Quasi-contract refers to a legal concept that arises when there is no formal contract between parties, but the court imposes obligations on one party to prevent unjust enrichment at the expense of another party. It is also known as "implied-in-law" contract.
Quasi-contracts are based on the principle of fairness and preventing one party from benefiting unjustly from the actions or services provided by another party.
Unlike express contracts or contracts implied in fact, which are formed by mutual consent and agreement between the parties, quasi-contracts are created by the court to remedy a situation where one party would be unjustly enriched if they were allowed to retain the benefits without compensating the other party.
A common example of a quasi-contract is when someone receives goods or services mistakenly thinking they were free, and the court orders them to pay a reasonable value for those goods or services to prevent unjust enrichment.
The information provided in this explanation is based on general legal knowledge. For specific legal cases and applications of quasi-contracts, it is important to refer to relevant legal resources and consult with legal professionals.
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The preferred ethical path is to take a course of action that avoids casting doubt on one's decisions. Verifiability ensures that information is complete, neutral and free from error. A characteristic of liabilities is their capacity to reduce future assets.
The preferred ethical path is to take a course of action that avoids casting doubt on one's decisions. Verifiability ensures that information is complete, neutral and free from error. A characteristic of liabilities is their capacity to reduce future assets.The preferred ethical path in decision-making is to take a course of action that does not give rise to any doubts. An ethical decision-maker should always focus on making decisions that are based on facts and are not influenced by personal bias or any other form of manipulation.
Furthermore, ethical decision-makers should always maintain confidentiality to ensure that sensitive information is not exposed to unauthorized parties. Verifiability, on the other hand, is critical in ensuring that information is complete, neutral and free from error. When information is verifiable, it can be confirmed and validated by third parties, which helps to minimize the chances of errors. Verifiable information is critical in decision-making as it enables decision-makers to rely on facts, rather than assumptions.A characteristic of liabilities is their capacity to reduce future assets. Liabilities refer to obligations that a company owes to third parties. These obligations can arise from borrowing or purchasing goods and services on credit. A company's liabilities have the capacity to reduce future assets, such as cash reserves, as they must be paid off at some point. As such, it is important for companies to manage their liabilities effectively to minimize their impact on future assets. Effective liability management involves balancing the amount of debt owed with the company's ability to pay it back while still maintaining adequate cash reserves.
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A hotel's F&B department will host a banquet for 100 guests. The guests are to be charged $75.00 per person for food and $35.00 per person for alcoholic beverages. The service charge for the event will be 20%. What is the amount of food and beverage income (revenue) that will result from hosting this event? a. $13,200 b. $11,000
c. $8,400 d. $16,300
When a hotel's F&B department is going to host a banquet for 100 guests, and the guests are charged $75.00 per person for food and $35.00 per person for alcoholic beverages, the service charge for the event will be 20%. Let's calculate the amount of food and beverage income (revenue) that will result from hosting this event.
So, First, we will calculate the amount of income from the food and beverages sold:$75.00 × 100 guests = $7,500.00 for food$35.00 × 100 guests = $3,500.00 for alcoholic beverages. Then, calculate the total amount of income received before service charge:
Total income from food and beverages = $7,500.00 + $3,500.00 = $11,000.00To find out the amount of income received after the service charge, we will calculate 20% of the total income:20% of $11,000.00 = $2,200.00Now, we will add the service charge to the total income:
Total income + Service charge = $11,000.00 + $2,200.00 = $13,200.00Therefore, the amount of food and beverage income (revenue) that will result from hosting this event is $13,200.
Thus, the option (a) is correct. I hope this helps! More about the F&B department: Food and Beverage (F&B) department is responsible for the management of food service and drinks in hospitality organizations, which includes hotels, pubs, lounges, and eateries. The F&B department is vital for a hotel since it significantly contributes to the success of the hotel. F&B department’s objective is to provide high-quality food and drinks to the guests and customers of the hotel.
Additionally, the department is also responsible for planning and organizing events, including buffets, banquets, and conferences. The department oversees the procurement of raw materials and the preparation and delivery of food and beverages to customers.
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municipal dealer b is preparing to publish an advertisement online which will promote the enhanced facilities of your firm in the municipal securities arena. this advertisement must be
A municipal dealer is a securities dealer who focuses on selling securities that are issued by the local or state government and he is preparing to publish an advertisement online. The advertisement should be informative, accurate, and non-deceptive.
When it comes to selling securities, a municipal dealer is a specialized broker-dealer who concentrates on selling municipal securities. In order to promote the enhanced facilities of your firm in the municipal securities arena, Municipal Dealer B is preparing to publish an advertisement online.
This advertisement should not exceed 200 words. It should be compelling, persuasive and designed to attract potential investors. A well-written advertisement should include information about the benefits of investing in municipal securities. It should also highlight the services that are offered by your firm.
When writing this advertisement, Municipal Dealer B should make sure that they comply with the rules and regulations that are set by the SEC. Furthermore, the advertisement should not make false or misleading statements about the securities that are being sold. In summary, a well-written advertisement that highlights the benefits of investing in municipal securities and the services that are offered by your firm can be an effective way to attract potential investors.
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one important term that we evaluate in economics is that of scarcity. how does the role of scarcity affect decisions that you have to make?
In economics, the term scarcity is one of the most important. The role of scarcity affects the decisions that we have to make.
Scarcity is a situation in which resources are limited, but human wants are infinite. Because resources are limited, we must make decisions about how to allocate them.
The choices that we make will determine how resources are used and which wants are satisfied.For instance, an individual may have limited funds and must choose between purchasing groceries or new shoes. The decision to purchase groceries may be a necessity as food is needed to survive.
