Extraction of natural gas by the process of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is most likely to result in which of the following environmental problems?
Select one:
a. Groundwater contamination
b. Denitrification
c. Eutrophication
d. Desertification
e. Ozone depletion

CaCl₂ has lowest freezing point as it has higher "im" value.

A solution's freezing point is lower than that of the pure solvent's. It follows that freezing cannot happen until a solution is lowered to a temperature lower than the pure solvent.

As we know more "im" value lowest is the freezing point.

Here,

m = molarity

i = van't Hoff factor = 1 + (n-1) α

α = degree of ionization

n = number of ions.

A. 0.25 MOL /LITER SUCROSE = 0.25 M SUCROSE

m = 0.25 M

Sucrose is non-electrolyte, so α = 0

or, i = 1 + (n-1) × 0

or, i = 1

So, im = 1 × 0.25 M

im = 0.25 M

B.  0.15 MOL/L CaCl₂ = 0.15 M CaCl₂

m = 0.15 M

CaCl₂ → Ca⁺² + 2Cl⁻

no. of ions (n) = 3

CaCl₂ is electrolyte, so α = 1

Thus,  i = 1 + (3-1) × 1

or, i = 3

So, im = 3 × 0.15 M

or, im = 0.45 M

C. 0.15 MOL/L NaCl = 0.15 M NaCl

m = 0.15 M

NaCl → Na⁺ + Cl⁻

no. of ions = 2

NaCl is electrolyte, so α = 1

Thus,  i = 1 + (2-1) × 1

or, i = 2

So, im = 2 × 0.15 M

or, im = 0.30 M

D. 0.2 MOL/L NaNO₃ = 0.2 M  NaNO₃

m =  0.2 M

NaNO₃ → Na⁺ + NO₃⁻

no. of ions = 2

NaNO₃ is electrolyte, so α = 1

Thus,  i = 1 + (2-1) × 1

or, i = 2

So, im = 2 × 0.2 M

or, im = 0.40 M

Among these four aqueous solution, CaCl₂ has higher "im" value thus it has lowest freezing point.

Correct option: B

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Answer:

The law of conservation of mass states that matter cannot be created or destroyed. If we have an unbalanced equation, atoms are either destroyed or created, which totally violates this law

The electron configuration of the atom with the most negative electron affinity is  1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹ sodium (Na)

When an atom gains an electron, there is an energy change called electron affinity.

Eea = X(g) + e⁻ ⇒ XE

E stand for change in energy  (E)

Eea stands for electron affinity.

Affinity for electrons frequently has negative energy levels. An electron can be added to an atom more readily the more negative the electron affinity. The periodic table shows that electron affinities increase with period.

Because electrons are added to energy levels, which brings them closer to the nucleus, there is a stronger attraction between the nucleus and its electrons, increasing electron affinity higher for the groups and from left to right across periods of a periodic table.

However, a few exceptions:

1. Elements in group 18 (8A) have electron affinities that are larger than zero. This is due to the atom's filled valence shell, which prevents an electron from being added without it moving to a lower energy shell.

2. Because adding an electron necessitates that it stay in the previously vacant p sub-shell, group 2 (2A) elements have higher electron affinities.

3. Due to the necessity of adding an electron to an orbital that is already occupied, group 15 (5A) elements have higher electron affinities.

Putting these things into practice with the components listed in the question

(i) 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹ = 11 Sodium (Na)

(ii) 1s² 2s²2p⁶ 35² = 15 Phosphor (P)

(iii) 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p¹ = 13 Aluminum (Al)

(iv) 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁴ = 16  Sulfur( S)

(v) 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s²= 12 Magnesium (Mg)

We knew that, electron affinity increases upward for the groups and from left to right across periods so, the electron congifuration that have the most negative electron affinity is sodium (Na)  1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹ .

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Answer: Alpha emission, beta emission, postitron emission,electron capture and gamma emission.

Explanation:

A=- \frac {dN}{dt}Another important atomic clock used for dating purposes is based on the radioactive decay of the isotope carbon-14                                      As an example, iodine-131 is a radioisotope with a half-life of 8 days. It decays by beta particle emission into xenon-131. After eight days have passed, half of the atoms of any sample of iodine-131 will have decayed, and the sample will now be 50% iodine-131 and 50% xenon-131.              

The formatted answer to the question is below.Energy required to boil hexane is 80kj

From the question, the parameters given are 64.7g of hexane,C6H14; a starting temperature of 41.9°C and bringing it to 33.2°C.

Molar mass of hexane,C6H14=86.18g/mol.

