangea is provided by the identical fossils found in both locations.

After early tetrapods arrived on land in the Late Devonian or later in the Paleozoic, Mesosaurus was one of the first known reptiles to return to the water. It had webbed feet, a streamlined body, and a long tail that may have supported a fin. It was about 3.3 feet long. It probably used its flexible tail and long hind legs to move through the water.

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A child is born with aniridia. the father has normal vision. The possible genotypes of the child, the mother, and the father are aa, AA or Aa and Aa respectively.

Aniridia is an eye condition in which the colored part of the eye (the iris) is either completely or partially absent. The pupils may be abnormal or misshapen as a result of these iris abnormalities. Visual acuity, or sharpness of vision, can be affected, as can photophobia, and increased sensitivity to light.

Aniridia is acquired in an autosomal dominant pattern, and that implies one duplicate of the adjusted quality in every cell is adequate to cause the problem. The mutation is passed down from one affected parent in approximately two-thirds of cases.

Father genotype is - aa.(normal vision)

Mother genotype is - AA or Aa (deseased vision)

child's genotype should be Aa (A comes from mother and a comes from father)

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The proportionality which Kepler’s third law of planetary motion describes is: D. T² ∝ d³

In Science, a planet can be defined as a terminology which is used to describe a large astronomical (celestial) object that has sufficient mass to allow for self-gravity and make it assume a nearly circular shape or spherical shape.

Kepler's third law of planetary motion states that the square of any planetary body's orbital period (T) is directly proportional to the cube of its orbit's semi-major axis (a).

Mathematically, Kepler's third law of planetary motion is represented or modeled by this mathematical expression:

T² = d³

Where:

In conclusion, planet Earth has 1 astronomical unit (AU) in 1 year of time.

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Complete Question:

Which proportionality does Kepler’s third law describe?

T² ∝ d

T ∝ d

T³ ∝ d²

T² ∝ d³

Each pair of electrons that Complexes I and III send across the membrane is exchanged for four protons.

The majority of the useable energy released after the breakdown of fats or carbohydrates is produced by the mitochondrial process known as oxidative phosphorylation. For instance, the citric acid cycle and glycolysis's breakdown of glucose result in the production of two molecules of FADH2, ten molecules of NADH, and four molecules of ATP.

A further 32–34 ATP molecules are subsequently produced by oxidative phosphorylation using the electrons that were previously transferred from NADH and FADH2, along with a transfer of electrons from molecular oxygen. The inner mitochondrial membrane, which eventually acts as the primary source of cellular energy, is home to protein complexes that are essential for electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation.

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Group of molecules that are attracted together to form a larger sheet​ would not be considered growth and development.

What is growth and development?

Child development experts define growth as an unceasing, irreversible increase in size and development as an increase in psychomotor capacity. Both processes rely heavily on a person's genetic make-up, diet, and environment.

What traits characterise development and growth?

The term "growth" describes an increase in the size and mass of an organ or a body. Cell division and an increase in intracellular material are the usual mechanisms. Development is the maturing of an organism's physiology and functionality.

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Group of molecules that are attracted together to form a larger sheet​ would not be considered growth and development.

Child development experts define growth as an unceasing, irreversible increase in size and development as an increase in psychomotor capacity. Both processes rely heavily on a person's genetic make-up, diet, and environment.

The term "growth" describes an increase in the size and mass of an organ or a body. Cell division and an increase in intracellular material are the usual mechanisms. Development is the maturing of an organism's physiology and functionality.

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The organisms that convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into a form that can be utilized by plants are the bacteria that are present in Option a, the bacteria that are present either freely or in association.

The nitrogen fixation is caused by bacteria that can convert the atmospheric nitrogen into the usable form of nitrogen, and these bacteria can show mutualism by being present in the root nodules or living freely and doing nitrogen fixation.

Hence, the organisms that convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into a form that can be utilized by plants are the bacteria that are present in Option a.

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Cl- diffuses from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach, while H+ is actively transported from parietal cells into the lumen.

HCl is secreted by parietal cells at a concentration of about 160 mM, which is equivalent to a pH of 0.8. Large cannaliculi, deep plasma membrane invaginations that run parallel to the stomach's lumen, are where the acid is secreted.

Conductance channels transport chloride and potassium ions into the cannaliculus lumen, which is necessary for acid secretion. The proton pump moves hydrogen ions out of the cell and into the lumen in exchange for potassium; As a result, potassium is effectively recycled.

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In a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a locus with two alleles, there is no allele frequency at which the heterozygote frequency is lower than both of the two homozygous frequencies.

Under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium conditions, the frequency of heterozygotes (individuals with one copy of each allele) is equal to the product of the frequencies of the two alleles. This means that the frequency of heterozygotes can never be lower than the frequencies of either of the two homozygotes (individuals with two copies of the same allele). In other words, if a population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a locus with two alleles, there is no allele frequency at which the heterozygote frequency is lower than both of the two homozygous frequencies. For example, consider a locus with two alleles, A and a. Let p be the frequency of the A allele and q be the frequency of the a allele. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation for the frequency of heterozygotes (individuals with one copy of each allele) is: Heterozygote frequency = pq The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation for the frequency of homozygotes (individuals with two copies of the same allele) is: AA frequency = pp aa frequency = q^2. Since p and q are between 0 and 1, it is not possible for either p or q to be less than 0, and therefore it is not possible for either p^2 or q^2 to be less than 0. Therefore, it is not possible for the frequency of either of the two homozygotes to be less than 0. Since the frequency of heterozygotes is equal to pq, which is the product of p and q, and since both p and q are greater than or equal to 0, it is not possible for the frequency of heterozygotes to be less than either of the two homozygotes. Therefore, in a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a locus with two alleles, there is no allele frequency at which the heterozygote frequency is lower than both of the two homozygous frequencies.

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