However, the individual may also want to buy new shoes. In this situation, the individual must evaluate the opportunity cost of their decision.
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Fred has been offered the chance to transfer for three to five years to an overseas affiliate. His employer is willing to pay Fred $11,800 per month if he accepts the assignment. Assume that the maximum foreign-earned income exclusion for next year is $108,700.
How much U.S. gross income will Fred report if he accepts the assignment abroad on January 1 of next year and works overseas for the entire year?
Fred will report $32,900 as his U.S. gross income if he accepts the overseas assignment and works abroad for the entire year.
How much U.S. gross income will Fred report if he works overseas for a year and earns $11,800 per month?To determine the U.S. gross income that Fred will report if he accepts the overseas assignment and works abroad for the entire year, we need to consider the foreign-earned income exclusion.
The foreign-earned income exclusion allows U.S. citizens or residents working abroad to exclude a certain amount of their foreign-earned income from U.S. taxation. For the year in question, the maximum foreign-earned income exclusion is $108,700.
Since Fred's employer is willing to pay him $11,800 per month, we can calculate his total income for the year:
$11,800/month * 12 months = $141,600
Now, we need to determine how much of this income is eligible for the foreign-earned income exclusion. Since Fred will be working abroad for the entire year, he meets the requirements to claim the exclusion.
If Fred's total income is below or equal to the maximum exclusion amount ($108,700), he can exclude the full amount. However, if his income exceeds that threshold, he can only exclude up to the maximum limit.
In this case, Fred's total income of $141,600 exceeds the maximum exclusion amount of $108,700. Therefore, he can exclude up to $108,700 from his U.S. gross income, and the remaining amount will be taxable.
Taxable income = Total income - Exclusion amount
Taxable income = $141,600 - $108,700
Taxable income = $32,900
Therefore, Fred will report $32,900 as his U.S. gross income if he accepts the overseas assignment and works abroad for the entire year.
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eBook Problem Walk-Through A firm's bonds have a maturity of 14 years with a $1,000 face value, have an 11% semiannual coupon, are callable in 7 years at $1,232.25, and currently sell at a price of $1,398.53. What are their nominal yield to maturity and their nominal yield to call? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to two decimal places.
YTM: 6.64 % (check)
YTC:
The nominal yield to maturity (YTM) and the nominal yield to call (YTC) for a firm's bonds with a maturity of 14 years and the given details can be calculated as follows:
NOMINAL YIELD TO MATURITY(YTM)Nominal Yield to Maturity is the annual rate of return that an investor can earn on a bond if they hold it until its maturity and the issuer of the bond does not default on its payment.
It is also called the coupon rate. The YTM for the given bonds can be calculated as follows:
Given,
Face value of bond = $1000
Semiannual coupon rate = 11%
Maturity of bond = 14 years
Callable in 7 years at $1,232.25
Bond price = $1,398.53
To calculate YTM, we need to find the yield rate that makes the present value of the bond's cash flows equal to the current bond price. i.e. 1398.53 = (55/1+r) + (55/1+r)^2 + ... + (55+1000/1+r)^28
Where,r = Yield Rate Solving the above equation using Excel sheet or any financial calculator,
we get Yield Rate, YTM = 6.64%
NOMINAL YIELD TO CALL(YTC)Nominal Yield to Call is the annual rate of return that an investor can earn on a bond if it is called before its maturity. It is also called call yield.
The YTC for the given bonds can be calculated as follows:
Given,
Call price = $1,232.25To calculate YTC, we need to find the yield rate that makes the present value of the bond's cash flows equal to the call price (i.e. $1232.25) when the bond is called at the end of 7 years.
i.e. 1232.25 = (55/1+r) + (55/1+r)^2 + ... + (55+1000/1+r)^14 for n=7
Where,r = Yield Rate Solving the above equation using Excel sheet or any financial calculator, we get Yield Rate, YTC = 7.69%
Therefore, the Nominal Yield to Maturity (YTM) and the Nominal Yield to Call (YTC) are 6.64% and 7.69% respectively.
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3. What makes an audit evidence persuasive? When collecting
persuasive audit evidence, who are we trying to persuade? Give an
example of audit evidence that is relevant but not
reliable.
Audit evidence is considered persuasive based on its relevance and reliability. The following factors contribute to the persuasiveness of audit evidence:
Independence and objectivity: Audit evidence from sources that are independent and objective is generally more persuasive.
Appropriateness: The extent to which the audit evidence aligns with the audit objective and provides sufficient support for the audit conclusions.
Sufficiency: The quantity of audit evidence obtained should be sufficient to form a reasonable basis for the auditor's opinion.
Consistency: Audit evidence that is consistent across different sources and corroborates other evidence increases its persuasiveness.
Source reliability: Audit evidence from reliable and credible sources is more persuasive than evidence from sources that lack credibility.
When collecting persuasive audit evidence, auditors are primarily trying to persuade themselves, the audit team, and other relevant stakeholders (e.g., shareholders, regulators, and financial statement users) of the reliability of the financial statements and the accuracy of the audit opinion. Persuasive audit evidence helps auditors form a professional judgment and provide assurance on the financial statements.
An example of audit evidence that is relevant but not reliable could be oral representations from management regarding a specific financial transaction. While the information may be relevant to the audit, it may lack reliability because it is not supported by documentary evidence or corroborating sources. Oral representations can be subjective and prone to misinterpretation or manipulation, making them less reliable compared to written documentation or objective data.
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Land was purchased by issuing common stock. This transaction would be reported on the statement of cash fows as a(n) O A. investing activity. O B. financing activity. O C. noncash investing and financing activity. O D. operating activity
The transaction of purchasing land by issuing common stock would be reported on the statement of cash flows as a: C. noncash investing and financing activity.