Things to know: heat capacity of hexane, C6H14= 142.6J/molK, the heat of fusion = 9.87 kj/mol.

STEP ONE(1): ENERGY USED IN MELTING HEXANE SOLID.

Using the formula below;

Energy used in melting the solid(in JOULES) = (mass of hexane/molar mass of hexane) × heat of Fusion.

=(64.7g of C6H14/86.18(g per mol) of C6H6) × 9.87 kJ per mol.

= 7.40J.

= 0.0074 kJ.

STEP TWO (2): ENERGY OF HEATING THE LIQUID.

It can be calculated from the formula below;

Energy= heat capacity (J/g.K) × mass of hexane× (∆T).

= 142.6J/molK × 64.7× (41.9-33.2).

= 80268.114

= 80.268 kJ.

Energy required to boil hexane= Energy required to melt the hexane + energy required for boiling.

= 0.0074 kJ.+80.268 kJ.

= 80.27kJ

Approximately, 80kJ

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A. If the atoms have radius r, then the length of the cube edge is √8 times f  statements concerning a face- centered cubic unit cell and the corresponding lattice, made up of identical atoms, is incorrect.

74% of the FCC lattice's space is used for packing. Let n be the number of atoms or spheres, where n is equal to 4, and let r be the radius of the sphere and a be the length of the cube's edges.

A face-centered cubic unit cell structure is made up of atoms organized in a cube with a fraction of an atom at each corner and six extra whole atoms at the center of each cube face.

In this unit cell, there are 14 lattice points, eight of which are corner atoms while the remaining six are located in the middle of each face.

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Mole measure the number of elementary entities of a given substance that are present in a given sample. Therefore, the mass in gram of 7.68 x 10²¹atoms of carbon is 0.152g.

The SI unit of amount of substance in chemistry is mole. The mole is used to measure the quantity of amount of substance. It measure the number of elementary entities of a given substance that are present in a given sample. There are so many formula for calculating mole.

we know one mole of any element contains 6.022×10²³ atoms which is also called Avogadro number

mole =given number of atoms ÷ 6.022×10²³(Avogadro number)

given number of atoms of carbon=7.68 x 10²¹atoms

Substituting the values

mole= =7.68 x 10²¹÷ 6.022×10²³

mole = 0.0127moles of carbon

number of moles of carbon=given mass of carbon÷ molar mass of carbon

Substituting the values

0.0127= mass of carbon÷12.01g

mass of carbon= 0.152g

Therefore, the mass in gram of 7.68 x 10²¹atoms of carbon is 0.152g.

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The enthalpy change for the following reaction is -318 kJ. Using bond energies, estimate the O-F bond energy in OF₂(g).

OF₂(g) + H₂O(g) -> O₂(g) + 2HF(g) is   190 kJ /mol.

The reaction is given as :

F - O - F  +  H - O - H ----->  O = O +  2H - F

                                           moles       bond energy

bond broken H - O                  2               463  kJ/mol

bond broken O - F                  2                 ?

bond form O = O                     1                  498 kJ/mol

broken form H - F                     2                 565 kJ/mol

enthalpy change =  BE ( bond broken ) - BE (bond form )

- 318                      = (2 (O - F) + 2(463) - (( 498 ) + 2( 565))

- 318 = 2 (O - F) - 698

2 (O - F) = 380

(O - F) = 190 kJ /mol

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The length of the solid to be 6.5 cm and the height to be 5.1 cm. the thickness of the metal rectangular solid(mm) is 4.58 mm.

given that :

height of solid = 5.1 cm

length of solid = 6.5 cm

the initial volume of graduated cylinder = 32.9 mL

the final volume of graduated cylinder = 48.1 mL

the volume of the solid = 48.1 - 32.9

                                      = 15.2 mL = 15.2 cm³

the volume expression for the solid is given as :

volume = length × width × height

15.2 cm³ = 6.5 cm × width × 5.1

width = 15.2 / 33.15

Width = 0.458 cm  = 4.58 mm

Thus, the thickness of metal = 4.58 mm

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The cellulosic ethanol cellulosic ethanol grain ethanol grain ethanol methane are considered biofuels. The two most common biofuels used today are ethanol and biodiesel.

Both of which are the  first generation biofuel technologies. The BETO is working with industry to develop next-generation biofuels from waste, the cellulosic biomass, and algae-based resources. Ethanol (often derived from corn in the United States and sugarcane in Brazil), biodiesel (derived from vegetable oils and liquid animal fats), green diesel (derived from algae and other plant sources), and the biogas are examples of the biofuels (methane derived from animal manure and other digested organic material).