The statement of cash flows classifies cash flows into three categories: operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. Operating activities include cash flows from the company's primary business operations, while investing activities involve cash flows related to the acquisition or sale of long-term assets. Financing activities, on the other hand, include cash flows from activities that raise capital or repay debts. In this case, since land was purchased by issuing common stock, it involves a noncash transaction where no actual cash was exchanged. Therefore, it would be reported as a noncash investing and financing activity on the statement of cash flows.
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An investment offers $3,850 per year for 15 years, with the first payment occurring one year from now. a. If the required return is 6 percent, what is the value of the investment? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) b. What would the value be if the payments occurred for 40 years? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) c. What would the value be if the payments occurred for 75 years? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) d. What would the value be if the payments occurred forever? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g. 32.16.) a. Present value of 15 annual payments b. Present value of 40 annual payments c. Present value of 75 annual payments d. Present value of annual payments forever
a. Present value of 15 annual payments = $40,893.75
b. Present value of 40 annual payments = $78,695.61
c. Present value of 75 annual payments =$109,569.03
d. Present value of annual payments forever = $64,166.67
To calculate the present value of the investment, the formula for the present value of an annuity:
PV = PMT × [(1 - (1 + r)²(-n)) / r]
Where:
PV = Present value
PMT = Annual payment
r = Required rate of return
n = Number of years
a. Present value of 15 annual payments:
PMT = $3,850
r = 6% = 0.06
n = 15
PV = $3,850 × [(1 - (1 + 0.06)²(-15)) / 0.06]
PV = $40,893.75
b. Present value of 40 annual payments:
PMT = $3,850
r = 6% = 0.06
n = 40
PV = $3,850 × [(1 - (1 + 0.06)²(-40)) / 0.06]
PV ≈ $78,695.61
c. Present value of 75 annual payments:
PMT = $3,850
r = 6% = 0.06
n = 75
PV = $3,850 × [(1 - (1 + 0.06)²(-75)) / 0.06]
PV ≈ $109,569.03
d. Present value of annual payments forever:
A perpetuity, and the formula for the present value of a perpetuity is:
PV = PMT / r
PMT = $3,850
r = 6% = 0.06
PV = $3,850 / 0.06
PV ≈ $64,166.67
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Your small business is considering purchasing one of two different computers. Computer A costs $820 today and will increase after-tax revenues by $91, $254, and $734 over years 1-3 respectively. Computer B costs $690 today and will increase after-tax revenues by $451, $246, and $89 over years 1-3 respectively. If your firm’s financing rate is 12%, what is the cross over rate between these two computers and which should you choose?
considering a financing rate of 12%, the preferable option would be Computer A.
To find the crossover rate between the two computers, we need to determine the discount rate at which the net present value (NPV) of the cash flows from each computer is equal. We can calculate the NPV for each computer using the given after-tax revenue figures and the financing rate of 12%.
For Computer A:
NPV_A = -$820 + ($91 / (1 + 0.12)^1) + ($254 / (1 + 0.12)^2) + ($734 / (1 + 0.12)^3)
NPV_A = -$820 + $81.25 + $184.66 + $445.46
NPV_A = $16.37
For Computer B:
NPV_B = -$690 + ($451 / (1 + 0.12)^1) + ($246 / (1 + 0.12)^2) + ($89 / (1 + 0.12)^3)
NPV_B = -$690 + $402.68 + $184.66 + $58.99
NPV_B = -$43.67
To determine the crossover rate, we need to find the discount rate at which NPV_A = NPV_B. Since the NPV of Computer A is positive and the NPV of Computer B is negative, there is a crossover point between the two.
Using a financial calculator or spreadsheet software, we can find that the crossover rate is approximately 5.8%. This means that if the financing rate is below 5.8%, Computer A would be the better choice, and if the financing rate is above 5.8%, Computer B would be the better choice.
Therefore, considering a financing rate of 12%, the preferable option would be Computer A.
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Grand Corporation reported pretax book income of $603,000. Tax depreciation exceeded book depreciation by $402,000. In addition, the company received $301,500 of tax-exempt municipal bond interest. The company’s prior-year tax return showed taxable income of $50,250. Compute the company's current income tax expense or benefit.
The company's current income tax expense is positive.
To calculate the current income tax expense or benefit, we need to consider the taxable income based on book income and make adjustments for tax depreciation, book depreciation, and tax-exempt municipal bond interest.
The taxable income based on book income is $603,000. Since tax depreciation exceeded book depreciation by $402,000, we need to add this amount to the taxable income. However, the company received $301,500 of tax-exempt municipal bond interest, which needs to be subtracted from the taxable income.
Therefore, the adjusted taxable income is $603,000 + $402,000 - $301,500 = $703,500.
Comparing this to the prior-year taxable income of $50,250, we can determine whether the company has an expense or benefit. In this case, the current taxable income is higher than the prior-year taxable income, resulting in an income tax expense.
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why are relations between the united states and china so important for the world as a whole? how does the relationship between the two superpowers affect the global economy? what does it mean for the world from a political standpoint?
The relations between the United States and China are crucial for the world due to several reasons.