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Answer: 4480 mL

Explanation:

2.40 grams of C is equal to [tex]2.40/12.011=0.19981683456831[/tex] moles of C.

From the reaction equation, for every mole of C consumed, one mole of CO is produced.

This means that 0.19981683456831 moles of CO are produced.

Therefore, the volume in milliliters is [tex](0.19981683456831)(22.4)(1000)=4480[/tex] mL.

The volume of CO gas produced by the complete reaction of 2.40 g of C solid at STP is approximately 4.47 L (or 4470 milliliters).

To calculate the volume of CO gas produced, we first need to determine the number of moles of C reacting. Given that 2.40 g of C is provided, we can convert this mass to moles using the molar mass of carbon (12.01 g/mol).

Moles of C = Mass of C / Molar mass of C

Moles of C = 2.40 g / 12.01 g/mol

Moles of C ≈ 0.1998 mol

Now, we use stoichiometry from the balanced chemical equation to find the number of moles of CO produced. From the equation, the molar ratio between C and CO is 1:1.

Moles of CO = Moles of C

Moles of CO ≈ 0.1998 mol

Finally, we use the ideal gas law at STP (22.4 L/mol) to calculate the volume of CO gas:

Volume of CO gas = Moles of CO * 22.4 L/mol

Volume of CO gas ≈ 0.1998 mol * 22.4 L/mol

Volume of CO gas ≈ 4.47 L

So, the volume of CO gas produced by the complete reaction of 2.40 g of C solid at STP is approximately 4.47 L (or 4470 milliliters).

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The medicine that has to be given by the nurse to prevent cerebral palsy in the new-born is magnesium sulphate.

The term "cerebral palsy" refers to a collection of conditions that impair mobility and posture development and are thought to be caused by non-progressive abnormalities. Insults that caused cerebral palsy are thought to have happened during foetal development or early childhood. A significant risk factor for cerebral palsy is preterm delivery, and that risk rises sharply as gestational age decreases. Right now, 25% of all new occurrences of cerebral palsy are caused by babies delivered before 34 weeks of pregnancy. Cerebral palsy risk is higher when there are several pregnancies. MgSO4 was infused continuously at a rate of 2 g/h for up to 12 hours after a 6 g loading dose. Given before delivery, magnesium sulphate is known to regulate the vasculature and minimize hypoxia effects by neutralising cytokine or excitatory amino acid damage, which may lower the risk.

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The molality of the solution from the elevation of boiling point and elevation constant is obtained as 0.79 molal. From this, the weight of iron chloride is added is 77.6 g.

Molality of a solution is the ratio of the number of moles of solute to the mass of solvent in kg. The elevation in boiling point of a solution by the addition of a solute is proportional to the molality by the equation:

ΔT = Kb m.

Given ΔT = 127.3 - 126 = 1.3 °C.

Kb = 1.63 °C Kg /mol.

mass of solvent = 600 g = 0.6 Kg

molality = ΔT / Kb

             = 1.3 °C / 1.63 °C Kg /mol

             = 0.79 mol/kg.

Molality = 0.79 Kg/mol = number of moles of FeCl₃ / 0.6 Kg

no.of moles of FeCl₃ = 0.79 Kg /mol × 0.6 Kg = 0.47  moles

Therefore, the mass of FeCl₃ added is:

= no.of moles × molar mass

= 0.47 ×  162.3 g/mol = 77.61 g.

Therefore, the mass of  FeCl₃ added is 77.61 g.

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The right answer is E.

The decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and the production of NADH and CO2 are irreversible reactions that are catalyzed by the multi-enzyme complex known as pyruvate dehydrogenase. Pyruvate is introduced into the TCA cycle through the complex.

Two regulatory enzymes, three catalytic enzymes, and a binding protein make up the enzyme complex. There are three enzymes:

1. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is used as the prosthetic group by pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1).

2. Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2), which has as its prosthetic groups coenzyme A and lipoamide.

3. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) serve as cofactors for dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3).

Hence, The correct response is option E since E2 needs coenzyme A as one of its co-factors.

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Using spdf notation, the electron configuration for chromium is [Ar] 3d5 4s1 whose atomic number is 24.

In the sixth column of the periodic table chromium is the first element. It is under the transition metal category. Along with its 24 protons and 24 electrons, the most common form of chromium also has 28 neutrons. The placement of electrons in various atomic orbitals is known as the electronic configuration. The various appropriate orbitals will be filled with electrons.