Both countries are major global powers, and their interactions significantly impact the global economy, security, and political landscape. The economic relationship between the two superpowers is particularly significant. The United States and China are the world's two largest economies, and their trade and investment ties have far-reaching implications. Any disruptions or conflicts in their relationship can lead to ripple effects on the global economy, affecting markets, supply chains, and employment worldwide.The political dynamics between the United States and China shape the global geopolitical landscape. Their interactions influence the balance of power, regional stability, and international cooperation on critical issues such as climate change, nuclear proliferation, and human rights. Cooperation between these two powers is often necessary to address complex global challenges effectively.The United States and China's relationship also sets the tone for other nations, as their actions and policies can influence the behavior of other countries. Tensions or conflicts between the two powers can create divisions within the international community, leading to the formation of alliances and realignments that may have long-term implications for global politics.The relationship between the United States and China carries significant weight for the world. Their economic interdependence and political interactions shape the global economy, influence international cooperation, and set the stage for other nations, making it essential to foster stable and constructive relations between these two superpowers.For more such questions on Crucial
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The price of tuna is R16 a tin, and the price of two minute noodles is R10 a pack. Gabriella currently receives a marginal utility of 80 from consuming tuna and 50 from consuming noodles. To maximize her utility, Gabriella should: A. not change her consumption. B. buy less tuna and more packs of noodles, because she receives more utility per Rand spent on noodles. C. buy more tuna (and fewer noodles) because she receives more marginal utility from tuna. D. consume only noodles and not buy any tuna, because noodles are better value. E. use all her income to buy tuna, because although it is more expensive it brings her greater utility.
Gabriella should buy less tuna and more packs of noodles, because she receives more utility per Rand spent on noodles. So the correct option is B. buy less tuna and more packs of noodles, because she receives more utility per Rand spent on noodles.
The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility is a law that states that the marginal utility of each additional unit of a good consumed decreases as the total number of units consumed increases. Gabriella gets more marginal utility from consuming a single unit of tuna than she does from consuming a single pack of noodles.
The total utility Gabriella receives from consuming more than one unit of tuna decreases because of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility.Gabriella can maximize her utility by buying fewer units of tuna and more packs of noodles since the marginal utility per Rand spent on noodles is higher. It means that by spending the same amount of money on noodles as on tuna, Gabriella can receive more marginal utility.
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Managers in organizations that consistently communicated concern for workers' well-being and that focused on treating employees fairly reported feeling better about themselves and their role in the or
Research has established that a manager's attitude towards employee well-being can significantly impact the work environment's productivity and efficiency.
Managers in companies that have consistently demonstrated concern for workers' well-being and have focused on treating employees equitably have reported feeling better about themselves and their role in the organization. Being treated well by their managers improves employee engagement and loyalty to the company, resulting in higher work satisfaction. It also results in fewer employees taking sick leave, being absent, or quitting their jobs.
Managers who focus on promoting and maintaining their employees' well-being create a more positive work culture and are more likely to motivate employees to perform to the best of their abilities, which can lead to higher job satisfaction and employee retention.
Therefore, it is beneficial for a company to have a positive work environment that encourages and motivates its employees. By doing so, the company can create a culture of productivity and efficiency that enables it to compete with its competitors and build a reputation of being a desirable workplace.
In conclusion, managers who consistently demonstrate concern for their employees' well-being create a positive work environment and improve their employees' job satisfaction, ultimately leading to a more productive workplace.
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A stock is selling for $37.50 and is expected to pay a dividend of $3 at the end of the year. I investors expect a return of 14%, what must be the sustainable growth rate? a. 4% b. 7% c. 6% d. 5%
The dividend growth rate is 6%. The correct answer is c. 6%.
To determine the dividend growth rate, we can use the formula for the required rate of return:
Required Rate of Return = Dividend Yield + Dividend Growth Rate
Given:
Stock Price = $37.50
Dividend = $3
Required Rate of Return = 14%
Dividend Yield = Dividend / Stock Price
Dividend Yield = $3 / $37.50
Dividend Yield = 0.08
Required Rate of Return = Dividend Yield + Dividend Growth Rate
14% = 0.08 + Dividend Growth Rate
Dividend Growth Rate = 14% - 0.08
Dividend Growth Rate = 0.14 - 0.08
Dividend Growth Rate = 0.06
Therefore, the dividend growth rate is 6%. The correct answer is c. 6%.
The correct question is:
A stock is selling for $37.50 and is expected to pay a dividend of $3 at the end of the year. If investors expect a return of 14%, what is the dividend growth rate?
a. 4% b. 7% c. 6% d. 5%
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A director is hired to to manage a team that has had issues with productivity, efficiency, and morale. she takes time to get to know each of her employees personally, learning their strengths, weaknesses, and ambitions. she spends part of a day with each employee letting them train her on their jobs, so she can understand their day to day challenges. she quickly promotes experienced employees to line manager roles and publicly credits team members' important successes. she forms cross departmental alliances that benefit her cteam and improve the quality of work for the whole department. Her team becomes more efficient ,happier and better at solving problems. identify the type of political power demonstrated by the COO
The political power demonstrated by the COO in the given scenario is referent power.
Referent power is the capacity of a leader to persuade his or her followers to follow him or her based on the leader's personal characteristics and behaviors that attract the followers.
In the given scenario, the director took the time to get to know each of her employees personally and learn about their strengths, weaknesses, and ambitions.
She spent time with each employee to understand their day-to-day challenges and promoted experienced employees to line manager roles, and publicly credited team members for their important successes.
All of these actions of the director made her employees feel respected and appreciated, resulting in the creation of a stronger connection with the director. The director's actions can be seen as referent power as she is leading by example, creating a more positive workplace culture, which motivates the employees to work harder, be happier, and better at solving problems. As a result, her team becomes more efficient and effective.