The s orbitals can accommodate two electrons, while the p orbitals can accommodate six, the d orbitals can accommodate ten, and the f orbitals can accommodate fourteen electrons. Chromium has an atomic number of 24. Chromium has the electrical configuration 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5.

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The point at which a liquid turns into a solid is referred to as its freezing point. In principle, a solid's melting point and liquid's freezing point should coincide. Small variations between these numbers can be seen in real-world situations.

The melting point and freezing point of a substance are the same temperature because freezing happens at the same temperature as melting. The temperature at which a substance becomes liquid or solid is known as the melting or freezing point of that substance.

Liquid water freezes at temperatures below 32°F (0°C); this temperature is known as the freezing point of water. Pure water ice melts and turns into liquid water at temperatures higher than 32°F (0°C);

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The residence time for the average water molecule in that water tank is 2,000 seconds.

What is residence time?
The amount of material in the reservoir divided by the inflow or outflow constitutes the residence time, according to definition (they are equal when the reservoir is at equilibrium). If there are several inflows or outflows, we calculate the residence time using the sum of the inflows or outflows.

In one second, 4 kilograms will be added to the tank. In other words, you divide 8,000 kilograms of water by 4, which gets you 2,000.

Therefore, the residence time for the average water molecule in that water tank is 2,000 seconds.

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There is 1000 mg Vanco in 250 ml of 5w over 2 hrs. The drip rate of Vanco is 125 ml/hr.

Drip rate is a term used to describe the rate of an intravenous infusion depending on the number of drops (gtt) given to the patient each minute.

To conduct this calculation, you must know the total volume to be infused in milliliters, as well as the infusion time. Use the following formula.

To calculate the drip rate. The volume of the medicine is divided by the number of hours.

Given, the number of hours = 2 hrs

The volume of the Vanco is = 250ml

250 / 2 = 125 ml/hr

Therefore, the drip rate is 125 ml/hr.

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Answer: [tex]7.407 \times 10^{-3} \text{ M}^{-2} \text{ s}^{-1}[/tex]

Explanation:

Note that rate is equal to [tex]k[A]^m [B]^n[/tex], where [tex]k[/tex] is the rate constant, [tex][A][/tex] and [tex][B][/tex] are the concentrations, [tex]m[/tex] is the order of reactant A, and [tex]n[/tex] is the order of reactant B.

Substituting the given values,

[tex]0.2=k(3^1)(3^2) \implies k=7.407 \times 10^{-3} \text{ M}^{-2} \text{ s}^{-1}[/tex]

The numbers is moles in the gas sample is 0.032

Since we know that the I deal gas equation is

PV=nRT

where ,

P is pressure

V is volume

n is no. of moles

R is gas constant (8.3145 J⋅mol^−1⋅K^−1)

T is temperature ( in Kelvin)

P =1.11 atm

T = 40.04 + 273

= 313.04 K

V= 76.87L

substituting the given values in the ideal gas equation we get,

1.11x76.87=n x 8.3145 x 313.04

n=(1.11x76.87)/(8.3145x313.04)

n=0.032

Hence the moles in the sample are 0.032 .

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(a) An additional 1.80 mol of ar gas is added to the container.[ans:20.0L]

(b) A sample of 25.0 g of ar gas is added to the container.[ans:13.5 L]

(c) A hole in the container allows half of the Ar gas to escape.[ans:5.00 L]

(a) The container is filled with 1.80 mol more argon gas.

The gas would now have a new volume of 20.0 L.

(a) To the container is inserted a sample of 25.0 g argon gas.

We must first establish how many moles of argon gas are included in the 25.0 g sample in order to calculate the new volume of the gas. The molar mass of argon, which is 39.948 g/mol, can be used to accomplish this. Thus, the 25.0 g sample has a total of 0.625 moles of argon. The volume of the gas will grow in proportion to the amount of gas present because the pressure and temperature are both constant. The total amount of gas will be 2.425 moles since 1.80 moles of gas and 0.625 moles of gas are being combined. The gas will now have a new volume of 13.5 L (10.00 L * (2.425 moles / 1.80 moles)).

(c) A hole in the container allows half of the argon gas to escape.

The new volume of the gas would be 10.00 L / 2 = 5.00 L.

Calculate the change in volume using the Ideal Gas Law, PV=nRT P V = n R T.

The area occupied by gaseous particles under normal temperature and pressure circumstances is referred to as the volume of gas. It is identified as a "V." The letter "L" stands for "liters," the SI unit of volume. At normal temperature, a mole of gas has a volume of 24 m3, or 24 000 cm3.

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The lewis structure of Chloamine can be given as above.