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For the year just ended (at t=0), Central Georgia Bank (CGB) had net income per share of $6.55 and paid an annual dividend of $4.25 per share. Analysts expect earnings and dividends to grow at 6.70% per year for the foreseeable future. Assume that investors expect a rate of return of 12.00% on CGB stock. Using the constant growth model, what should be the current price of this stock? [Enter your answer with two decimal places. Do not enter a dollar sign ($). For example, enter as: 135.33]
Based on the above, the current price of CGB stock should be about $80.19.
What is the current price?To calculate the current price of Central Georgia Bank (CGB) stock using the constant growth model, we need to use the formula:
Stock Price = Dividend per Share/ Required Rate of Return − Growth Rate
Also written as:
P = D / (r - g)
Where"
Net income per share = $6.55Dividend per share = $4.25Dividend growth rate = 6.70%Required rate of return = 12.00%So, to calculate the current price of CGB stock:
D = $4.25 (dividend per share)r = 12.00% (required rate of return)g = 6.70% (growth rate of dividends)P = $4.25 / (0.12 - 0.067)
P ≈ $4.25 / 0.053
P ≈ $80.19
Therefore, the current price of CGB stock should be about $80.19.
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The December 31, Year 1, balance sheet for Deen Company showed total stockholders' equity of $72,500. Total stockholders' equity Increased by $23,460 between December 31, Year 1, and December 31, Year 2. During Year 2, Deen Company acquired $20,000 cash from the issue of common stock. Deen Company paid a $7,500 cash dividend to the stockholders during Year 2. Required Determine the amount of net income or loss Deen reported on its Year 2 Income statement.
Therefore, Deen Company reported a net income of $16,960 on its Year 2 Income statement.
Deen Company reported a net income of $16,960 on its Year 2 Income statement. Deen Company reported a net income of $16,960 on its Year 2 Income statement. In order to calculate net income, we must know the change in stockholders' equity, dividend payment, and additional investment in common stock. The total increase in stockholders' equity was $23,460 ($72,500 to $96,960) during the Year 2, including the additional investment in common stock of $20,000 and the cash dividend payment of $7,500. Therefore, net income must be equal to the total increase in stockholders' equity minus the additional investment in common stock and cash dividend payment :Net income = $23,460 - $20,000 - $7,500Net income = $16,960.
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Imagine we have a duopoly that are competing by simultaneously setting prices. The market demand curve faced by these two firms is: p = 240 - 2q1 - 292 Firm 1 has a constant marginal cost of $20. Firm 2 has a constant marginal cost of $40. What is the Market Price that will be charged by these firms??
In a duopoly, two firms are competing by simultaneously setting prices in a market. The market price that will be charged by these firms depends on various factors, such as market demand and the firms' marginal costs. In this scenario, Firm 1 and Firm 2 face a market demand curve and have different marginal costs. Let's delve into the details to determine the market price that will be charged by these firms.
To find the market price charged by the duopoly firms, we need to analyze the interaction between the market demand curve and the firms' marginal costs. In this case, the market demand curve is represented by the equation p = 240 - 2q₁- 292, where p is the price and q1 is the quantity produced by Firm 1.
To begin, we can set up the duopoly pricing game and solve it using the concept of Cournot competition. In this model, firms set their quantities simultaneously based on their beliefs about how their competitors will behave. However, for simplicity, we will assume that both firms set prices instead of quantities.
Let's denote the price set by Firm 1 as p₁ and the price set by Firm 2 as p₂. The total market quantity demanded is the sum of the quantities demanded by both firms, which can be represented as: q = q₁ + q₂.
Since we are assuming that firms set prices, the quantities demanded by consumers will depend on the prices set by the firms. To find the quantities demanded, we need to solve the market demand equation for q₁ and q₂ in terms of p₁ and p₂.
Rearranging the market demand equation, we get:
p₁ = 240 - 2q₁ - 292
p₂ = 240 - 2q₂ - 292
Next, we need to consider the firms' marginal costs. Firm 1 has a constant marginal cost of $20, and Firm 2 has a constant marginal cost of $40.
Given these marginal costs, the firms will choose their prices to maximize their profits. The profit for Firm 1 can be calculated as: π₁ = (p₁ - 20) * q₁, and the profit for Firm 2 can be calculated as: π₂ = (p₂ - 40) * q₂.
To find the market price, we need to determine the prices set by the firms that maximize their respective profits. This can be done by solving the profit maximization problem for each firm, taking into account the reaction of the other firm.
The specific details of solving the profit maximization problem and finding the optimal prices are beyond the scope of this explanation. However, by solving the equations for profit maximization, we can determine the equilibrium prices that the firms will charge in the duopoly market.
Therefore, to find the market price that will be charged by these firms, we need to solve the profit maximization problem considering the market demand curve, the firms' marginal costs, and the interaction between the firms' pricing strategies.
It's important to note that the solution to this problem will depend on the specific assumptions and parameters of the model. Solving the equations will yield the equilibrium prices set by the firms, which will determine the market price in the duopoly.
In conclusion, to determine the market price charged by the duopoly firms, we need to solve the profit maximization problem considering the market demand curve and the firms' marginal costs. By finding the equilibrium prices set by the firms, we can determine the market price in this duopoly scenario.
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comment on the following claim: ‘Price discrimination
always increases economic efficiency relative to what it would be
achieved by a single, uniform monopoly price’.
Price discrimination is a pricing strategy whereby a company sells identical goods to different buyers at different prices. It is often used by monopolies or businesses that have market power in order to increase their profits.
However, whether or not price discrimination always increases economic efficiency relative to what would be achieved by a single, uniform monopoly price is a matter of debate. Price discrimination can increase economic efficiency in some cases by allowing companies to charge higher prices to buyers who are willing to pay more for a good or service while offering lower prices to buyers who are less willing to pay.
This can increase revenue and profits for the company, which can lead to increased investment and innovation. Additionally, price discrimination can increase consumer surplus by offering lower prices to buyers who are less willing to pay, which can increase their access to goods and services.
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Conducting an effective performance appraisal meeting is always easier if the rater begins the meeting with a criticism of the employee and moves forward from there. is always easier if the rate limits the number of opportunities the employee has to speak. is facilitated if the rater has empathy for the employee. is easier if they rater completes the performance appraisal form as he talks to the employee during the actual performance appraisal meeting.
Answer:
is facilitated if the rater has empathy for the employee.
Explanation:
A performance evaluation is a tool of the HR department used in organizations with the objective of evaluating how an employee or a team conducts their work, how their actions affect positively or negatively in the achievement of organizational objectives and goals, that is, it is a way of analyzing whether a collaborator's work meets the company's expectations.
Therefore, there are some issues that can hinder this evaluation, such as some existing bias due to some situation, which may cause the performance evaluation to not be fully consistent with reality.
So when the appraiser has empathy for the employee, the assessment is facilitated, as there is greater understanding and search for solutions for the employee to develop and improve situations that were not so positive in the assessment.
Standardized, reusable containers have obvious benefits for shipping. What is the purpose of these devices within the plant? Can you think of any other areas where standardization has benefited companies?
To safeguard certain quantities, standardized containers are frequently employed. Additionally, they result in less wasteful space and weight, lower disposal costs, and require less effort to load, unpack, and prepare products.
Reusable containers were first sought in the automobile sector to standardize pack sizes and promote uniformity. It is easier to fit more on the trailer since the same product arrive consistently and no longer had variations in packaging. In the automobile sector, the majority of containers used for shipping are reusable, which also results in considerable cost savings compared to buying throw-away packaging.
There are many different sorts of things that may be shipped in a typical shipping container. The availability of the container for shipment and the location are just two of the numerous variables that affect the price of transporting a container. Although the cost of a shipping container may be lower in a metropolis than in a rural region, delivery costs may still be prohibitive.
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ATTEMPT QUESTION ONE (1) AND ANY OTHER TWO (2) QUESTIONS 1. Internal auditors must exercise due professional care by considering the; a. Extent of work needed to achieve the engagement's objectives. b
The severity and presentation of autism symptoms can vary widely between individuals, ranging from mild to severe. Autism is typically diagnosed in early childhood, although some individuals may not receive a diagnosis until later in life.
Internal auditors must exercise due professional care by considering the extent of work needed to achieve the engagement's objectives, as well as the risk of significant errors, fraud, or noncompliance.
They must also ensure that their work complies with relevant laws, regulations, and ethical standards, and that they maintain their competence and objectivity.
Additionally, they must ensure that their work is adequately documented and that they communicate their findings and recommendations effectively.
In addition, internal auditors must be sensitive to the cultural and social differences of the organizations they are auditing, as well as the potential for conflicts of interest or undue influence.
They must also respect the confidentiality of the organization's information and comply with any legal or contractual obligations in this regard.
Autism, also known as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a neurological and developmental condition that affects how individuals communicate, interact with others, and experience the world around them.
Autism is a lifelong condition that is characterized by difficulties in social communication and interaction, restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, and sensory processing issues.
There is no cure for autism, but early intervention and appropriate support and therapy can help individuals with autism lead fulfilling lives and achieve their full potential.
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The Fields Company has two manufacturing departments, forming and painting. The company uses the weighted-average method of process costing. At the beginning of the month, the forming department has 28,000 units in inventory, 70% complete as to materials and 30% complete as to conversion costs. The beginning inventory cost of $67,100 consisted of $49,000 of direct materials costs and $18,100 of conversion costs.
During the month, the forming department started 370,000 units. At the end of the month, the forming department had 40,000 units in ending inventory, 85% complete as to materials and 45% complete as to conversion. Units completed in the forming department are transferred to the painting department.
Cost information for the forming department is as follows:
Beginning work in process inventory $ 67,100
Direct materials added during the month 1,440,600
Conversion added during the month 997,100
1. Calculate the equivalent units of production for the forming department.
Direct Materials
Conversion
2. Calculate the costs per equivalent unit of production for the forming department.
Direct Materials per EUP
Conversion per EUP
3. Using the weighted-average method, assign costs to the forming department’s output—specifically, its units transferred to painting and its ending work in process inventory.
Cost Assignment and Reconciliation
Cost of units transferred out EUP Cost per EUP Total cost
Direct materials 361,000
Conversion 361,000
Total costs transferred out
Costs of ending work in process EUP Cost per EUP Total cost
Direct materials $0.00 0.00
Conversion $0.00 0.00
Total cost of ending work in process
Total costs assigned
1. Equivalent units of production for the forming department Direct materials = Beginning inventory + Direct materials added during the month.
= 28,000 + 1,440,600 = 1,468,600Conversion
= Beginning inventory + Conversion added during the month
= 28,000 + 997,100
= 1,025,100Equivalent units of production
= Units completed and transferred out + Ending inventory * Percentage of completion
= (1,370,000) + (40,000 * 85%) = 1,701,000Direct materials
= (1,370,000) + (40,000 * 85%)
= 1,701,000Conversion = (1,370,000) + (40,000 * 45%) = 1,388,000Therefore, equivalent units of production for the forming department are:Direct materials
= 1,701,000Conversion
= 1,388,0002.