If one element shares electron with another elements to form bond. This is called as covalent bond. The compound which contain Covalent bond called Covalent compound.

Nitrogen is one of the elements of periodic table. It has 7 as atomic number and 14 as mass number. Its electronic configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p3. It belongs to 15th group and 2nd period of the periodic table. It accept three electron to get stable electronic configuration.

As we know that, chloramine has the chemical formula NH2Cl. Nitrogen has five valence electrons, each hydrogen has one valence electron, and chlorine has seven valence electrons.

Thus, we concluded that Nitrogen form three single bond two with hydrogen and one with chlorine atom.

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The correct answers from the task given above about carbon tetrafluoride, CF4 are as follows:

GeO₂ is a chemical compound which is formed as a result of the chemical reaction between carbon and chlorine atoms. However, this carbon tetrafluoride, CF4 is also known as tetrafluoromethane.

In conclusion, it can be deduced from the explanation given above that carbon tetrafluoride is a chemical compound.

Complete question:

Determine the following about the molecule CF4:

a Its lewis structure,

b. Its bonding pairs/lone pairs,

c. What is its electron geometry?

d. Its shape,

e. Is carbon tetrafluoride, CF4 a polar or non-polar molecule?

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Answer:

To find the density of a box, you will need to divide its mass by its volume. The density of an object is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume.

The volume of the box can be calculated by multiplying its length, width, and height:

volume = 2 cm x 4 cm x 10 cm = 80 cm^3

To find the density of the box, you will need to divide its mass by its volume:

density = mass / volume

= 120 g / 80 cm^3

= 1.5 g/cm^3

Therefore, the density of the box is 1.5 g/cm^3.

Part III:

Water Molecule are Attracted to Chlorine.

What is meant by water molecule?

The water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms connected by a single chemical bond to an oxygen atom. Most hydrogen atoms have a proton-only nucleus.

Part IV:

Polar substances are likely to dissolve in polar solvents. For example, ionic compounds, which are very polar, are often soluble in the polar solvent water.

Which is an ionic compound?

Ionic compounds are ion compounds. These ions are atoms that gain or lose electrons, resulting in a net positive or negative charge. Metals tend to lose electrons, resulting in a net positive charge and transformation into cations. Non-metals tend to gain electrons, resulting in anions with a net negative charge.

Part V:

Powdered sugar or granulated sugar will dissolve the fastest.

Hence above given is a correct answer.

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A gas is transported in a horizontal pipeline at a flow of 10.000 lb.„/min. If it is moving at 10 ft.'s, -6045 HP rate of work (in horsepower) must be performed on the gas to increase its velocity to 200 ft/s at the same temperature and pressure

This equation may be used to compute work: Work equals Force x Distance. The Newton metre is the SI unit for work (N.m). One joule is the amount of work done when one Newton of force pushes an item one metre.

Because the force transmits one unit of energy when it does one unit of work, the rate of accomplishing work equals the rate of utilising energy. A horsepower is equivalent to 550 foot pounds per second, while a kilowatt is equal to 1000 watts.

Given that,

A gas is transported in a horizontal pipeline at a flow of 10.000 lb/min

m = (10000÷60) lb/sec

m = 166.67 lb/sec

and, v₁ = 10 ft/sec

v₂ = 200 ft/sec

Now,

or, m [(v₂²  - v₁²)/2] = - w

or, w = m/2 × [(v₁²  - v₂²)]

or, w = 166.67/2 × [(10)² - (200)²]

or, w = -3325000 lb. ft².s⁻¹

or, w = -3325000 / 550 HP

or, w = -6045 HP

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Increased Lithium Metal Metals Provided by Four Lithiophilic Nanomaterials with Multiscale Porosity, claims the statement.

The first step in the manufacture of metal alloys is the extraction of the raw ore from the ground. The non-metal components are then taken out of the ore during processing, for example the rock and waste. Metal alloys are created by melting and mixing different metal parts.

They play a significant role in the creation of machinery for the manufacture of goods for the industrial, agricultural, and automotive sectors, including cars, trains, aircraft, rockets, and other vehicles. Steel, aluminum, and iron are the most frequently utilized metals in this area.

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The age of wood 2880 years.

People who passed away would be interred in the tombs of the Ancient Egyptians.This was significant to the Egyptians because they held the view that as long as a person was properly buried in their tomb, life remained even after death.

The sarcophagus was intended to serve as the occupants' eternal home in the afterlife, according to ancient Egyptian belief.Pharaohs and rich citizens' sarcophagi were ornately decorated with carvings and painting.

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