Costs per equivalent unit of production for the forming department Direct Materials Cost per EUP
= Total direct materials cost / Equivalent units of production
= $1,489,600 / 1,701,000
= $0.8752Conversion Cost per EUP = Total conversion cost /Total costs transferred out$2,197,910Costs of ending work in processEUPCost per EUPTotal costDirect.
materials40,000$0.8752$35,008Conversion40,000$0.7311$29,244Total cost of ending work in process$64,252Total costs assigned
= Total cost of ending work in process + Total costs transferred out
= $64,252 + $2,197,910 = $2,262,162Therefore, the total costs assigned to the forming department’s output are $2,262,162.4
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At the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic the demand for face masks increased markedly around the globe resulting in retailers. In addition, the sales of hand sanitisers, personal protective equipment (PPE) and cleaning and fumigating and similar products swelled across several international markets since the COVID-19 outbreak began in March 2020. According to data released by Grecques Consulting Pty, an international research firm based in the US, face masks sales grew by a year-on-year increase of 400% in April 2020. However, in December of 2020, the price of face masks retraced back to its pre- COVID-19 level. 5.1 (10 marks) With the aid of diagrams, critically evaluate changes in the market type for the face masks industry post the initial COVID-19 shock in March 2020. 5.2 (10 marks) Critically discuss how price elasticity of demand of face masks was affected, including its impact on revenue at the outset of the pandemic relative to the later in that year, when the price of masks returned to its pre- COVID-19 level.
5.1) The face masks industry initially transitioned from a normal market to a seller's market due to increased demand during the COVID-19 pandemic, but later returned to a more competitive market as supply caught up.
5.2) The price elasticity of demand for face masks was initially low, resulting in increased revenue during the peak demand period, but became more elastic when prices returned to pre-pandemic levels, potentially leading to a decrease in revenue.
5.1) Changes in Market Type for the Face Masks Industry:
Initially, the face masks industry experienced a significant increase in demand due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This surge in demand resulted in shortages and panic buying, leading to a temporary shift in the market type. The market transitioned from a normal market to a seller's market, characterized by scarcity and increased prices.
Diagrammatically, this change can be represented by an upward shift in the demand curve (D1 to D2) due to increased demand, while the supply curve (S) remains relatively stable. The new equilibrium point (E2) reflects a higher price and quantity compared to the pre-pandemic equilibrium (E1).
However, as the pandemic progressed and the production of face masks increased to meet the rising demand, the market gradually returned to a more competitive market type. The supply of face masks caught up with demand, resulting in price stabilization and a return to pre-pandemic price levels.
This transition can be depicted diagrammatically by a downward shift in the demand curve (D2 to D3) as demand decreases or plateaus, while the supply curve (S) remains stable. The new equilibrium point (E3) reflects a lower price and quantity compared to the peak demand period.
5.2) Price Elasticity of Demand and Revenue Impact:
During the initial phase of the pandemic, the price elasticity of demand for face masks was relatively low due to the urgent need and limited substitutes. Consumers were willing to pay higher prices to acquire masks for protection, resulting in inelastic demand.
As a result, the increase in price led to a significant increase in total revenue for face masks manufacturers and retailers. The large year-on-year sales growth of 400% in April 2020 mentioned in the question indicates the substantial revenue impact during the peak demand period.
However, as the market stabilized and supply caught up with demand, the price of face masks returned to pre-pandemic levels. At this stage, the price elasticity of demand became more elastic, as consumers had more options and substitutes available. The impact on revenue would depend on the extent of the decrease in price and the corresponding change in quantity demanded.
Overall, the initial surge in demand for face masks resulted in inelastic demand and increased revenue. As the market stabilized, the price elasticity of demand became more elastic, potentially leading to a decrease in revenue unless volume sales compensated for the lower price.
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(50%) Consider a duopoly market with two firms. The market inverse demand function is p = 100 – 2Q, where Q = q₁ +q2 is the sum of the two firms' output. The cost functions of the two firms are TC₁ = C₁q₁ and TC₂ = C₂q2. - (A) (15%) Derive the two firms reaction functions. How does q₁ respond (increases or decrease) to a change in q2? (B) (15%) Find the Cournot-Nash equilibrium outputs of the two firms, q1 and q2, as functions of cost. (C) (10%) In part (B), how does firm 1's equilibrium output level (q1) change with c₁ (increasing or decreasing)? How does it change with c₂? (D) (10%) Suppose now the firms have a fixed cost, F. The cost functions become TC₁ = F + C₁q₁ and TC₂ = F + C₂q2. Derive the reaction functions of the two firms. How does q₁ respond (increases or decrease) to a change in F?
The total output of the two firms is Q = q₁ + q₂ The inverse demand function of the market is p = 100 – 2Q.
The revenue for the firm i is given byRi = pi × qi= (100 – 2Q) qi= (100 – 2q₁ – 2q₂) q_i So the profit of the firms isπ₁ = TR₁ – TC₁= [p(Q) q₁] – TC₁= (100 – 2q₁ – 2q₂) q₁ – C₁q₁= (100 – 2Q) q₁ – C₁q₁ – 2q₁q₂= (100 – C₁ – 2q₂) q₁ – 2q₁q₂So, the first order condition for profit maximization for firm 1 can be written as∂π₁/∂q₁ = 0= (100 – C₁ – 2q₂) – 4q₁= (100 – C₁ – 2q₂)/4 – q₁/4Therefore, the reaction function for firm 1 isq₁ = (100 – C₁ – 2q₂)/4Part B: (15%) Find the Cournot-equilibrium outputs of the two firms, q1 and q2, as functions of cost.
the Cournot-Nash equilibrium, substitute the reaction function of firm 1 in the reaction function of firm 2 and solve for q2:q₂ = (100 – C₂ – 2q₁)/4= (100 – C₂ – 2(100 – C₁ – 2q₂)/4)/4Simplifying,4q₂ = (100 – C₂)/3 – (2C₁)/3 – (4/3)q₂Rearranging,10q₂/3 = 100/3 – C₁/3 – C₂/3The Cournot-Nash equilibrium can be obtained by substituting this value of q₂ in either of the reaction functions.
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with programmed decisions, information is more likely to be ambiguous, and the manager may need to exercise some thoughtful judgment and creative thinking to reach a good solution. (True or False)
The statement "With programmed decisions, information is more likely to be ambiguous, and the manager may need to exercise some thoughtful judgment and creative thinking to reach a good solution" is false.
These choices are often well-structured, with processes that managers can follow that are clear and predetermined. They don't call for a lot of judgement or original thought because they are based on established criteria.
Managers that use programmed decision-making rely on pre-established procedures, protocols, or electronic tools to direct their activities. Non-programmed decisions, on the other hand, are distinctive, complex, and call for subjective judgment and original thought.
To come up with a suitable solution, they frequently call for managers to weigh many options, take into account various viewpoints, and use intelligent judgment.
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Soon after the payment of the fortieth installment of a loan of $ 200,000.00 in 120 equal monthly installments, at the effective rate equal to 8.70%, you decide to amortize part of the outstanding balance at once, with an additional payment, in order to reduce by ten months the total term, in the same payment system, maintaining the interest rate and the value of the monthly payments.
Calculate the percentage of the initial debt balance that must be amortized in this operation, that is, with this additional payment.
To reduce the total term by ten months while maintaining the interest rate and monthly payments, you need to amortize 5.50% of the initial debt balance.
The first step is to calculate the remaining balance after the fortieth payment. This can be done using the following formula:
Remaining balance =[tex]Principal * (1 - (1 + i)^-n)[/tex]
where:
Principal = $200,000
i = Effective interest rate = 8.70%
n = Number of payments = 120 - 40 = 80
Plugging in these values, we get:
Remaining balance =[tex]$200,000 * (1 - (1 + 0.087)^-80) = $110,048.61[/tex]
The next step is to calculate the monthly payment. This can be done using the following formula:
Monthly payment =[tex]Principal * i * (1 + i)^n / (1 - (1 + i)^-n)[/tex]
Plugging in the values from above, we get:
Monthly payment = [tex]$200,000 * 0.087 * (1 + 0.087)^{120 / (1 - (1 + 0.087)^-120) =[/tex][tex]$1,746.13[/tex]
Now, we need to calculate the number of payments that will be required if the loan is amortized over 110 months. This can be done using the following formula:
Number of payments = ln(1 - (Remaining balance / Principal)) / ln(1 + i)
Plugging in the values from above, we get:
Number of payments = [tex]ln(1 - $110,048.61 / $200,000) / ln(1 + 0.087) = 110[/tex]
So, we need to reduce the number of payments by 10. This means that we need to amortize $110,048.61 / 10 = $11,004.86 in order to reduce the total term by ten months.
The percentage of the initial debt balance that must be amortized is:
Percentage =[tex]$11,004.86 / $200,000 = 5.50%[/tex]
Therefore, you need to amortize 5.50% of the initial debt balance in order to reduce the total term by ten months.
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Explain the legal system in British Columbia / Canada and link
with the Starbucks company.
The legal system in British Columbia, Canada operates within the framework of Canadian law, which is based on common law principles. It consists of federal and provincial laws, statutes, and regulations that govern various aspects of civil and criminal matters.
British Columbia has its own provincial court system, which includes trial courts, appellate courts, and the highest court in the province, the British Columbia Court of Appeal.
As for the connection with Starbucks, being a multinational company, Starbucks operates in British Columbia and is subject to the legal system and regulations of the province and the country as a whole. This includes compliance with labor laws, taxation regulations, consumer protection laws, and other relevant legislation that govern business operations.
Starbucks, like any other company operating in British Columbia, must adhere to employment standards, health and safety regulations, and fair business practices outlined in the legal framework. In case of legal disputes or conflicts, Starbucks would be subject to the jurisdiction of the British Columbia courts and would need to follow the established legal processes and procedures.
For more detailed and specific information on the legal system in British Columbia and its connection with Starbucks, it is recommended to refer to legal resources, official government websites, and consult legal professionals familiar with Canadian and British Columbia law.
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Sunland Manufacturing incurs unit costs of $7.00 ($5.00 variable
and $2.00 fixed) in making a sub-assembly part for its finished
product. A supplier offers to make 16,700 of the parts for $5.60
per un
Based on the cost analysis, it would be advantageous for Sunland Manufacturing to accept the supplier's offer of producing 16,700 sub-assembly parts for $5.60 per unit.
To determine whether Sunland Manufacturing should make or buy the sub-assembly parts, we need to compare the costs of producing them in-house versus purchasing them from the supplier.
In-house production cost:
Variable cost per unit: $5.00
Fixed cost per unit: $2.00
Total cost per unit: $5.00 + $2.00 = $7.00
Supplier's offer:
Cost per unit: $5.60
Quantity offered: 16,700 units
To calculate the total cost of the supplier's offer, we multiply the cost per unit by the quantity offered:
Total cost from the supplier: $5.60 * 16,700 = $93,520
Comparing the total cost from the supplier with the in-house production cost, we can make the following analysis:
Total cost from the supplier: $93,520
Total cost of in-house production: $7.00 * 16,700 = $116,900
Since the total cost from the supplier, $93,520, is lower than the total cost of in-house production, $116,900, it would be more cost-effective for Sunland Manufacturing to buy the sub-assembly parts from the supplier rather than producing them in-house.
By choosing the supplier's offer, Sunland Manufacturing can save $116,900 - $93,520 = $23,380 in total costs.
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